Impact of a short-term community-based cleanliness campaign on the sources of dengue vectors: an entomological and human behavior study.Introduction Dengue dengue or breakbone fever or dandy fever Infectious, disabling mosquito-borne fever. Other symptoms include extreme joint pain and stiffness, intense pain behind the eyes, a return of fever after brief pause, and a characteristic rash. is a mosquito-borne viral disease endemic in over 100 countries of Africa, America, Asia, and the Western Pacific (Castleberry & Mahon, 2003). The causative caus·a·tive adj. 1. Functioning as an agent or cause. 2. Expressing causation. Used of a verb or verbal affix. caus agents are four closely related, but antigenically distinct, virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4) of the genus Flavivirus, and their principal vector is Aedes aegypti. Dengue exists in two clinical forms: dengue fever dengue fever (dĕng`gē, –gā), acute infectious disease caused by four closely related viruses and transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito; it is also known as breakbone fever and bone-crusher disease. and dengue hemorrhagic fever hemorrhagic fever (hĕm'ərăj`ĭk), any of a group of viral diseases characterized by sudden onset, muscle and joint pain, fever, bleeding, and shock from loss of blood. . The manifestations range from a nonspecific nonspecific /non·spe·cif·ic/ (non?spi-sif´ik) 1. not due to any single known cause. 2. not directed against a particular agent, but rather having a general effect. nonspecific 1. viral syndrome to severe and fatal hemorrhagic Hemorrhagic A condition resulting in massive, difficult-to-control bleeding. Mentioned in: Hantavirus Infections hemorrhagic pertaining to or characterized by hemorrhage. disease. Since there is no specific management for dengue infection and vaccines remain commercially unavailable, vector control Vector control is any method to limit or eradicate the vectors of vector born diseases, for which the pathogen (e.g. virusor parasite) is transmitted by a vector which can be mammals, birds or arthropods, especially insects, and more specifically mosquitoes. is considered the only strategy for controlling the disease (Guzman & Kouri, 2002). To prevent the transmission of dengue, community-based control projects have been administered in different countries. The effectiveness of these projects is mainly dependent on the knowledge and behavior of the populations (Chiaravalloti Neto, de Moraes, & Fernandes, 1998; Kay et al., 2002; Kroeger et al., 1995; Leontsini, Gil, Kendall, & Clark, 1993; Reiter et al., 1994; Van Benthem et al., 2002). Moreover, educational programs not only increased the dengue-related knowledge of the participants and their families but also aroused their awareness of the importance of reducing dengue vector prevalence (Espinoza-Gomez, Hernandez-Suarez, & Coll-Cardenas, 2002; Fajardo, Monje, Lozano, Realpe, & Hernandez, 2001; Madeira, Macharelli, Pedras, & Delfino, 2002; Winch winch, mechanical device for hauling or lifting consisting essentially of a movable drum around which a cable is wound so that rotation of the drum produces a drawing force at the end of the cable. et al., 2002). These findings suggest that behavior changes in the population with respect to mosquito control and disease transmission will prevent transmission of this infection. The earliest records of dengue in Taiwan go back to 1870. Although a number of epidemics followed the first recorded incidents, dengue disappeared after an islandwide outbreak in 1942-1944 (Ko, 1989). In 1981, an outbreak occurred on Liouchyou District, an offshore island in southwest Taiwan. The causative agent was identified as DEN-2, and it had probably been imported from the Philippines (Hsieh et al., 1981; Wu, 1986). Another outbreak due to DEN-1 appeared in South Taiwan during 1987-1988, and more than 10,000 cases were reported (Ko, 1989). After subsiding sub·side intr.v. sub·sid·ed, sub·sid·ing, sub·sides 1. To sink to a lower or normal level. 2. To sink or settle down, as into a sofa. 3. To sink to the bottom, as a sediment. 4. for two years, dengue recurred in 1991, although with less severity (Harn, Chiang, Tian Tian or T'ien (Chinese; “Heaven”) In indigenous Chinese religion, the supreme power reigning over humans and lesser gods. The term refers to a deity, to impersonal nature, or to both. , Chang, & Ko, 1993). In addition to the southern part of the island. Taipei County Taipei County (Traditional Chinese: 臺北縣 or 台北縣; Hanyu Pinyin: Táiběi Xiàn; Tongyong Pinyin: Táiběi Siàn; Wade-Giles: T'ai-pei Hsien; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-koān) is located in northern Taiwan and encircles Taipei of North Taiwan was also affected by an outbreak in 1995 (Teng et al., 1998). In June 2002, a considerable number of cases of dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever were reported in South Taiwan. To effectively reduce the sources of dengue vectors, the government conducted a National Cleanliness Week in the middle of August 2002. After information on the importance of dengue was propagated through the public communication media, people were asked to improve household and surrounding environmental sanitation, especially in the management of water-filled containers. In the study reported here, the authors used the entomological-field-survey and structural-questionnaire methods to evaluate the impact of this short-term community-based cleanliness on the sources of dengue vector and the changes in human knowledge and behavior related to dengue. Materials and Methods The study was conducted from August to December 2002. The areas surveyed included three districts of Kaohsiung Area in South Taiwan. Thirty households from each area were randomly selected for the entomological en·to·mol·o·gy n. The scientific study of insects. en  to·mo·log surveys before, during, and after the weeklong
community-based cleanliness campaign. A knowledge-and-behavior survey
was also administered to 190 respondents randomly selected from these
areas before and after the campaign.
Ovitraps were designed according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. the methods of Jakob & Bevier (1969). Each trap was a black cylindrical jar with a water-wetted paper strip inside. Traps were placed indoors and outdoors at each household for five days. The ovitrap index was determined as follows: Number of traps with laid eggs/Total number of traps x 100. The knowledge-and-behavior survey was administered by well-trained inspectors. Each respondent was asked to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire had three parts: three items on demographic information, six questions on dengue-related knowledge and four questions on behavior in handling water-filled containers. Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS A statistical package from SPSS, Inc., Chicago (www.spss.com) that runs on PCs, most mainframes and minis and is used extensively in marketing research. It provides over 50 statistical processes, including regression analysis, correlation and analysis of variance. for Windows Release 11.5.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Rates were analyzed with the [chi square chi square (kī), n a nonparametric statistic used with discrete data in the form of frequency count (nominal data) or percentages or proportions that can be reduced to frequencies. ] test. A p value of <.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results The changes in the ovitrap index in the households before, during, and after the campaign are shown in Table 1. The indoor ovitrap index significantly decreased from 57.1 percent before the campaign to 9.5 percent one week after the campaign, and then increased to 33.9 percent three months after the campaign (p < .05). The outdoor ovitrap index significantly decreased, from 69.6 percent before the campaign, to 26.9 percent one month after the campaign and then increased to 44.6 percent three months after the campaign (p < .05). The overall ovitrap index significantly decreased, from 66.7 percent before the campaign to 39.3 percent three months after the campaign (p < .05). There were no significant differences in sex, age, and education of respondents to the questionnaire before and after the campaign (p > .05) (Table 2). Nearly all of the respondents knew the term "dengue." They all knew that mosquitoes transmit dengue and that household cleanliness is an effective measure for the prevention of this disease. Before the campaign, only 57.4 percent of the respondents knew that dengue vectors breed in clean water; the percentage increased significantly, to 88.4 percent, among those surveyed after the campaign (p < .05). Moreover, 46.3 percent of respondents indicated before the campaign that dengue vectors breed in contaminated contaminated, v 1. made radioactive by the addition of small quantities of radioactive material. 2. made contaminated by adding infective or radiographic materials. 3. an infective surface or object. water, and this percentage decreased significantly, to 11.6 percent, in the group surveyed after the campaign (p < .05) (Table 3). Significant improvement was also found in behavior related to the elimination of dengue vector habitats: emptying water-filled containers in the indoor and outdoor environments (85.3 percent before, 93.2 percent after), putting temporary unused containers upside-down (59.7 percent before, 71.1 percent after) and cleaning water-filled containers regularly (60.0 percent before, 89.5 percent after) (p < .05). There was, however, no significant change in the behavior of discarding unused containers (61.4 percent before, 67.4 percent after) (p > .05) (Table 4). Discussion The ovitrap is a simple and convenient design providing an accurate measure of relative Ae. aegypti population density (Jakob & Bevier, 1969). In a comparative study of larval larval 1. pertaining to larvae. 2. larvate. larval migrans see cutaneous and visceral larva migrans. and ovitrap efficacy for surveillance of dengue and yellow fever yellow fever, acute infectious disease endemic in tropical Africa and many areas of South America. Epidemics have extended into subtropical and temperate regions during warm seasons. vectors, the ovitraps showed a strong reduction in the average number of eggs, whereas the Breteau index (number of positive containers per 100 houses) did not reflect this change (Marques Marques may refer to:
a material used to attract animals for capture purposes. and determined a significant reduction in the ovitrap index after the campaign. It has been reported that conducting an educational campaign is a more effective control measure than malathion spraying in eliminating Ae. aegypti breeding places (Espinoza-Gomez et al., 2002). Education in primary school has also been found to be an effective strategy for controlling dengue (Fajardo et al., 2001; Madeira et al., 2002). Although nearly all respondents had sufficient knowledge about dengue before the campaign reported here, as well as about transmission and prevention, many did not know that the vector breeds in clean water. The respondents' knowledge of vector-breeding environments improved after the campaign. Moreover, using the ovitrap index to evaluate the efficiency of the campaign, the authors found that density of the mosquito population significantly reduced after the campaign. The index remained significantly lower than the pre-campaign index three months later. These findings indicate that a short-term community-based cleanliness campaign not only can improve people's dengue-related knowledge, but also can significantly reduce the sources of dengue vectors. To reduce the population of dengue vectors on an island in southwest Taiwan, community-based integrated control measures were implemented from 1989 to 1996. The measures included release of larvivorous fish into drinking-water storage facilities, application of larvicides to water storage facilities in vegetable gardens, removal of discarded and unused containers and tires, improvement of household water storage facilities, and an increase in the potable-water supply. After these measures were implemented, the Breteau index decreased, from 53.9 in 1989 to 1.2 in 1996. Ae. aegypti became nearly extinct in four villages (Wang, Chang, Wu, & Ho, 2000). A long-term community-based control project may not, however, be feasible when a sudden onset of epidemics occurs in highly populated pop·u·late tr.v. pop·u·lat·ed, pop·u·lat·ing, pop·u·lates 1. To supply with inhabitants, as by colonization; people. 2. urban areas. The study reported here determined that a short-term community-based cleanliness campaign is an effective alternative in rapidly reducing the sources of dengue vector, especially at the onset of a new epidemic. This strategy may also be applied to other mosquito-borne infections. Moreover, it provides proper dengue-related knowledge to the population and changes behavior related to the handling of containers that hold clean water. Conclusion Community-based dengue vector control projects usually rely on the management of larval populations through elimination of water container habitats (Chiaravalloti Neto et al., 1998; Kay et al., 2002; Kroeger et al., 1995; Leontsini et al., 1993; Reiter et al., 1994; Van Benthem et al., 2002). Projects of this type are administered in areas with high endemicity of the disease. In Taiwan, dengue was introduced from the neighboring neigh·bor n. 1. One who lives near or next to another. 2. A person, place, or thing adjacent to or located near another. 3. A fellow human. 4. Used as a form of familiar address. v. Southeast Asian countries. Although most of the reported clinical cases of dengue fever/dengue hemorrhage fever had a history of traveling to these tropical countries, indigenous infections were also found among the patients (Harn et al., 1993; Ko, 1989). Compared with the neighboring Southeast Asian countries, Taiwan does not have a high endemicity of dengue. Therefore, it may be feasible to administer short-term community-based cleanliness campaigns to reduce the sources of dengue vectors. The purpose of the campaign described in this paper was fourfold fourfold Adjective 1. having four times as many or as much 2. composed of four parts Adverb by four times as many or as much Adj. 1. : 1) to raise awareness about dengue, 2) to destroy the breeding places of the dengue vector, 3) to increase dengue-related knowledge, and 4) to change human behavior related to dengue vector control. Acknowledgments: This study was supported in part by a grant (No. EPA-91-J101-02-700) from the Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan The Executive Yuan (Traditional Chinese: 行政院; Pinyin: Xíngzhèng Yuàn; literally "Executive court") is the executive branch of the government of the Republic of China. , Republic of China. Corresponding Author: Hsiu-Hua Pai, Associate Professor, Department of Kinesiology kinesiology Study of the mechanics and anatomy of human movement and their roles in promoting health and reducing disease. Kinesiology has direct applications to fitness and health, including developing exercise programs for people with and without disabilities, preserving , Health, and Leisure Studies, National University of Kaohsiung National University of Kaohsiung (abbreviation:NUK) is located in Nanzih (楠梓區), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. The university is close to the Nanzih interchange of National Highway 1 and 30 minutes from the Kaohaiung train station. , No. 700, Kaohsiung University Rd., Nan Tzu Dist., 811, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail: hhpai@nuk.edu.tw. REFERENCES Cardoso, R.P., JR., Scandar, S.A., de Mello, N.V., Ernandes, S., Botti Raphael Jose Botti (born February 23, 1981) simply known as Botti, is a Brazilian professional footballer. He plays as a midfilder for Vissel Kobe. Botti is a hard-working and talented player who may not get on the scoresheet too often – just 14 times in his five years , M.V., & Nascimento, E. M. (1996). Detection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Noun 1. Aedes albopictus - striped native of Japan thriving in southwestern and midwestern United States and spreading to the Caribbean; potential carrier of serious diseases Asian tiger mosquito , in an urban zone of the municipality of Catanduva, SP, after control of a dengue epidemic. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 30(1), 37-40. Castleberry, J.S., & Mahon, C.R. (2003). Dengue fever in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere Part of Earth comprising North and South America and the surrounding waters. Longitudes 20° W and 160° E are often considered its boundaries. . Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 16(1), 34-38. Chiaravalloti Neto, F., de Moraes, M.S., & Fernandes, M.A. (1998). Results of activities encouraging community participation in dengue control in an outlying neighborhood of Sao Jose do Rio Preto São Jo·sé do Ri·o Prêt·o A city of southeast Brazil, an industrial suburb of São Paulo. Population: 370,000. , Sao Paulo, and the relationship between the population's knowledge and habits. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 14(Suppl. 2), 101-109. Espinoza-Gomez, F., Hernandez-Suarez, C.M., & Coll-Cardenas, R. (2002). Educational campaign versus malathion spraying for the control of Aedes aegypti in Colima, Mexico. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56(2), 148-152. Fajardo, P., Monje, C.A., Lozano, G., Realpe, O., & Hernandez, L.E. (2001). Popular notions regarding "dengue" and "rompehuesos", 2 models of the disease in Colombia. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica, 10(3), 161-168. Guzman, M.G., & Kouri, G. (2002). Dengue: An update. Lancet Infectious Disease Infectious disease A pathological condition spread among biological species. Infectious diseases, although varied in their effects, are always associated with viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites and aberrant proteins known as prions. , 2(1), 33-42. Harn, M.R., Chiang, Y.L., Tian, M.J., Chang, Y.H. and Ko, Y.C. (1993). The 1991 dengue epidemic in Kaohsiung City. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 92(Suppl. 1), S39-S43. Hsieh, W.C., Chen, M.F., Lin, K.T., Hsu, S.T., Ma, C.I., & Wu, S.S. (1982). Outbreak of dengue fever in 1981 in Liouchyou Shiang, Pingtung County Pingtung County (Traditional Chinese: 屏東縣; Hanyu Pinyin: Píngdōng Xiàn; Tongyong Pinyin: Píngdong Siàn; Wade-Giles: P'ing-tung Hsien; POJ: Pîn-tang-kōan) is a county in Southern Taiwan. Pingtung County is officially administered as a county of Taiwan. . Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 81(11), 1388-1395. Jakob, W.L., & Bevier, G.A. (1969). Evaluation of ovitraps in the U.S. Aedes aegypti eradication programme. Mosquito News, 29, 650-653. Kay, B.H., Nam, V.S., Tien, T.V., Yen, N.T., Phong, T.V., Diep, V.T., Ninh, T.U., Bektas, A., & Aaskov, J.G. (2002). Control of Aedes vectors of dengue in three provinces of Vietnam by use of Mesocyclops (Copepoda) and community-based methods validated by entomologic en·to·mol·o·gy n. The scientific study of insects. en to·mo·log , clinical, and serological serologicalpertaining to or emanating from serology. serological test one involving examination of blood serum usually for antibody. surveillance. American Journal of Tropical Medicine tropical medicine, study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of certain diseases prevalent in the tropics. The warmth and humidity of the tropics and the often unsanitary conditions under which so many people in those areas live contribute to the development and and Hygiene, 66(1), 40-48. Ko, Y.C. (1989). Epidemiology of dengue fever in Taiwan. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(1), 1-11. Kroeger, A., Dehlinger, U., Burkhardt, G., Atehortua, W., Anaya, H., & Becker, N. (1995). Community based dengue control in Columbia: People's knowledge and practice and the potential contribution of the biological larvicide lar·vi·cide n. An agent that kills insect larvae. lar vi·cid al adj. Bti (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (Bti) is a group of bacteria used as biological control agents for larvae of certain Dipterans. Bti ).
Tropical Medicine and Parasitology ParasitologyThe scientific study of parasites and of parasitism. Parasitism is a subdivision of symbiosis and is defined as an intimate association between an organism (parasite) and another, larger species of organism (host) upon which the parasite is , 46(4), 241-246. Leontsini, E., Gil, E., Kendall, C., & Clark, G.G. (1993). Effect of a community-based Aedes aegypti control programme on mosquito larval production sites in El Progreso The municipality of El Progreso is located in the Honduran department of Yoro. East of the city, is located: Ramon Villeda Morales international airport of San Pedro Sula. To the west of the city is found the mountain range of Mico Quemado (Burned Monkey). , Honduras. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (RSTMH) was founded in 1907 by Mr. (later Sir) James Cantlie and Dr. George Carmichael Low.The objectives of the Society were originally to study and discuss diseases met with in tropical countries. , 87(3), 267-271. Madeira, N.G., Macharelli, C.A., Pedras, J.F., & Delfino, M.C. (2002). Education in primary school as a strategy to control dengue. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 35(3), 221-226. Marques, C.C., Marques, G.R., de Brito, M., dos Santos Neto, L.G., Ishibashi Vde, C., & Gomes Fde, A. (1993). Comparative study of larval and ovitrap efficacy for surveillance of dengue and yellow fever vectors. Revista de Saude Publica, 27(4), 237-241. Rawlins, S.C., Martinez, R., Wiltshire, S., & Legall, G. (1998). A comparison of surveillance systems for the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in Port of Spain Port of Spain, city (1990 pop. 50,878), capital of Trinidad and Tobago, on the Gulf of Paria. It is the industrial and commercial center of the country. From 1958 to 1962, Port of Spain was the capital of the dissolved Federation of the West Indies; in 2005 it became , Trinidad. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association, 14(2), 131-136. Reiter, P., Lathrop, S., Bunning, M., Biggerstaff, B., Singer, D., Tiwari, T., Baber, L., Gubler, D.J., & Clark, G.G. (1994). Community-based integrated control of Aedes aegypti: a brief overview of current programs. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 50 (Suppl. 6), 50-60. Teng, H.J., Wu, Y.L., Chung, C.L., Lu, L.C., Tseng, C., Wang, S.J., Hsue, M.H., & Lin, T.H. (1998). The density and larval habitats of dengue vectors in Chungho city. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 14(12), 754-761. Van Benthem, B.H., Khantikul, N., Panart, K., Kessels, P.J., Somboon, P., & Oskam, L. (2002). Knowledge and use of prevention measures related to dengue in northern Thailand Northern Thailand, one of the 5 regional groups of Thailand, usually describes the area covered by 17 provinces.
Wang, C.H., Chang, N.T., Wu, H.H., & Ho, C.M. (2000). Integrated control of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in Liu-Chiu village, Ping-Tung County, Taiwan. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association, 16(2), 93-99. Winch, P.J., Leontsini, E., Rigau-Perez, J.G., Ruiz-Perez, M., Clark, G.G., & Gubler, D.J. (2002). Community-based dengue prevention programs in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (pwār`tō rē`kō), island (2005 est. pop. 3,917,000), 3,508 sq mi (9,086 sq km), West Indies, c.1,000 mi (1,610 km) SE of Miami, Fla. : impact on knowledge, behavior, and residential mosquito infestation infestation /in·fes·ta·tion/ (-fes-ta´shun) parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 67(4), 363-370. Wu, Y.C. (1986). Epidemic dengue 2 on Liouchyou Shiang, Pingtung County in 1981. Chinese Journal of Microbiology and Immunology, 19(3), 203-211. Although most of the information presented in the Journal refers to situations within the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. , environmental health and protection know no boundaries. The Journal periodically runs International Perspectives to ensure that issues relevant to our international constituency, representing over 60 countries worldwide, are addressed. Our goal is to raise diverse issues of interest to all our readers, irrespective of irrespective of prep. Without consideration of; regardless of. irrespective of preposition despite origin. Hsiu-Hua Pai, Ph.D. Yu-Jue Hong, Ph.D. Err-Lieh Hsu, Ph.D.
TABLE 1 Variation in the Ovitrap Index for Dengue Vectors in Households
Before, During, and After the Cleanliness Campaign
Indoor Outdoor
Number of Number Percentage Number Number
Campaign Ovitraps Positive Positive of Ovitraps Positive
Before 7 4 57.1 23 16
During 7 3 42.9 23 4
After 1 week 21 2 9.5 70 31
After 2 weeks 21 3 14.3 70 32
After 1 month 26 4 15.4 26 7
After 2 months 26 6 23.1 26 12
After 3 months 56 19 33.9 56 25
Outdoor Total
Percentage Number Number Percentage
Campaign Positive of Ovitraps Positive Positive
Before 69.6 30 20 66.7
During 60.9 30 17 56.7
After 1 week 44.3 91 33 36.3
After 2 weeks 45.7 91 35 38.5
After 1 month 26.9 52 11 21.2
After 2 months 46.2 52 18 34.6
After 3 months 44.6 112 44 39.3
TABLE 2 Demographic Data of Respondents Before and After the Cleanliness
Campaign
Before (n = 190) After (n = 190)
Factor Number Percentage Number Percentage
Sex
Male 113 59.5 114 60.0
Female 77 40.5 76 40.0
Age (years) 38.2 [+ or -] 15.1 38.6 [+ or -] 14.8
Education
Secondary or below 92 48.4 86 45.3
College or above 98 51.6 104 54.7
TABLE 3 Dengue-Related Knowledge Among Survey Respondents Before and
After the Cleanliness Campaign
Before (n = 190) After (n = 190)
Item Number Percentage Number Percentage
The term "dengue" 189 99.5 190 100
Mosquitoes transmit dengue 190 100 190 100
Breeding places of the dengue
vectors
Contaminated water* 88 46.3 22 11.6
Clean water* 109 57.4 168 88.4
Keeping household cleanliness is 190 100 190 100
an effective
measure for the prevention of
dengue
*p < .05.
TABLE 4 Dengue-Related Behavior Among Survey Respondents Before and
After the Cleanliness Campaign
Before (n = 190) After (n = 190)
Item Number Percentage Number Percentage
Keeping water-filled containers 162 85.3 177 93.2
in the indoor and outdoor
environments empty*
Discarding unused containers 117 61.6 128 67.4
Putting temporary unused 110 59.7 135 71.1
containers upside-down*
Cleaning water-filled containers 114 60.0 170 89.5
regularly*
*p < .05.
|
|
||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion