Golden Gate gets older date.Most scholars assume that shortly before A.D. 413, the Byzantine (jargon, architecture) Byzantine - A term describing any system that has so many labyrinthine internal interconnections that it would be impossible to simplify by separation into loosely coupled or linked components. The city of Byzantium Byzantium (bīzăn`shēəm, –shəm, –tēəm), ancient city of Thrace, on the site of the present-day Istanbul, Turkey. Founded by Greeks from Megara in 667 B.C., it early rose to importance because of its position on the Bosporus., later renamed Constantinople Constantinople (kŏn'stăn'tĭnō`pəl), former capital of the Byzantine Empire and of the Ottoman Empire, since 1930 officially called Istanbul (for location and description, see Istanbul). It was founded (A.D. and then Istanbul, and the Byzantine Empire were vitiated by a bureaucratic overelaboration bordering on lunacy: quadruple banked agencies, dozens or even scores of superfluous levels and officials with emperor Theodosius Theodosius, d. 376, Roman general under Valentinian I. He defeated (368–69) the Picts and Scots in Britain and the Alemanni in Gaul (369). He suppressed (372–74) a Berber uprising in N Africa, but was executed at Carthage by Valentinian's successor Gratian on unknown charges. His son became emperor as Theodosius I Theodosius I or Theodosius the Great, 346?–395, Roman emperor of the East (379–95) and emperor of the West (394–95), son of Theodosius, the general of Valentinian I. He became (375) military governor of Moesia, but following the execution (376) of his father he retired to Spain. He remained there until Emperor Gratian chose him to rule the East after the defeat and death (378) of Valens in the battle of Adrianople.. II oversaw the completion of two defensive walls at Constantinople and the construction of a main entrance called the Golden Gate. An examination of the Golden Gate Golden Gate, strait, 4 mi (6.4 km) long and 1 to 2 mi (1.6–3.2 km) wide, linking San Francisco Bay with the Pacific Ocean. It was discovered in 1579 by the English explorer Sir Francis Drake. Known as the Golden Gate before the California gold rush, its name became popular during this period because of its mineral connotation. The strait is the drowned mouth of the united Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and forms an excellent channel, c. and adjoining wall sections now indicates that Byzantines built the gate more than 20 years earlier to commemorate a prior ruler's military victory. Later, they incorporated the monument into the city's protective walls, contends Jonathan Bardill of the University of Oxford in England. Constantinople, an ancient Turkish city originally called Byzantium and now known as Istanbul, flourished after A.D. 330 with a unique blend of Roman and Greek cultures. The fifth-century decorations on doorframes of the Golden Gate were additions to an older structure, Bardill reports in the October AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY. A Latin inscription on the original monument probably celebrates Theodosius I's defeat of a rival army in A.D. 388, Bardill says. A sculpture on top of the gate shows Theodosius I celebrating that victory in a chariot drawn by four elephants given to him in A.D. 384 or A.D. 387 by a Persian king, Bardill asserts. |
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