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Global policy change and women's access to safe abortion: the impact of the World Health Organization's guidance in Africa/Changement de la politique mondiale et acces de la femme a l'avortement sur: l'impact des orientations de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Sante en Afrique.


Along with governments from around the world, African Leaders agreed at the International Conference on Population and Development The United Nations coordinated an International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, Egypt from 5-13 September 1994. Its resulting Programme of Action is the steering document for the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).  (ICPD ICPD International Conference on Population and Development
ICPD Institute for Counselling and Personal Development (Northern Ireland)
ICPD Institute for Conflict Management Peace and Development
ICPD International Conference on the Prevention of Dementia
) in 1994 to address unsafe abortion Unsafe abortion is a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity in the world, especially in developing countries (95% of unsafe abortions take place in developing countries).  as a major public health problem. At the five-year review of the ICPD, they decided further that health systems should make safe abortion services accessible for Legal indications. Based on this mandate, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed norms and standards for quality abortion services, Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems, released in 2003. While abortion-related maternal mortality and morbidity remains very high in many African countries, stakeholders Stakeholders

All parties that have an interest, financial or otherwise, in a firm-stockholders, creditors, bondholders, employees, customers, management, the community, and the government.
 are increasingly using WHO recommendations in conjunction with other global and regional policy frameworks, including the African Union African Union (AU), international organization established in 2002 by the nations of the former Organization of African Unity (OAU). The AU is the successor organization to the OAU, with greater powers to promote African economic, social, and political integration,  Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa, to spur new action to address this persistent problem. Efforts include: reforming national laws and policies; preparing service-delivery guidelines and regulations; strengthening training programs; and expanding community outreach programs. This paper reviews progress and lessons learned white drawing attention to the fragility of the progress made thus far and the key challenges that remain in ensuring access to safe abortion care for all African women.

Women in sub-Saharan Africa face the highest risk of death and injury from abortion-related complications in the world, accounting for 60% of the nearly 20 million cases of unsafe abortion globally each year. Tens of millions of women of reproductive age today in Africa will experience an unsafe abortion in their Lifetimes. Globally, unsafe abortions claim the Lives of at Least 68,000 women each year; 43% of these women are African. In addition to premature deaths Premature Death occurs when a living thing dies of a cause other than old age. A premature death can be the result of injury, illness, violence, suicide, poor nutrition (often stemming from low income), starvation, dehydration, or other factors. , hundreds of thousands of African women who seek unsafe abortions each year experience severe complications: uterine uterine /uter·ine/ (u´ter-in) pertaining to the uterus.

u·ter·ine
adj.
Of, relating to, or in the region of the uterus.
 perforation per·fo·ra·tion
n.
1. The act of perforating or the state of being perforated.

2. An abnormal opening in a hollow organ or viscus, as one made by rupture or injury.


Perforation
A hole.
, chronic pelvic pain Women and Pelvic pain
Most women (and some men), at some time in their lives, experience pelvic pain. When the condition persists for longer than 3 months, it is called chronic pelvic pain (CPP).
, haemorrhage and secondary infertility infertility, inability to conceive or carry a child to delivery. The term is usually limited to situations where the couple has had intercourse regularly for one year without using birth control. . They also face trauma, stigmatisation and isolation from families and communities as a result of unwanted pregnancies unwanted pregnancy Obstetrics A pregnancy that is not desired by one or both biologic parents. See Teen pregnancy.  and unsafe abortions. Recent national-level studies in Kenya, Uganda, and Nigeria document the high numbers of women presenting with complications from unsafe abortions in public health facilities, and are indicative of the region-wide burden of ill-health caused by unsafe abortion. The consequences fall especially heavily on young women and girls; nearly 60% of women who have unsafe abortions are under the age of 25. Taken together, the data on unnecessary deaths and illnesses from unsafe abortions point to a public health crisis, a social injustice Social Injustice is a concept relating to the perceived unfairness or injustice of a society in its divisions of rewards and burdens. The concept is distinct from those of justice in law, which may or may not be considered moral in practice.  and a violation of women's human fights and dignity.

"In recent decades, international understanding of the basic civil, social and economic rights with which all people are born has deepened and been progressively articulated in international covenants, treaties, and other instruments. Such agreements create a solid basis for real improvements in people's lives, as ratifying nations commit themselves to uphold the rights enumerated This term is often used in law as equivalent to mentioned specifically, designated, or expressly named or granted; as in speaking of enumerated governmental powers, items of property, or articles in a tariff schedule.  therein, including by adjusting laws and policies."

Challenges In advancing access to safe abortion in Africa

However, while progress is being made at global and regional levels, introduction and scale-up of safe abortion services in many African countries faces numerous challenges. The grim realities facing all health and development efforts in the region are the stagnation Stagnation

A period of little or no growth in the economy. Economic growth of less than 2-3% is considered stagnation. Sometimes used to describe low trading volume or inactive trading in securities.

Notes:
A good example of stagnation was the U.S. economy in the 1970s.
, and, in many cases, deterioration, of health systems. Facilities are increasingly overwhelmed by HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome  and other infectious diseases infectious diseases: see communicable diseases.  and are coping with significant annual attrition in trained health workers. The shortage of contraceptives across the African continent is alarming. In 2005, 20-35% of all married women between the ages of 15-49 lacked access to effective methods thus contributing to high rates of unintended pregnancies. Numerous obstacles to the provision of abortion services exist including:

* Barriers to involving midlevel mid·lev·el  
n.
The middle stage or level, as in a series, course of action, or career.
 health providers in safe and Legal abortion services--with limited trained medical doctors, majority of eligible women easily access the services of midlevel providers mid·lev·el provider
n.
A medical provider who is not a physician but is licensed to diagnose and treat patients under the supervision of a physician.
.

* Negative provider attitudes--although they have the necessary skills in clinical protocols for abortion care, majority of them lack the knowledge on national abortion laws Abortion law is legislation which pertains to the provision of abortion. Abortion has at times emerged as a controversial subject in various societies because of the moral and ethical issues that surround it, though other considerations, such as a state's pro- or antinatalist  and how to interpret them using diverse perspectives. Others are reluctant to provide or refer services on religious grounds.

* Insufficient supplies of technologies--health-care providers with skills in abortion-related care are often unable to offer these services due to lack of the appropriate medical equipment e.g. the manual vacuum aspiration vacuum aspiration
n.
A method of abortion performed during the first trimester, in which the contents of the uterus are withdrawn through a narrow tube. Also called suction curettage, vacuum curettage.
 (MVA MVA
abbr.
motor vehicle accident


MVA Motor vehicular/vehicle accident, see there
) technology that offers a major advantage in the management of abortion complications and provision of early abortion early abortion Obstetrics An abortion performed before the 12th wk of gestation. See Abortion.  in all types of health care settings, including low-resource primary health care centers. MVA allows for abortion services to be provided safely on an outpatient basis in decentralized de·cen·tral·ize  
v. de·cen·tral·ized, de·cen·tral·iz·ing, de·cen·tral·iz·es

v.tr.
1. To distribute the administrative functions or powers of (a central authority) among several local authorities.
 Locations and by midlevel providers. MVA is registered or on commodity lists in many African countries, although procurement is still not reliable.

* Women's inability to access services--Even if services are available in health facilities, many women do not have the power and resources to access and utilize the services. Groups most Likely to encounter barriers include adolescents, unmarried women, women living outside of urban centers, and women who are displaced displaced

see displacement.
 or refugees.

* Lack of political will and resources--Mobilizing political will to implement supportive policy statements and commit adequate resources are the biggest immediate challenges. The lack of a concerted response and an unequivocal position by a number of international agencies and bilateral donors in support of intergovernmental commitments is troubling. The anti-choice position of the U.S. government accounts for hesitation by international organizations at all levels to play a more decisive role in addressing unsafe abortion.

Improving the enabling environment: future directions

As this article has demonstrated, the global mandate to address unsafe abortion, reinforced by the practical and evidence-based recommendations in the WHO guidance, has prepared the way for new actions both by governments and civil society actors as well. Still, the guidance is only a document, and its ultimate impact depends on whether additional steps are taken to create an enabling environment, described here with selected examples.

1. Building coalitions--Implementing global policy recommendations requires collective action and networking across different sectors and disciplines. In some countries, multidisciplinary coalitions including grassroots organizations It may never be fully completed or, depending on its its nature, it may be that it can never be completed. However, new and revised entries in the list are always welcome. , medical professionals, women's groups and government officials have been created to strengthen abortion-related advocacy. Creating coalitions and networks has proven to be an effective way to mobilize action on abortion, as has been demonstrated in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa South Africa, Afrikaans Suid-Afrika, officially Republic of South Africa, republic (2005 est. pop. 44,344,000), 471,442 sq mi (1,221,037 sq km), S Africa. , among others. Lessons Learned from successful experiences point to the need for: i) effective and sustained leadership, coordination and advocacy; ii) mobilization of a core group of various stakeholders dedicated to working on abortion over the long run; iii) expansion of efforts to include community groups and rural women; iv) increased efforts in the areas of community education, information and rights; and v) having the language and tools necessary to counter anti-abortion groups.

2. Influencing how the general public understands and perceives abortion--Destigmatising abortion and the women who choose to have abortions is essential to the development of an enabling environment. A 2003 study in South Africa documented efforts to promote discussion about sexual and reproductive rights Reproductive rights or procreative liberty is what supporters view as human rights in areas of sexual reproduction. Advocates of reproductive rights support the right to control one's reproductive functions, such as the rights to reproduce (such as opposition to forced  through values clarification workshops with community leaders and health providers in Limpopo, a rural province in South Africa, and to identify community-based strategies for overcoming barriers to safe abortion care. The experience of the Campaign against Unwanted Pregnancy (CAUP CAUP Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto (Portuguese: Center for Astrophysics of the University of Porto; Portugal) ) in Nigeria also demonstrates a range of approaches to destigmatising the abortion issue and making it a legitimate subject of public debate. Founded in 1997, this campaign employs research, public education, media sensitization sensitization /sen·si·ti·za·tion/ (sen?si-ti-za´shun)
1. administration of an antigen to induce a primary immune response.

2. exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity.
, and the training of various groups including women's organizations This is a list of women's organisations. International
  • International Association of Charity - Worldwide Catholic charitable organization for women (founded 1617)
  • Relief Society - Worldwide charitable and educational organization of LDS women (founded 1842)
, policymakers and local NGOs. In Kenya, Nigeria and Uganda, media workshops have been conducted to enhance print and electronic journalists' skills to more effectively report and highlight unsafe abortion within the context of reproductive rights.

3. Strengthening local-global links and regional sharing--Some interview respondents stated that more support from WHO headquarters, regional and country offices was necessary in order to support national efforts to address unsafe abortion. Conversely, a stronger voice from national leaders in Africa in the bodies of WHO and other international organizations would strengthen the resolve of international secretariats to uphold longstanding international agreements on abortion. Regional meetings help to break the isolation of national groups and serve as a forum for individuals and organizations to learn from their common interests, debate areas of divergence and develop mutually-reinforcing strategies. Workshops have strengthened the knowledge base about abortion through strategic publications and dissemination of research studies across the continent. The accumulation of knowledge inherent in such exchanges is conducive to the process of preparing and presenting alternative' perspectives on women's health Women's Health Definition

Women's health is the effect of gender on disease and health that encompasses a broad range of biological and psychosocial issues.
 and rights and ultimately bolsters national-level advocacy efforts. In addition, study tours have contributed to South-to-South exchanges, shared learning and development of common strategies.

4. Expanding research--Research can be a powerful advocacy tool if used, packaged and disseminated strategically. Local and widespread ownership of research processes and outcomes is important. This can be supported by ensuring the inclusion of a wide range of stakeholders in research design, publishing findings in national journals, translating research findings into local languages, and supporting non-print dissemination of findings. Research on women's experiences with unwanted sex, unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortions deserves more attention. Respondents emphasized the need for more studies that compare maternal mortality rates maternal mortality rate Epidemiology The number of pregnancy-related deaths/100,000 ♀ of reproductive age; the number of maternal deaths related to childbearing divided by number of live births–or number of live births + fetal deaths/yr.  in countries with restricted laws versus those that have liberalized legislation. Further documentation of the cost-savings of providing elective services versus emergency postabortion care was also recommended. Research on how best to deliver medical abortion medical abortion Obstetrics An elective nonoperative abortion effected in the 1st trimester by abortifacients. See Abortion.  is also a priority.

A multi-pronged strategy is necessary to combat the problem of unsafe abortion, entailing strengthened collaboration among policymakers, advocates, health professionals, and researchers. The World Health Organisation and other bodies of the UN system, and, increasingly important, regional-level organizations that are closer to the daily realities faced by African women, also have key roles to play. As this paper has demonstrated, the guidance issued by the World Health Organization in 2003 has been a positive force for change in the region, and yet much more remains to be done. Efforts must be expanded to change abortion-related laws and policies, strengthen the capacity of providers and health systems to provide postabortion care and elective services, and work to encourage an enabling environment that respects and supports women's decisions to terminate an unwanted or unhealthy pregnancy. Defining abortion services as an integral part of comprehensive, high-quality reproductive health Within the framework of WHO's definition of health[1] as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health, or sexual health/hygiene  care service delivery is an essential part of destigmatising the service and establishing safe abortion as a public health and human rights imperative, rather than a criminal activity. Advocacy and service delivery strategies must be developed to ensure that laws and policies, health system regulations, social values, norms and practices facilitate women's human rights to live, to be healthy and to take control over their lives. Ultimately, comprehensive abortion care must be recognized as a routine service and a component of a minimum package of health care services at all levels of Africa's health systems.

Leila Hessini is the Senior Policy Advisor, Ipas; Eunice Brookman-Amissah is the Vice President for Africa, Ipas and Barbara B. Crane is the Executive Vice President, Ipas.

This article has been extracted from the full paper which can be found in the African Journal of Reproductive Health Vol. 10, No. 3 (2006) and/or by visiting: http://www.bioline. org.br/request?rh06034

Aux cotes des gouvernements de par le monde, les Monde, Le

(French; “The World”)

Daily newspaper published in Paris, one of the most important and widely respected newspapers in the world. It was established in 1944, just after the German army left the city, as an independent organ free of government
 dirigeants africains se sont convenus a la Conference Internationale sur la Population et le Developpement (CIPD CIPD Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (UK)
CIPD Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo (Mexico)
CIPD Center for Innovation in Product Development
) en 1994 d'aborder l'avortement non-sur en tant que probleme majeur de sante publique. Lors d'une revue revue, a stage presentation that originated in the early 19th cent. as a light, satirical commentary on current events. It was rapidly developed, particularly in England and the United States, into an amorphous musical entertainment, retaining a small amount of  de cinq ans de la CIPD, ils ont decide en plus que les systemes sanitaires devraient rendre accessibles les services d'avortement sur pour des raisons legales. Sur base de ce mandat, l'Organisation Mondiale de la Sante (OMS OMS - Opportunity Management System ) a elabore des normes et standards relatives aux services d'avortement de qualite Avortement Sure: Guide Technique et Politique pour les Systemes Sonitoires, publiees en 2003. Alors que la mortalite et la morbidite maternelle liees a l'avortement restent tres elevees dans beaucoup beau·coup   also boo·coo or boo·koo Chiefly Southern U.S.
adj.
Many; much: beaucoup money.

n. pl.
 de pays africains, les intervenants sont en train d'utiliser progressivement les recommandations de l'OMS conjointement avec d'autres cadres mondiaux et regionaux en matiere de politiques, y compris le Protocole de l'Union Africaine sur les Droits de la Femme La Femme is a women-only beach in Marina, Egypt which caters to Muslims who want to swim in comfort away from prying and prurient view of "men and cameras". External links
  • Egypt unveils no-peeking zone - Mariam Fam (AP) October 26, 2005


[1]
 en Afrique, pour stimuler une nouvelle action qui aborde ce probleme persistent. Les efforts incluent: reformer les lois et politiques nationales; preparer des elements indicatifs et la reglementation sur la livraidson de services; renforcer les programmes de formation; et elargir les programmes de mobilisation communautaire. Le present article fait la revue des progres et lecons apprises tout Tout

To promote a security in order to attract buyers.


tout

To foster interest in a particular company or security. For example, a broker might tout a security to a client in the hope that the client will purchase the security.
 en attirant l'attention sur la fragilite de progress faits jusqu'a present et les defies cles qui restent dans le cadre (company) CADRE - The US software engineering vendor which merged with Bachman Information Systems to form Cayenne Software in July 1996.  d'assurer l'acces aux soins d'avortement sur pour toutes les femmes africaines.

Dans le monde n. 1. The world; a globe as an ensign of royalty.
Le beau monde
fashionable society. See Beau monde.
Demi monde
See Demimonde.
 entier, les femmes de l'Afrique sub-saharienne font face au plus grand risque ris·qué  
adj.
Suggestive of or bordering on indelicacy or impropriety.



[French, from past participle of risquer, to risk, from risque, risk; see risk.]

Adj.
 de deces et de blessures suite des complications liees a l'avortement, representant 60% de presque les 20 millions de cas d'avortements non-surs dans le monde chaque annee. Aujourd'hui, dix millions de femmes en ge de reproduction en Afrique vont affronter l'avortement non-sur au cours de leur existance. Dans le monde, les avortements non-surs coutent la vie a au moins 68.000 femmes chaque annee; 43% de ces dernieres etant africaines. En plus des deces prematures, des centaines de milliers de femmes africaines qui recourent aux avortements non-surs chaque annee font face a de graves complications: perforation uterine, peine chronique au niveau du bassin, l'hemorrhagie et la sterilite de second degre. Elles font aussi face au traumatisme, a la stigmatisation et a l'isolement de la part de leurs familles et de Leurs communautes comme consequence des grossesses involontaires et des avortements non-surs. Des etudes menees recemment au niveau national au Kenya, en Ouganda, et au Nigeria documentent les nombres eleves de femmes presentant des complications suite a des avortements non-surs dans les structures de sante publique, et sont indicatifs quant au fardeau de la region de la mauvaise sante causee par l'avortement non-sur. De lourdes consequences tombent specialement sur les jeunes femmes et les filles; a peu pres 60% de femmes qui ont des avortements non-surs etant gees de moins de 25 ans. Dans l'ensemble, les donnees sur les deces et maladies inutiles suivant l'avortement non-sur tendent vers vers
abbr.
versed sine
 une crise en sante publique, une injustice sociale et une violation des droits humains et de la dignite de la femme.

Au cours des dernieres decennies, la comprehension internationale des droits civils, sociaux et economiques eiementaires avec lesquels tous tes individus naissent s'est approfondie et elle a ete progressivement articulee dans des pactes des traites et d'autres instruments internationaux. De tels accords creent une base solide pour de veritables ameliorations des vies des gens gens (jĕnz), ancient Roman kinship group. It was the counterpart of what is known in other societies as a patrilineal clan or sib, and the word has been used in social science as a generic term for such groupings. , puisque tes nations qui les ratifient s'engagent a respecter les droits enumeres la-dedans, y compris en ajustant les lois et les politiques.

Les defis dans la promotion del' acces a l'avortement sur en Afriquo

ALors que des Que.D (aka Q.Diesel) is a hip hop artist from Detroit, Michigan. He is known for his affiliation with Slum Village and world renowned producer and artist J Dilla, who also happens to be his cousin. He has released several twelve inch white labels with various record labels in the U.  progres sont en train d'etre realises, l'introduction et la promotion des services d'avortement sur dans beaucoup de pays africains fait face a de nombreux defis. Les realites sombres qu'affrontent tous les efforts dans les domaines de la sante et du developpement dans la region sont la stagnation, et, dans beaucoup de cas, la deterioration, des systemes sanitaires. Les infrastructures sont de plus en plus surcharges par le VIH/SIDA et d'autres maladies infectieuses et elles s'adaptent aux attritions annuelles significatives d'agents de sante formes (language, music) Formes - An object-oriented language for music composition and synthesis, written in VLISP.

["Formes: Composition and Scheduling of Processes", X. Rodet & P. Cointe, Computer Music J 8(3):32-50 (Fall 1984)].
. La penurie de contraceptifs a travers le continent africain est alarmant. En 2005, entre 20 et 35% de toutes les femmes mariees et agees de 15 a 49 ans manquaient d'acces aux methodes efficaces, contribuant ainsi aux hauts niveaux de grossesses involontaires. Il existe de nombreux obstacles a la fourniture des services d'avortement, notamment ceux qui suivent:

* Barrieres a l'implication des agents moyens fournisseurs de services d'avortement sur et legal--avec des medecins formes en nombre limite, la majorite de femmes eligibles accedent aisement aux fournisseurs de services de la categorie moyenne.

* Attitudes negatives des fournisseurs de services--malgre qu'ils ont les aptitudes necessaires en protocoles cliniques pour les soins d'avortement, la majorite d'entre eux manquent la connaissance des lois nationales en matiere d'avortement et sur comment les interpreter en recourant a diverses perspectives. D'autres ne sont pas chauds pour fournir les services ou associent ces derniers au domaine religieux.

* Provisions insuffisantes des technologies--les fournisseurs de soins de sante ayant les aptitudes en soins relatifs a l'avortement sont souvent incapables d'offrir ces services suite au manque man·qué  
adj.
Unfulfilled or frustrated in the realization of one's ambitions or capabilities: an artist manqué; a writer manqué.
 d'equipement medical approprie, par ex la technologie qu'on appelle << manual vacuum aspiration -MVA qui offre un grand avantage en gestion des complications de l'avortement et en fourniture d'avortement precoce dans tous les types d'environnement de soins sanitaires, notamment les centres de sante primaire a faibles ressources. La technologie MVA permet la fourniture des services d'avortement surs sous forme forme (form) pl. formes   [Fr.] form.

forme fruste  (froost) pl. formes frustes   an atypical, especially a mild or incomplete, form, as of a disease.
 de dispensaires dans les milieux decentralises et par des fournisseurs moyens. La technologie MVA est enregistree ou figure sur les listes des produits courants dans beaucoup de pays africains, malgre que la procure reste toujours non-fiable.

* L'inhabilite des femmes d'acceder aux services--Meme si les services sont disponibles dans les infrastructures sanitaires, beaucoup de femmes n'ont pas le pouvoir ni les ressources d'acceder aux services et de les utiliser. Les groupes qui sont les plus enclins a rencontrer des obstacles incluent les adolescents, les femmes non-mariees, les femmes vivant en dehors DEHORS. Out of; without. By this word is understood something out of the record, agreement, will, or other thing spoken of; something foreign to the matter in question.  des centres urbains, et les femmes deplacees ou refugiees.

* Manque de volonte politique et de ressources--Mobiliser la volonte politique pour mettre en oeuvre les declarations politiques favorables et engager des ressources adequates sont les plus grands defis immediats. Le manque de reponse concertee et d'une position non-ambigue par un certain nombre d'agences internationales et de bailleurs de fonds bilateraux en soutien aux engagements intergouvernementaux est genant. La position anti-choix du gouvernement americain justifie l'hesitation des organisations internationales a tous les niveaux pour jouer un role plus decisif dans la recherche La Recherche is a monthly French language popular science magazine covering recent scientific news. It is published by the Société d'éditions scientifiques (the Scientific Publishing Group), a subsidiary of Financière Tallandier.  de solution aux avortements non-surs.

Ameliorer l'environnement propice: orientations futures

Comme l'a demontre le present article, le mandat mondial Mondial can refer to:
  • Mondial (amusement ride manufacturer), a Dutch manufacturer of amusement rides.
  • Mondial (motorcyle manufacturer), an Italian motorcycle manufacturer.
 d'aborder l'avortement non-sur, renforce par les recommandations pratiques et basees sur des preuves se trouvant dans le guide de l'OMS, a prepare la voie aux nouvelles actions tant par les gouvernements que les acteurs de la societe civile. Pourtant, le guide n'est qu'un document, et son impact en fin de comptes depend de la prise ou non de mesures supplementaires pour creer un environnement propice, decrit ici avec des exemples selectionnes.

1. Construction des coal1itions--La mise en oeuvre des recommandations des politiques mondiales requiert une action collective et le reseautage a travers differents secteurs et disdplines. Dans certains pays, des coalitions multidisciplinaires y compris des organisations de la base, des professionnels dans le domaine medical, des responsables de regroupements feminins et des autorites gouvernementales ont ete creees pour renforcer le plaidoyer relatif a l'avortement. la creation des coalitions et de reseaux s'est averee un moyen efficace de mobiliser l'action sur l'avortement, comme cela fut demontre en Ethiopie, au Kenya, au Nigeria et en Afrique du Sud, entre autres pays. Les lecons apprises des experiences fructueuses s'orientent vers la necessite i)du leadership efficace et durable, de la coordination et de la plaidoirie; ii) de la mobilisation d'un groupe fondamental des diverses parties prenantes devouees pour le travail TRAVAIL. The act of child-bearing.
     2. A woman is said to be in her travail from the time the pains of child-bearing commence until her delivery. 5 Pick. 63; 6 Greenl. R. 460.
     3.
 sur l'avortement a long terme; iii) de l'elargissement des efforts afin d'inclure les regroupements communautaires et les femmes rurales; iv) des efforts accrus dans les domaines de l'education communautaire, de l'information et des droits humains; et v) d'avoir le langage et les instruments necessaires pour contrer les groupes opposes a l'avortement.

2. Influencer la maniere dont le public en general interprete et percoit l'avortement--La destigmatisation de l'avortement et des femmes qui choisissent l'avortement est essentielle au developpement d'un environnement propice. Une etude e·tude  
n. Music
1. A piece composed for the development of a specific point of technique.

2. A composition featuring a point of technique but performed because of its artistic merit.
 de 2003 en Afrique du Sud a documente les efforts de promouvoir le debat a propos des droits sexuels et reproductifs a travers des ateliers d'eclaircissement des valeurs avec les leaders de la communaute et les fournisseurs de soins de sante a Limpopo, une province rurale en Afrique du Sud, et pour identifier les strategies a base communautaire de surmonter les barrieres aux soins d'avortement. L'experience de la Campagne contre les Grossesses Indesirables (CAUP en sigle anglaise) au Nigeria demontre egalement une serie d'approches pour destigmatiser la question d'avortement et en faire un sujet legitime de discussion publique. Fondee en 1997, cette campagne utilise la recherche, l'education publique, la sensibilisation mediatique, et la formation de divers groupes y compris les organisations de femmes, les responsables des politiques et les ONG ONG Organisation Non Gouvernementale
ONG Organización No Gubernamental
ONG Organização Não-Governamental (Brazil)
ONG Organizzazione Non Governativa (Italian) 
 locales. Au Kenya, au Nigeria et en Ouganda, des ateliers mediatiques ont ete organises afin d'ameliorer les competences des journalistes de la presse La Presse can refer to
  • La Presse (Canadian newspaper)
  • La Presse (French newspaper)
  • La Presse (Tunisian newspaper)
 ecrite et electronique pour qu'ils donnent plus efficacement des reportages sur l'avortement non-sur et le mettent en vitrine dans le cadre des droits repruductifs.

3. Renforcer les liens local-mondial et le partage regional--Certaines personnes qui ont repondu a l'interview ont indique qu'il fallait davantage de soutien de la part du siege de l'OMS et des bureaux regionaux et des pays en vue de soutenir les efforts nationaux d'aborder le probleme d'avortement non-sur. Par contre, une plus forte voix des leaders nationaux en Afrique dans les instances dirigeantes de l'OMS et d'autres organisations internationales renforcerait la determination des secretariats internationaux de veiller aux plus grands accords internationaux sur l'avortement. Des reunions regionales aident a rompre l'isolement des groupes nationaux et a servir de forum d'apprentissage pour les individus et les organisations a partir de leurs interets communs, des domaines de discussion de divergence et de cadre pour renforcer les strategies qui se renforcent mutuellement. Les ateliers ont renforce la base des connaissances a propos de l'avortement a travers des publications strategiques et la distribution des etudes de recherche re·cher·ché  
adj.
1. Uncommon; rare.

2. Exquisite; choice.

3. Overrefined; forced.

4. Pretentious; overblown.
 a travers le continent. l'accumulation des connaissances inherentes dans de tels echanges est propice au processus de preparation et de presentation de perspectives alternatives sur la sante et les droits de la femme et finalement relancer les efforts de plaidoirie au niveau national En plus, les tournees d'etude ont contribue aux echanges sud-sud, un apprentissage partage et le developpement de strategies communes.

4. Epanouir la recherche--la recherche peut etre un instrument fort de plaidoirie si elle est utilisee, organisee en paquet et distribuee de facon strategique. Il importe qu'il y ait une possession Locale (programming) locale - A geopolitical place or area, especially in the context of configuring an operating system or application program with its character sets, date and time formats, currency formats etc.

Locales are significant for internationalisation and localisation.
 et repandue des processus et des conclusions de recherche. Ceci peut etre soutenu en s'assurant que l'inclusion d'une large gamme d'intervenants dans la conception des recherches, dans la publication des conclusions dans les journaux nationaux, dans la traduction des conclusions des recherches en langues locales, et en soutenant la distribution non-ecrite des conclusions. La recherche sur les experiences des femmes au sujet des rapports sexuels involontaires, les grossesses involontaires et les avortements non-surs merite plus d'attention. Les repondantes ont mis l'accent sur la necessite de plus d'etudes qui comparent les taux de mortalite maternelle dans les pays avec des Lois restreintes contre ceux qui ont une legislation liberalisee. Une documentation supplementaire des gains provenant de la fourniture des services electifs contre les soins post-avortement en situation d'urgence fut egalement recommandee. la recherche sur la meilleure facon de delivrer l'avortement medical comme service est aussi une priorite.

Il faut une strategie pluridimensionnelle pour lutter contre le probleme d'avortement non-securise, qui entraine une collaboration renforcee parmi les responsables des politiques, des activistes, des professionnels de la sante et des chercheurs. L'Organisation Mondiale de la Sante et les autres instances du systeme des Nations Unies, et, chose de plus en importante, les organisations sous-regionale qui sont plus proches des realites quotidiennes qu'affronte la femme africaine, ont aussi des roles cles a jouer. Comme I'a demontre, les directives publiees par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Sante en 2003 a ete une force positive de changement dans la region, et pourtant beaucoup plus de choses restent a faire. Les efforts doivent etre elargis pour modifier (programming) modifier - An operation that alters the state of an object. Modifiers often have names that begin with "set" and corresponding selector functions whose names begin with "get".  les lois et les politiques en rapport en rap·port  
adj.
Being in agreement; harmonious.



[French : en, in + rapport, agreement.]
 avec l'avortement, renforcer la capacite des agents et des systemes sanitaires afin de fournir les soins postavortement et les services electifs, et travailler pour encourager un environnement propice qui respecte et soutient les decisions des femmes de mettre fin a des grossesses involontaires ou dangereuses pour la sante. La definition des services d'avortement en tant que partie integrante d'une livraison de services de soins de sante reproductive inclusive et de haute haute  
adj.
Fashionably elegant: "In Washington, haute gastronomy is at least as important as the national economy" Ann L. Trebbe.
 qualite constitue une part essentielle de la de-stigmatisation du service et de la creation de l'avortement sur en tant qu'imperatif de sante publique et de droits humains, plutet qu'activite criminelle. Les strategies de plaidoirie et de livraison de services doivent etre elaborees pour assurer que les lois et les politiques, la reglementation du systeme sanitaire, les valeurs sociales, les normes et les pratiques facilitent les droits humains de la femme de vivre, d'etre bien portante et de prendre le contrele de sa vie. En definitive, des soins inclusifs d'avortement doivent etre reconnus en tant qu'un service de routine et une composante d'un paquet minimal de services de soins de sante a tous les niveaux des systemes sanitaires en Afrique.

Leila Hessini est Cadre Superieur Consultative en Politiques, Ipos; Eunice Brookman-Amissah est la Vice- Presidente pour l'Afrique, Ipas et Barbara B. Crane est la Vice-Presidente Executive, Ipas.

L'article complet peut etre trouve dans le Journal Africain de la Sante Reproductive, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2006) et/ou en visitant: http://www.bioline.org. br/request?rh06034
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Author:Hessini, Leila; Brookman-Amissah, Eunice; Crane, Barbara B.
Publication:Femnet News
Date:May 1, 2007
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