Hedgehog zoonoses.

To the Editor: The article on hedgehog zoonoses (1) reviews diseases transmitted from African and European hedgehogs to humans but does not compare their infectious potential to that of other animals and people. For example, cats and Yorkshire terriers are well-known vectors of ringworm (2), but this has not been highlighted in Emerging Infectious Diseases. Also, the reports of herpesvirus (including human herpes simplex) hepatitis described in the article occurred as fatal hepatitis in hedgehogs, whereas their owners apparently escaped unscathed. These cases appear to be "reverse zoonoses" that are dangerous for the pet but not its human contacts. Perhaps the misleading table in the article should be revised so that busy medical doctors don't jump to conclusions, and hedgehogs don't end up on the euthanasia list at shelters.

Melissa Behr, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA

References

(1.) Riley PY, Chomel BB. Hedgehog zoonoses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11:1-5.

(2.) Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE. Muller and Kirk's small animal dermatology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000.

Address for correspondence: Melissa Behr, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, PO Box 22002, Albany, New York 12201-2002, USA; fax: [phone]; email: [e-mail]

In response: We thank Dr. Behr for her comment (1). The intent of our manuscript was to report, from a literature review, information on zoonotic infections related to hedgehogs. Of course, we are mainly concerned with infections or infestations that hedgehogs can transmit to humans, but we also noted that the inverse can be true, and humans can be a source of infection in pet hedgehogs. This manuscript was intended to inform not only physicians but also veterinarians and wildlife rescuers who may not be familiar with zoonotic diseases borne by or transmitted to hedgehogs. We also would like to take advantage of this letter to clarify a few points from our manuscript. First of all, pet hedgehogs are mainly African pygmy hedgehogs, and no reliable data are available regarding the number of European hedgehogs that are kept as pets either in Europe, the United States, or other parts of the world. In many European countries, native hedgehogs are protected by law and cannot be kept as pets (F. Moutou, pers. comm.). Furthermore, our comment on plague and "hedgehogs" in Madagascar was meant to be informative, as these animals are found only on that island. They are not true hedgehogs (belonging to the family Tenrecidae and not Erinaceidae) and are unlikely to be kept as pets (2; F. Moutou, pers. comm.). In our literature review from PubMed, we found no report of human leptospirosis infection from hedgehogs. However, the European hedgehog is considered the main host of Leptospira bratislava in the Netherlands and Denmark and the main host of L. canicola in Israel (2). Finally, if hedgehogs can be infected by lungworms of the genus Capillaria, no report of a human infection transmitted by hedgehogs has been published to our knowledge.

Bruno B. Chomel * and Patricia Y. Riley *

* University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA

References

(1.) Behr M. Hedgehog zoonoses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1146.

(2.) Smith JMB. Diseases of hedgehogs. Vet Bull. 1968;38:425-30.

Address for correspondence: Bruno B. Chomel, Department of Population Health and Reproduction-School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; fax: [phone]; email: [e-mail]