Gareth Smith: A glass of juice can prevent bladder misery; THE DOCTOR'S CASEBOOK: A-Z Today: Urinary tract infection.

UTI, cystitis or a chill in the bladder whatever you call it, if you've ever had one you will know that it is very unpleasant.

It is caused when bacteria get into the urinary system which is normally completely sterile.

This happens less often in men but it is very common in women. That is because in women the urethra (the tube that leads from the bladder to outside) is much shorter so it is easier for the bacteria to climb up. Cystitis in men is often associated with infection and inflammation of the prostate gland.

A UTI causes a frequent desire to urinate, even if there is only a small amount in the bladder. Urinating often causes a burning or scalding pain, sometimes with a little blood in the urine. There can be a little bit of incontinence when coughing or laughing.

A mild UTI will usually go away by itself within two to four days. You can use painkillers such as paracetamol. Drink plenty of water to flush out the bacteria. After you pass water, wait and try to pass a little more to make sure the bladder is completely empty.

More serious infection may need antibiotics if it doesn't go away or you develop fever, shivering, pain in the groin and feel unwell. This may mean the infection has spread to the kidneys.

The most common cause of UTI is e-coli, which lives harmlessly in the bowel. It can also be caused by thrush or, occasionally, by the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia.

To prevent UTI, always go to the loo after sex and avoid nylon underwear, 'feminine deodorants' and talc. Drinking cranberry juice every day can also help.

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Juicy: Cranberry drink helps