Heeding the call for heritage tourism: more visitors want an "experience" in their vacations--something a historical park can provide.Heritage tourism, a niche segment that first rose to prominence prominence /prom·i·nence/ (prom´i-nins) a protrusion or projection. frontonasal prominence among researchers and the tourism industry in the 1990s, remains one of the most significant, and fastest growing forms of leisure travel within the American market. Recent various market analyses and academic investigations have been conducted, that when combined, begin to demonstrate the many potential benefits, as well as some of the more contentious issues, associated with the use of heritage as a tourism attraction. What is "Heritage Tourism"? Heritage tourism involves travel to sites that in some way represent or celebrate an area, community, or people's history A people's history is a type of historical work which attempts to account for historical events from the perspective of common people. Description A people's history is the history of the world that is the story of mass movements and of the outsiders. ; identity or inheritance inheritance, in law inheritance, in law: see heir. inheritance, in biology inheritance, in biology: see heredity. inheritance Devolution of property on an heir or heirs upon the death of its owner. . Heritage attractions are typically divided into three categories: natural, cultural and built. Figure 1 on page 41 provides examples of each. In academic writings as illustrated in Figure 2 on page 42, various other, more specific types of heritage tourism have been identified.
Figure 1. The Three Categories of Heritage Attraction
NATURAL CULTURAL BUILT
Landforms, Festivals, Historic homes,
rural scenery, arts/crafts, monuments,
flora and fauna traditional practices/ industrial sites
products
Figure 2. Specific Types of Heritage Tourism
Type of Tourism/Attraction Description and Example(s)
Literary tourism Travel to "literary places," linked to
writers (e.g., their homes or birthplaces)
and/or the settings of their novels
(Herbert, 2001)
Legacy tourism Travel related to genealogical endeavors,
e.g., to search for information on, or to
feel more connected to, ancestors
and ancestral roots (McCain & Ray, 2003)
Historaunts/ Restaurants as heritage attractions,
eatertainment providing not just food and beverages, but
a complete tourist experience
(Josiam, Mattson, & Sullivan, 2004)
Dark tourism/ Travel to places associated with death,
thanotourism disaster or other tragic or gruesome
occurrences (Lennon & Foley, 2000;
Austin, 2002)
Industrial heritage Visits to unused industrial sites such as
tourism former collieries and factories (Prentice,
Witt & Hamer, 1998; Prideaux, 2002)
Heritage tourism can take place at individual sites, as well as, increasingly, in "heritage areas" (e.g., the MotorCities--Automobile National Heritage Area in Michigan Michigan (mĭsh`ĭgən), upper midwestern state of the United States. It consists of two peninsulas thrusting into the Great Lakes and has borders with Ohio and Indiana (S), Wisconsin (W), and the Canadian province of Ontario (N,E). ) and along "heritage routes," "corridors" and "trails" (e.g., the Coal Mining Heritage Route in southern West Virginia Southern West Virginia is a culturally and geographically distinct region in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Generally considered the heart of Appalachia, Southern West Virginia is known for its coal mining heritage and Southern affinity. , South Carolina South Carolina, state of the SE United States. It is bordered by North Carolina (N), the Atlantic Ocean (SE), and Georgia (SW). Facts and Figures Area, 31,055 sq mi (80,432 sq km). Pop. (2000) 4,012,012, a 15. National Heritage Corridor, and Maine Maine, ship Maine, U.S. battleship destroyed (Feb. 15, 1898) in Havana harbor by an explosion that killed 260 men. The incident helped precipitate the Spanish-American War (Apr., 1898). Commanded by Capt. Charles Sigsbee, the ship had been sent (Jan. Maritime INTEREST, MARITIME. By maritime interest is understood the profit of money lent on bottomry or respondentia, which is allowed to be greater than simple interest because the capital of the lender is put in jeopardy. Heritage Trail). In some cases, cities may promote themselves, or districts within them, as heritage destinations, as discussed in Orba_li (2000), Russo (2002) and Litvin (in press). Who Are "Heritage Tourists"? The number of tourists seeking some kind of heritage experience during their vacation continues to increase. The Travel Industry Association of America (TIA (1) (Telecommunications Industry Association, Arlington, VA, www.tiaonline.org) A membership organization founded in 1988 that sets telecommunications standards worldwide. It was originally an EIA working group that was spun off and merged with the U.S. , 2003) estimates that 81 percent of the 146.4 million U.S. adults who took a trip (of 50 miles or more) in 2002 can be considered cultural tourists (based on their participation in at least one of 15 arts, humanities, historic or heritage events or activities). TIA estimates that historic/cultural travel increased 13 percent between 1996 and 2000, with trips increasing from 192.4 million to 216.8 million, while Marjanaa and Quintos (2001) report an 18 percent increase in spending on heritage travel between 1995 and 2000. Hargrove (2002) noted that one-third of international visitors to the U.$. tour a historic or cultural attraction during their vacation. According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. numerous analyses (e.g., Herbert, 2001; Chhabra, Healy, & Sills Sills , Beverly Originally Belle Silverman. Born 1929. American operatic soprano and manager who joined the New York City Opera in 1953 and was its general director from 1980 to 1989. Noun 1. , 2003; TIA, 2003), the typical heritage tourist is of middle age or older. and of above-average levels of education and income. The heritage tourist tends to seek more in the type of experience and benefits expected, than other types of tourists. Heritage tourists "usually seek an informed visitor experience rather than merely gazing" (Prentice, Witt, & Hamer, 1998, p. 7). They also expect outcomes that include learning about their destination and gaining an insight into its past. While enjoyment is still crucial, the heritage tourist often expects a greater degree of involvement with, or immersion immersion /im·mer·sion/ (i-mer´zhun) 1. the plunging of a body into a liquid. 2. the use of the microscope with the object and object glass both covered with a liquid. into, the site(s), with a heavy educational component. The heritage tourist may be described as a "thoughtful consumer," one who is of above-average cultural competence cultural competence Social medicine The ability to understand, appreciate, and interact with persons from cultures and/or belief systems other than one's own and wary of the "dumbing down dumbing down dumb n → Verdummung f, Qualitätsverlust m " so prevalent in today's culture (Voase, 2002). Of special interest to tourism providers, the heritage tourist also typically stays longer in an area than the average tourist, as well as spends more money. The TIA study found that cultural/heritage tourists spent all average of $623 per trip, compared to the typical American tourist's expenditure of $457, and that a higher proportion were likely to spend in excess of $1,000 (19 percent compared to 12 percent). While the typical tourist's trip lasted 3.4 nights, the cultural/heritage tourist spent an average of 5.2 nights at the destination. A recent study conducted by the TIA for" National Geographic Traveler National Geographic Traveler is a magazine published by the National Geographic Society in the United States. It was started in 1984 and is published in six languages other than English. External links
In the study, the geotourism sector included three distinct market segments: geo savvys (10.6 percent of the sample), urban sophisticates (13.8 percent), and good citizens (11.4 percent). Table 1 on page 42 presents a comparison among these three groups and the entire sample in response to a series of statements concerning trip characteristics, motivations and expectations. All three segments exhibited above-average levels of travel activity (as measured by average number of trips taken per annum Per annum Yearly. ) as well as above-average levels of household income, indicating not only the desire but also the means to engage in their desired types of tourism on a relatively" frequent basis. Strategic Marketing & Research, Inc. (SMRI SMRI Stanley Medical Research Institute (Chevy Chase, MD) SMRI Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (neuroimaging) SMRI Society of Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2000) conducted a national telephone survey of 800 Americans, entitled en·ti·tle tr.v. en·ti·tled, en·ti·tling, en·ti·tles 1. To give a name or title to. 2. To furnish with a right or claim to something: The Image Study, for the National Scenic Byways A National Scenic Byway is a road recognized by the United States Department of Transportation for its archeological, cultural, historic, natural, recreational, and/or scenic qualities. Organization in the summer of 2000. Of special interest to heritage route managers, they found that 76 percent of respondents In the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. would rather take a more interesting travel route, even if it were longer, compared to 24 percent who would always take the fastest option. Fourteen percent of those surveyed indicated that they "often" went on driving tours of various areas and sites without having a single destination in mind, while another 53 percent replied that they took such tours "every once in a while." Increased domestic, and especially auto-based travel in the wake of 9/11, and a weak economy offer increased opportunities for heritage attraction providers to capitalize on Cap´i`tal`ize on` v. t. 1. To turn (an opportunity) to one's advantage; to take advantage of (a situation); to profit from; as, to capitalize on an opponent's mistakes s>. the convergence of heritage interests and pleasure/sightseeing driving trends. What Are The Benefits of Heritage Tourism). Heritage-based travel, like all segments of the tourism industry, offers the potential for numerous economic benefits in destination areas. The attraction of new visitors to a site or area increases spending and may lead to the creation of new jobs and businesses, thereby stimulating the local economy both directly and indirectly, through the multiplier multiplier In economics, a numerical coefficient showing the effect of a change in one economic variable on another. One macroeconomic multiplier, the autonomous expenditures multiplier, relates the impact of a change in total national investment on the nation's total or trickle-down effect This article discusses a marketing phenomenon. For the political term see trickle-down economics. The trickle-down effect is a marketing phenomenon that affects many consumer goods, including new technology and fashion. . Taxes on spending can be used to benefit all members of a community, not just those directly involved in the tourism industry, through the improvement of physical infrastructure. In addition to the economic benefits that the attraction of tourists to a heritage site or area can generate, the recognition of such locations may also bring with it a number of other advantages. Identification of a site or area as of historic, cultural or natural importance should promote greater awareness of, and appreciation for, its value, thereby increasing the chances of its preservation in the future. Realization of the existence and significance of its unique resources by local residents is likely to enhance community pride and help strengthen sense of place and identity, as evidenced by Besculides, Lee, and McCormick (2002) in their analysis of the perceptions of residents of the Los Caminos Antiguos Scenic and Historic Byway in southwestern Colorado Southwestern Colorado includes the following Colorado counties:
Heritage sites provide real-world classrooms where both children and adults--local and visitors--can learn about the history, nature and/or culture of an area. Beyond these opportunities for education regarding the site or wider vicinity, lies the additional potential for increased awareness and understanding of resource preservation. Pretes (2003) describes the more profound impact that heritage sites can have on the formation and maintenance of national identity among domestic visitors. Heritage sites can offer nostalgic nos·tal·gi·a n. 1. A bittersweet longing for things, persons, or situations of the past. 2. The condition of being homesick; homesickness. images of traditional lifestyles, as well as of the progress of a region or country. Heritage-based tourism can also be tied into the notion of sustainability. The creation of tourism attractions using existing assets--whether natural, cultural, or built--negates the need for the building of new facilities, allowing communities to "look to the past for a sustainable future" (Hargrove, 2002, p. 10). Other Issues While offering many advantages to both local communities and the traveler, the development and promotion of heritage tourism also presents a number of potentially problematic issues. One topic that has received an immense amount of attention concerns the notions of authenticity The correct attribution of origin such as the authorship of an e-mail message or the correct description of information such as a data field that is properly named. Authenticity is one of the six fundamental components of information security (see Parkerian Hexad). and commodification Commodification (or commoditization) is the transformation of what is normally a non-commodity into a commodity, or, in other words, to assign value. As the word commodity has distinct meanings in business and in Marxist theory, commodification , in this case referring to the genuineness or legitimacy LEGITIMACY. The state of being born in wedlock; that is, in a lawful manner. 2. Marriage is considered by all civilized nations as the only source of legitimacy; the qualities of husband and wife must be possessed by the parents in order to make the offspring of a site or story, and its alteration Modification; changing a thing without obliterating it. An alteration is a variation made in the language or terms of a legal document that affects the rights and obligations of the parties to it. for commercial purposes. Seminal seminal /sem·i·nal/ (sem´i-n'l) pertaining to semen or to a seed. sem·i·nal adj. Of, relating to, containing, or conveying semen or seed. pieces by Boorstin (1991), MacCannell (1976) and Urry (1992), have spawned a number of more recent, empirical examinations of these issues in the context of heritage tourism. At issue is the degree to which representations of the past are truly faithful to reality, and whether there is potential for the alteration of portions, or even entire, pasts so as to increase market appeal by making history more pleasant and rosy ros·y adj. ros·i·er, ros·i·est 1. a. Having the characteristic pink or red color of a rose. b. Flushed with a healthy glow: rosy cheeks. 2. (Prentice, Witt, & Hamer, 1998; Goulding, 2002; du Cros, 2001; Austin, 2002; Chhabra, Healy, & Sills, 2003). Though problems are most commonly seen at the more commercial end of the market, authenticity and commodification are of equal concern at smaller sites. In contrast, however, other sites have faced the opposite problem: the complete lack of any consideration of the visitor's experience in favor of upon the side of; favorable to; for the advantage of. See also: favor conservation and guardianship, a "curatorial cu·ra·tor n. One who manages or oversees, as the administrative director of a museum collection or a library. [Middle English curatour, legal guardian, from Old French curateur approach." This method sometimes resents the mere presence of tourists, and may still be found in some muse Muse In Greco-Roman religion and myth, any of a group of sister goddesses, daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (Memory). A festival was held in their honour every four years near Mount Helicon, the centre of their cult in Greece. urns and galleries where the emphasis remains on the preservation of heritage rather than its everyday enjoyment (Garrod and Fyall, 2000). Nevertheless, this attitude may well change as the need to retain financial solvency The ability of an individual to pay his or her debts as they mature in the normal and ordinary course of business, or the financial condition of owning property of sufficient value to discharge all of one's debts. solvency n. in the face of declining governmental support becomes ever more pressing, and the economic benefits of public access--at the market price--become more evident to heritage managers. Thus, managers face the challenge of providing an experience that strikes a balance between obvious simulation and sensationalism sensationalism, in philosophy, the theory that there are no innate ideas and that knowledge is derived solely from the sense data of experience. The idea was discussed by Greek philosophers and is shown variously in the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, George , and an overly dry, scholarly air. The heritage visitor seeks an educational, yet equally enjoyable visit to a site that presents accurate information yet in a stimulating manner (Goulding, 2002). On a more practical level, as the tourism industry--heritage-related and otherwise--continues to burgeon bur·geon also bour·geon intr.v. bur·geoned, bur·geon·ing, bur·geons 1. a. To put forth new buds, leaves, or greenery; sprout. b. To begin to grow or blossom. 2. , and visitor expectations (both in terms of the quality and range of attractions expected) continue to increase, competition between destinations becomes ever more fierce. Heritage sites must compete for visitors not only within the heritage market, but also against other forms of leisure activity (theme parks, shopping malls, entertainment complexes, etc.), as suggested by Garrod and Fyall (2000) and Hargrove (2002). As stated by Prideaux (2002, p. 380), "possession of an interesting landscape, old building, unique event or historic site is no guarantee that tourism will flourish ... Success lies beyond preservation of the past and construction of the new to celebrate the old. Success has much more to do with the decidedly unnostalgic issues of marketing, pulling power Pulling Power is a regional motoring programme shown only in the Central Television region on ITV1 since 1996. However it has been shown on the ITV1 network on a series trial basis and also as a filler programme at times. , viability and informed management." a clear vision of a site's purpose, of its potential visitors and their experiences, is therefore essential, and should be outlined in the marketing plan for the area. A cohesive cohesive, n the capability to cohere or stick together to form a mass. plan is also more apt to encourage broad community support, and to attract funding from relevant agencies, two other vital elements of a successful, tourism-based development strategy. Sarah Nicholls is an assistant professor, Christine Vogt is an associate professor, and Soo Hyun Jun is a master's student, in the Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies (formerly Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources) at Michigan State University Michigan State University, at East Lansing; land-grant and state supported; coeducational; chartered 1855. It opened in 1857 as Michigan Agricultural College, the first state agricultural college. . The authors recently completed a marketing plan for the US-12 Heritage Route, which passes through the southern portion of Michigan.
Table 1. Selected Results from TIA Geotourism Study
All Geo-
Characteristic Travelers Savvys
Percentage of American travelers (adults
who had taken at least one trip in the
preceding three years) 100 10.6
Average number of trips taken per year 5.2 7.6
Average annual household income
($,thousands) 62.7 68.2
Percent aged 35-54/55 and over 43/27 50/25
Percent holding college education
(at least one degree) 45 61
Statement Geo- Urban
(figures represent percent agreement) Travelers Savvys
My travel experience is better when my
destination preserves its natural, historic
and cultural sites and attractions 61 81
My travel experience is better when I'm
seeing or doing something authentic 40 60
My travel experience is better when I have
learned as much as possible about my
destination's customs, geography and culture 53 72
There should be more public and/or private
funding for preservation of our nation's
historic sites and monuments 59 76
Very/extremely important that trip provides
educational experiences for me/family 55 73
Very/extremely likely to visit historic
sites and/or museums in my local area 40 65
Very/extremely likely to take trips to
destinations that have authentic historic 52 83
or archeological buildings/sites
Urban Good
Characteristic Sophisticates Citizens
Percentage of American travelers (adults
who had taken at least one trip in the
preceding three years) 13.8 11.4
Average number of trips taken per year 6.4 5.8
Average annual household income
($,thousands) 76.6 70.6
Percent aged 35-54/55 and over 50/25 25/50
Percent holding college education
(at least one degree) 63 63
Statement Good
(figures represent percent agreement) Sophisticates Citizens
My travel experience is better when my
destination preserves its natural, historic
and cultural sites and attractions 77 63
My travel experience is better when I'm
seeing or doing something authentic 54 44
My travel experience is better when I have
learned as much as possible about my
destination's customs, geography and culture 74 61
There should be more public and/or private
funding for preservation of our nation's
historic sites and monuments 78 66
Very/extremely important that trip provides
educational experiences for me/family 61 66
Very/extremely likely to visit historic
sites and/or museums in my local area 57 75
Very/extremely likely to take trips to
destinations that have authentic historic 73 53
or archeological buildings/sites
Source: Stueve, Cook, & Drew (2002).
References Andereck, K., & Vogt, C. (2003). Arizona Arizona (âr'əzō`nə), state in the southwestern United States. It is bordered by Utah (N), New Mexico (E), Mexico (S), and, across the Colorado R., Nevada and California (W). Office of Tourism, Arizona Welcome (,'enter Study Interim Report. Phoenix, AZ: Department of Recreation and Tourism Management, Arizona State University West Established by the Arizona Legislature in 1984, Arizona State University at the West campus is one of four campuses of the Arizona State University system. Located in northwest Phoenix, Arizona, straddling the Glendale, Arizona city limits, ASU at the West campus has 8,100 students . Austin, N.K. (2002). Managing heritage attractions: Marketing challenges at sensitive historical sites. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4 (6), 447-457. Besculides, A, Lee, M.E., & McCormick, P.J. (2002). Residents' perceptions of the cultural benefits of tourism Annals an·nals pl.n. 1. A chronological record of the events of successive years. 2. A descriptive account or record; a history: "the short and simple annals of the poor" of Tourism Research, 29(2), 303-319. Boorstin, D (1991) The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : Vintage. Chhabra, D., Healy, R, & Sills, E. (2003). Staged authenticity and heritage tourism Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 702-719 du Cros, H, (2001). A new model to assist in planning for sustainable cultural heritage tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(2), 165-170. Everett, G. (2001). Heritage tourism: Selling or celebrating our soul? Only in Butte Butte, city, United States Butte (by  t), city (1990 pop. 33,336), seat of Silver Bow co., SW Mont.; inc. 1879. It is a trade, ranching, and industrial center. . Available online at
http//www.butteamerica.com/heritour.htm.Garrod, B., & Fyall, A. (2000) Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 682-708. Goulding, C. (2002). The commodification of the past, postmodern post·mod·ern adj. Of or relating to art, architecture, or literature that reacts against earlier modernist principles, as by reintroducing traditional or classical elements of style or by carrying modernist styles or practices to extremes: pastiche pastiche (păstēsh`, pä–), work of art that combines themes and styles from various sources in such a way as to appear obviously derivative. , and the search for authentic experiences at contemporary heritage attractions. European Journal European Journal is a weekly Deutsche Welle (DW) news program produced in English. It is broadcast from Brussels, Belgium and primarily covers political and economic developments across the European Union and the rest of Europe, as well as issues of particular concern to of Marketing, 34(7), 835-853. Hargrove, C. (2002). Heritage tourism Cultural Resource Management, 25(1), 10-11. Herbert, D (2001) Literary places, tourism and the heritage experience Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), 312-333. Josiam, B.M., Mattson, M., & Sullivan, P. (2004). The Historaunt: Heritage tourism at Mickey's Dining Car. Tourism Management, 25(4), 453-461. Lennon, J., & Foley fo·ley n. 1. A technical process by which sounds are created or altered for use in a film, video, or other electronically produced work. 2. A person who creates or alters sounds using this process. , M. (2000) Dark Tourism: The Attraction of Death and Disaster. London: Continuum Continuum (pl. -tinua or -tinuums) can refer to:
Litvin, S.W. (in press) Streetscape street·scape n. 1. An artistic representation of a street. 2. Surroundings composed of streets: the urban streetscape. improvements in an historic tourist city, A second visit to King Street, Charleston. South Carolina. Tourism Management. MacCannell, D. (1976) The Visitor A New Theory of the Leisure Class New York Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). . MacKay, K.J., Andereck, K.L., & Vogt, C.A. (2002). Understanding vacationing motorist niche markets A niche market also known as a target market is a focused, targetable portion (subset) of a market sector. By definition, then, a business that focuses on a niche market is addressing a need for a product or service that is not being addressed by mainstream providers. . Journal of Travel Research, 40, 356-363. Marjanaa, L., & Quintos, N. (2091). Digging for roots National Geographic Traveler, 18, 28-29. McCain, G., & Ray, N.M. (2003) Legacy tourism: The search for personal meaning in heritage travel. Tourism Management, 24, 713-717. Michigan State University, Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Resources (1999) Michigan Motorists, A Survey of Travel Michigan Welcome Center Visitors, Fourth of July Fourth of July, Independence Day, or July Fourth, U.S. holiday, commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Celebration of it began during the American Revolution. to Labor Day Labor Day, holiday celebrated in the United States and Canada on the first Monday in September to honor the laborer. It was inaugurated by the Knights of Labor in 1882 and made a national holiday by the U.S. Congress in 1894. , 1998 Report conducted for Travel Michigan, Michigan Jobs Commission, by Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing East Lansing, city (1990 pop. 50,677), Ingham co., S central Mich., a suburb of Lansing, on the Red Cedar River; inc. 1907. The city was first known as College Park, but was renamed when it was incorporated. , MI. Orba_li, A. (2000). Tourists In Historic Towns: Urban Conservation And Heritage Management. London: E&FN Spon. Prentice, R.C., Witt, S.F., & Hamer, C. (1998). Tourism as experience: The case of heritage parks. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 1-24. Prates, M. (2003). Tourism and nationalism nationalism, political or social philosophy in which the welfare of the nation-state as an entity is considered paramount. Nationalism is basically a collective state of mind or consciousness in which people believe their primary duty and loyalty is to the . Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 125-142. Pirdeaux, R. (2002) Building visitor attractions in peripheral areas--can uniqueness overcome isolation to produce viability? International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(5), 379-389. Russo, A. P. (2002) The "vicious circle vi·cious circle n. A condition in which a disorder or disease gives rise to another that subsequently affects the first. " of tourism development in heritage cities Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 165-182. Strategic Marketing & Research, Inc. (2000). The Image Study. Stueve, A.M., Cook, S.D., & Drew, D. (2002). The Geotourism Study. Phase I Executive Summary. Report prepared by The Research Department of the Travel Industry Association of America, Washington, DC, for National Geographic Traveler. Travel Industry Association of America (2093) The Historic/Cultural Traveler, 2003 Edition. Travel Industry Association of America/Smithsonian Magazine. Available to purchase at http://www.tia. org//Pubs/pubs.asp?PublicationID=16. Urry, J. (1992) The Visitor Gaze Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage. Voase, R. (2002). Rediscovering the imagination: Investigating active and passive visitor experience in the 21st century. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(5), 391-399. RESEARCH INTO ACTION: HERITAGE TOURISM RESOURCES The increasing interest in heritage and associated types of travel has resulted in a rapid rise in the number of resources--at both the national and state level--available to help communities and other entities establish, market and manage heritage-based attractions. A variety of these national and state-based agencies and organizations are identified below, as is a list of forthcoming conferences focusing on these issues. NATIONAL RESOURCES The National Trust for Historic Preservation Historic preservation is the act of maintaining and repairing existing historic materials and the retention of a property's form as it has evolved over time. When considering the United States Department of Interior's interpretation: "Preservation calls for the existing form, www.nationaltrust.org * The Trust's Heritage Tourism Program offers a fee-for-service fee-for-ser·vice adj. Charging a fee for each service performed. consultancy through support from the National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Independent agency of the U.S. government that supports the creation, dissemination, and performance of the arts. It was created by the U.S. . The program offers assistance at the heritage tourism development process, from assessing the potential of a site, community, or larger area, to planning, marketing, and managing attractions, and publicizing pub·li·cize tr.v. pub·li·cized, pub·li·ciz·ing, pub·li·ciz·es To give publicity to. Noun 1. publicizing - the business of drawing public attention to goods and services advertising success stories. * The Trust is also involved in the Share Your Heritage program, which has published two sets of case studies highlighting successful heritage tourism development, "Share Your Heritage: Cultural Heritage Tourism Success Stories" and "Stories Across America: Opportunities in Rural Tourism." U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration's National Scenic Byways Program www.bywaysonline.org * America's Byways[TM], has provided funding for approximately 1,500 projects since its inception in 1991. Roads--recognized either as M-American Roads or National Scenic Byways--are selected for inclusion based on one or more of their archeological, cultural, historic, natural, recreational or scenic qualities. Funding for byway-related projects is awarded annually on a merit basis through the National Scenic Byways Discretionary Grant program. * Public visitors can also sign up to receive a quarterly e-newsletter as well as a free, hard copy map of the 96 byways currently in the system. National Heritage Areas www.nationalheritageareas.org * Only 24 such areas, which are established by Congress, currently exist, each exhibiting physical landscapes and/or human traditions of national distinction. * The Alliance of National Heritage Areas represents the NHAs, with the dual goals of enhancing the quality of life of NHA NHA Nha Trang, Vietnam (airport code) NHA Nantucket Historical Association NHA National Hydrogen Association NHA National Health Accounts NHA National Housing Act (Canada) NHA National Humanities Alliance citizens and communities end attracting national and international visitors to the sites. National Register of Historic Places This article is about the U.S. Register. For the National Register of Historic Places in Canada see Canadian Register of Historic Places. The National Register of Historic Places www.cr.nps.gov/nr/ * A listing of more than 77,000 districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects of national historical, architectural, archeological, engineering, and cultural significance. STATE RESOURCES The range of resources available within individual states varies in size and diversity, and readers are advised to search for specific agencies and organizations relevant to their particular location and concerns. The examples given below are illustrative il·lus·tra·tive adj. Acting or serving as an illustration. il·lus  tra·tive·ly adv.Adj. 1. rather than exhaustive. Resources listed pertain per·tain intr.v. per·tained, per·tain·ing, per·tains 1. To have reference; relate: evidence that pertains to the accident. 2. only to the state level; many more programs exist at the county and local scales, e.g., through Downtown Development Associations (DDAs), Convention and Visitors Bureaus (CVBs), Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) and local historic preservation associations.
State Agency/Organization and Program Web Address
AK Alaska Department of Natural www.dnr.state.ak.us/parks/oha/
Resources, Office of History www.dnr.state.ak.us/parks/oha/
and Archaeology, Historic grant/akdev.htm
Preservation Fund,
Predevelopment and Development
Project Grants
AR Arkansas Historic Preservation www.arkansaspreservation.org/
Program, Preservation Services preservation/default.asp
AZ Arizona Humanities Council www.azhumanities.org/
General Grants and We the ggrants1.html
People Initiative www.azhumanities.org/
wethepeople.html
CO Colorado Community www.ccraonline.org/CHAP/
Revitalization Association,
Colorado Heritage Area
Partnership
CT Connecticut Humanities Council www.ctheritage.com/
FL Florida Division of Historical dhr.dos.state.fl.us/
Resources
Visit Florida, New Product www.visitflorida.org/index.
Development cfm?fla=web&webpageid=97
GA Governor's Commission on www.gahistory.uga.edu/
Georgia History and Historical
Tourism
IL Illinois Department of www.illinoistourism.org/
Commerce and Economic ind_heritage.html
Opportunity, Heritage Tourism
Program
KS Kansas Humanities Council www.kansashumanities.org/
Heritage Program grants/heritage/
heritage.html
Kansas Sampler Foundation, www.kansassampler.org/wekan/
Tourism Alliances tourism.html
Kentucky Heritage Council/ www.state.ky.us/agencies/khc/
Kentucky Department of Travel/ khchome.htm
Kentucky Transportation
Cabinet, Kentucky Cultural and
Heritage
Driving Trails Signage Program tourism.ky.gov/highway.asp
MD Maryland Department of Housing www.marylandhistoricaltrust.
and Community Development, net/hb-1.html
Division of Historical and
Cultural Programs, Heritage
Preservation and Tourism Areas
Program
ME Maine Arts Commission, Arts www.mainearts.com/
and Heritage Tourism Program organizations/tourism/
index.shtml
MI Michigan Department of www.michigan.gov/mdot/
Transportation, Heritage 0,1607,7-151-9621_
Route Program 11041_11209--,00.html
MS Mississippi Division of www.visitmississippi.not/TIP/
Tourism, Heritage and TIPStaffDirectory.htm
Cultural Program
MS Arts Commission, Heritage www.arts.state.ms.us/
Program Grants guidelines_msheritage.html
MT Travel Montana, Tourism www.travelmontana.org/OUR-
Development and Education, PROGRAMS/TourismDevEd.htm
Cultural Tourism Program
NC North Carolina Department of www.nccommerce.com/tourism/
Commerce, Heritage Tourism heritage/
Program
ND North Dakota Department of www.ndtourism.com/Resources/
Commerce, Tourism Division, viewArticle.asp?choice=
Tourism Development Assistance &ID=185
NH New Hampshire Land & Community www.lchip.org/
Heritage Investment Program
NJ New Jersey Historic Trust www.njht.org/
NM New Mexico Heritage www.nmheritage.org/
Preservation Alliance
NY Heritage New York Program www.heritageny.state.ny.us/
index.htm
Arts & Business Council Inc. www.artsandbusiness.org/
and NY State Council on the culturaltourism/index.htm
Arts, Cultural Tourism
Initiative and Grant Program
OH Heritage Ohio www.heritageohio.org/
Ohio Department of www.odod.state.oh.us/
Development, Division of Travel.htm
Travel and Tourism, Ohio
Heritage Tourism Initiative
OK Preservation Oklahoma www.charityadvantage.com/POK/
Oklahoma Tourism and Home.asptourism.state.ok.us/
Recreation Department,
Divisions of Research
& Development, and Travel &
Tourism
OR Oregon Parks and Recreation hcd.state.or.us/
Department, Heritage
Conservation
PA Pennsylvania Bureau of www.dcnr.state.pa.us/brc/
Recreation and Conservation, heritageparks/
Department of Conservation and www.ruralpa.org/
Natural Resources, Heritage news0503.html#1
Parks Program Center for Rural
Pennsylvania, Framework for
Heritage Tourism Development
RI Rhode Island Historical www.rihphc.state.ri.us/
Preservation and Heritage
Commission
SC South Carolina Department of www.discoversouthcarolina.com/
Parks, Recreation and Tourism, agency/grantsheritage
Heritage Corridor Development corridor.asp
Grants
TX Texas Historical Commission, www.thc.state.tx.us/heritage
Heritage Trails Program tourism/htprogram.html
UT Department of Community and culturalheritage.utah.gov/
Economic Development,
Community Cultural Heritage
Coordinating Council
VT Vermont Arts Council, Vermont www.vermontartscouncil.org/
Cultural Heritage Tourism services/cultural_heritage.
Toolkit html
WY Wyoming Department of wydotweb.state.wy.us/web/
Transportation Scenic Byways business/sbw.html
and Backways Program
Forthcoming Events
The 2004 National Extension Tourism Conference
People, Places and Partnerships: Keys to Success,
Sept. 27-30, Kissimmee, Fla.
http://srdc.msstate.edu/04tourism/index.html
The 2005 International Heritage Development Conference
June 5-8, Nashville, Tenn.
http://www.cr.nps.gov/heritageareas/REP/IHDCProp.pdf.
The Second International Conference on Maritime Heritage
April 18-20, 2005, Barcelona, Spain
http://www.wessex.ac.uk/conferences/2005/mh05/index. html
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