Future is now.

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'Future Soldier' programmes, as they were then called, started to emerge in the late 1990s with a view to addressing five essential requirements: C41, lethality, mobility, survivability and sustainability. They were a logical complement to the net-centric environment that was forecast for the medium-term future, allowing a single soldier to exchange all necessary information with higher command echelons.

All seemed poised for rapid development, at least in some countries; but the need to wait for the advent of certain technological breakthroughs and the usual financial constraints combined with the more recent emergence of the so-called 'urgent operational requirements' for contingents deployed in various theatres of operation slowed down many of those programmes.

Turning to the management structure of these programmes, contrasting approaches have been adopted: most Europeans, for instance, have selected a leading company responsible for integration, while others, especially the United States, left this task to the military. At time of writing the various programmes had reached different levels of maturity (for some 'Future' is already 'Now') and taken different paths. Indeed, some involve full integration of all the subsystems that have been developed from the ground up, while others chose a more conservative approach, contemplating integration of existing or modified equipment. Most of them, however, agree with the necessity of integrating with infantry fighting vehicles.

The export aspect is also taking an interesting turn. Indeed, many of the subcomponents developed for the various national programmes are proposed for other nations' studies, with the companies involved trying to capitalise on the research and development they devoted to this sector. The problems common to all systems are weight and power consumption. Another point of concern is interoperability, as coalition operations are typical of current missions, although it seldom happens to see troops mix at tactical level.

Felin

The French Felin (Fantassin a Equipements et Liaisons Integres) is currently the most advanced programme of its kind, both in terms of technology and deployment timeframe. Born in 1993 as a concept study, requirements were frozen in 2001 and, by 2002, two definition contracts were issued to two industrial groups led respectively by Thales and Sagem. In March 2004 a contract worth 800 million [euro] was eventually awarded to Sagem. This included the development of the Felin system per se, its industrialisation and production, as well as two and a half years' support.

Early trials with a reduced number of prototypes were carried out between 2006 and mid-2008; these led to a system offering a 24-hour endurance and a weight reduced to 23 kg, including rifle, ammunition, water and food. In July 2008, some 358 systems, part of 'tranche one', were delivered for troop trials (tranche two of 1089 systems was ordered in March 2006). These trials were carried out over a period of nine months by a mechanised infantry company, an airborne infantry company and a mountain infantry platoon. On 3 April 2008 the French defence procurement agency (DGA) placed an order worth 143 million [euro] (tranche three, part of the overall (800 million [euro] contract) for 5045 Felin systems--enough to equip five regiments. Qualification is expected in early 2009 while the first infantry regiment will be fully equipped by the third quarter of 2009, with three more regiments to follow thereafter. France will acquire a total of 22,588 systems for infantry units, while some 9000 additional systems will be made available to other corps. According to current plans, production will run through the end of 2013.

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The Felin is built around the Plateforme Electronique Portable (Pep--Portable Electronic Platform), which manages the main elements of the system that include the Reseau d'Information du Fantassin (Rif--infantryman information network) radio, weapon sights, observation imagers and head-mounted night vision systems. The Pep is subdivided into a power and data management module, worn in the vest, with a weight of 800 grams, and the Interface Homme-Machine (IHM--man-machine interface), which weighs 500 grams. The Pep, which is mission configured and loaded with the soldier identification via a key, ensures the prioritisation of power distribution in the following order: radio, weapon system, soldier display, remote sighting. The IHM is equipped with a 2.8 x 3.5-inch screen with a 240 x 320-pixel resolution. These can however also be seen in the newly developed OVD (Oculaire de Vision Deportee) remote vision eyepiece. The OVD, at less than 380 grams, consists of a monocular that can be adapted to the right or left eye, a retractable mechanism and an electronic unit, and is linked by cable to the Felin electronic platform. The soldier's monochrome 800 x 600-pixel screen displays the images provided by the rifle sight as well as the messages forwarded by the communication network.

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This can be replaced on the helmet by the Minie D NVGs provided by Thales France. Two different sights have been developed, one based on image intensification aimed only at the Famas assault rifle (which is equipped with a new bayonet from Extremaratio of Italy that can also be used as a knife), the second based on an uncooled thermal sensor, both for the Famas and the Minimi. Both sights weigh less than 1.5 kg and provide dual fields of view in day and night modes. The light intensifier type can detect a man at night out to 1650 metres- 2200 metres for the thermal version. The latter is mounted on the Nexter Famas assault rifle, itself upgraded by the addition of a front handle to improve ergonomics and a remote control with push buttons allowing operation of the sighting system and radio set while in firing position.

The 16-channel Rif digital radio operates in the 830 to 862 MHz band and allows the user to listen simultaneously to two different networks, while leaders at platoon and squad level maintain speaking priority in case of emergency. The Rif has a nominal output of one watt (which can be reduced to 100 mW), its range in open terrain is one kilometre, while in urban scenarios this is reduced to 300 metres (less when operating inside buildings). The voice interface is provided by a 150-gram audio headband with two osteo-headphones and one osteo-microphone, osteo comms provide better sound quality as compared with normal headsets. In data mode its throughput is 1.16 MB/second; the Rif ensures the transmission of the soldiers' GPS position allowing the leaders to maintain full situational awareness through the Systeme d'Information Terminal Combattant Debarque (Sit-Comde--dismounted battle management system); this is one of the modules that will be made available only to platoon and squad leaders. The Sit-Comde is built around an Arm 11 processor with 256 MB ram and a mass memory card of up to one gigabyte. The terminal, which weighs less than one kilogram and features a 6.5-inch transflective screen, allows the leaders to unload the tactical situation available on the Sit (V)1 installed in the vehicle and keep it updated bottom-up or top-down via a PR4G VHF radio linking them to the upper echelons.

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While it is not officially part of the Frlin programme, the new-generation Milan ER anti-armour missile has been involved in recent exercises. The two-letter suffix stands for 'extended response', something that results from the full digitisation of the system, the higher performance of its new sight, increased range and effectiveness of the missile itself. The most important aspect, in the context of the Felin, however, is the direct data transmission afforded by the digitisation of the advanced digital technology firing post. Indeed, the images seen by the gunner through the sight can be immediately transmitted all the way up the chain of command. Quite apart from obvious advantages digitisation provides in terms of training, the secondary benefit is that such a system lends itself to remote control operation. Indeed, the tripod firing post can be discretely installed on a wall, for example, while its operator, positioned out of harm's way, can receive the sight's images and elevate, traverse and eventually fire the weapon.

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Like other programmes, the Felin or parts thereof, are, or could be, of major interest to other armies, as instanced by Switzerland with the Imess (q.v.) or by Austria. While the latter nation has recently received a few Felin demonstration kits, one may question the fact of whether the Bundesheer will be able to afford such a system in a near or midterm future. The defence budget of that nation has been dramatically slashed over the years, dropping from 1.2% of the gross national product in 1983 to under 0.7% in 2008.

Idz

Following the deployment in Afghanistan of the first version of its Infanterist der Zukunft (IdZ--Future Soldier) developed by Eads, the Bundeswehr assigned prime contractorship for the IdZ-Erweitertes System (expanded system) to Rheinmetall in 2006.

The aim of the contract was to achieve a better integration within and among the systems, and with the new vehicles under procurement, such as the Puma tracked infantry fighting vehicle and the Boxer wheeled armoured personnel carrier.

So far, Rheinmetall has delivered two IdZ-ES systems, each being composed of ten kits that are being tested for desert conditions at Fort Bliss, Texas, for continental weather in Germany and for cold weather in the German high mountains. Each kit equips one infantry combat group, that is one group leader, one deputy, one troop leader, one machine gunner, one anti-tank rifleman, one driver and four riflemen. While the machine gunner is armed with an MG-4 5.56-mm machine gun and the driver with a 4.6-mm Heckler & Koch MP7 personal defence weapon, all remaining personnel are armed with the H&K G-36 assault rifle; the anti-tank rifleman is also equipped with a Panzerfaust 3 rocket launcher. A 12.7-mm Barrett G-82 long distance sniping rifle can be added to complement those weapons.

Command and control is based on the know-how acquired with the IC4U (Interconnected Command Control Communications Computer Unit) developed by Rheinmetall Canada. This computer provides real-time data exchange between individual infantrymen, the section vehicle and relevant networks Tests are currently being run to check which software capabilities are relevant to infantrymen actions and will be included in the final software release. Also under test is integration with the FuWes (Fuhrungs- und Waffeneinsatzsystem) and Fiihrungsinformationssystem Heer (FuInfoSys Heer) German Army battle-management systems. The IdZ-ES C2 subsystem uses the embedded version of the Thales Solar 400 E radio, which operates in the 225 to 400 MHz band and provides a 384-kbps voice, data and video throughput.

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Each soldier wears a control unit/auxiliary display that allows him to scroll through the various screens that are generated on the helmet-mounted display. Germany has chosen the Nacre Quietpro headset, which is based on lightweight earpieces with active noise reduction. In order to avoid increasing the group leader's equipment mass with a second VHF radio, a Solar 400 E has been integrated into the group vehicle to provide access to the combat net radio.

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The G-36 rifle is equipped with the Video Visier (VV). This is a sighting unit developed by Carl Zeiss Optronics that includes an uncooled thermal imager, a CCD camera, an eyesafe laser rangefinder and a digital magnetic compass with inclinometer, all providing the infantryman with full fire control capability. The VV is linked via a wireless personal area network (Wpan) to the other IdZ-ES elements, all activated through a push-button man-machine interface mounted on the rifle. The VV can also be mounted on other weapons of the group, although some have dedicated systems providing a greater acquisition/identification range. Aim Infrarot Module is carrying out some modifications to its Rangir medium-range infrared sight with a view to meeting the IdZ-ES's WBZG (Warmebildzielgerat) thermal sight requirements; modifications include full control of the system from the weapon, as well as power supply optimisation. The Rangir is a development of the Huntir, the 2.5-kg cooled thermal imager sight to which a laser rangefinder, a digital magnetic compass and a Wpan-compatible datalink have been added. The WBZG, with its dual fields of view and its 1500-metre identification range, is suited for use in conjunction with the G-82 12.7 mm sniper rifle and support weapons such as heavy machine guns and automatic grenade launchers that might eventually be mounted on the group vehicle.

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As for IdZ-ES reconnaissance equipment, the WBBG (Warmebildbeobachtungsgerat) by Jena-Optronik is based on an active thermal imager (3-5[micro]m), a CCD-camera, a 4000-metre eyesafe laser rangefinder, a digital magnetic compass, two colour OLED displays for binocular view, Wpan interface and optional north-finding and GPS. With an identification range of 2600 metres in daytime and 2100 at night, it provides sufficient surveillance and target designation capacity. Also included in the suite is a 40-mm reconnaissance grenade, produced by Diehl BGT, which can be fired by a single-shot 40-mm grenade-launcher installed under the G-36 rifle.

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Head protection is provided by Schuberth in the form of the Combat 826 and Airborne 828 (for parachute troops) helmets, with a V50 value (50% probability of penetration from a ball round or shell fragments) in excess of 620 metres/sec, while protection, load carrying and clothing system is developed by Texplorer. The company developed a load-bearing vest (LBV) and SK1 (SchutzKlasse 1, against 9 mm rounds) protection. The LBV hip belt allows partial load redistribution and integrates communication and electronic equipment in the rear, while ceramic plates increasing the protection level up to SK4 (7.62 x 51 FMJ AP up to 820 m/s) can be added. A 'Swout' cooling shirt with an active ventilation system helps reducing thermal stress, while a fighting suit with integrated NBC protection is being developed. The Bundeswehr will decide on the final configuration of the IdZ-ES at the end of testing, which will eventually lead to a pre-production run, while a Parliamentary authorisation is expected at the end of 2010 with first deliveries, probably to airborne units, planned for mid-2011. The contract should include some 948 systems--enough to kit 9480 soldiers.

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Soldato Futuro

2009 should be a milestone for Italy's Soldato Futuro programme led by Selex Communications (with a team that includes Larimart, Beretta, Selex Galileo, and Aerosekur), as the 92 systems ordered by the Italian Army should be deployed within the Unita di Sperimentazione della Digitalizzazione (USD--the experimental digitisation unit) based at Altamura in southern Italy.

In order to speed up the trials of the command and control portion of the system, clothing and protection subsystems have been dealt with separately from the core of the system, which is C2, weapon and sensors. Each soldier will be equipped with an 'e-vest', which hosts all the electronic components and the relevant cables. The core of the system is the Larimart (a Selex Communications company) wearable computer installed on the back of the vest which includes Bluetooth, geographic information system, navigation system, GPS and the man-machine interface. The back of the vest also hosts the main batteries and communication node.

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The software is provided by Selex Communications and Selex Galileo, while the Selex Comms IPR (Individual Pocket Radio) operating in the 800 to 900 MHz band has an output of 500 mW and provides a 1300-metre open field range (although this output could be nudged upwards in the future). Normally worn on the front side of the jacket, the radio is equipped with a conventional headset designed to fit under the helmet; the earpiece hosts the physiological sensor from Selex Galileo which provides real-time health monitoring. An Audio-Data Distribution System with press-to-talk buttons handles communications, the section commander being allowed to link-up with higher command echelons through the vehicle-mounted radio.

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The helmet is equipped with an integrated display/night vision system known as the Nimos (Night Mobility Subsystem) from Selex Galileo. This replaces traditional night vision goggles and has an overall weight of 500 grams. A low-light-level digital sensor is installed on one side of the helmet with its imagery splashed onto the colour display affixed to the opposite side of the helmet in order to preserve balance. The system has a x1 magnification with a field-of-view of 34[degrees] x 25[degrees]. The same display can also be used to view images generated by the rifle sight (providing 'shoot around the corner' capability) but also maps, images and messages provided by the C4I system. Bluetooth 1.2 or serial links via cable are available.

Each soldier is also equipped with a 4-inch wrist-mounted screen. The C2 element is fully interfaced with the C2 systems used at higher echelons, such as the Siaccon and Siconna.

The Italian programme is one of the few of its kind to include a totally new weapon system, in this instance the Beretta ARX-160 assault rifle and the GLX-160 grenade launcher. The ARX-160 5.56-mm gas-operated rotating-bolt rifle is available with a 30.48 or 40.64-cm barrel, has a single-round or full auto firing mode and reversible ejection port and cocking handle. The stock is folded on the right side and is adaptable in length in four positions, while the grenade launcher is mounted on a dedicated rail; grenade loading is done by sliding the barrel forwards, while the trigger works in the double action mode. The rifle weighs less than three kilos loaded while the grenade launcher weighs less than one.

Selex Galileo provides the Aspis Individual Combat Weapon System, a multifunctional integrated rifle sight with day television colour channel, uncooled infrared channel and red dot aiming--the system weighs less than one kilo, batteries included. The grenade launcher, which will be issued to two of the eight-men infantry squad, will see a dramatic increase in its effectiveness when used in conjunction with the Scorpio fire control system. This incorporates a Class 1 laser rangefinder with a 400-metre range, angular rate gyro sensors for firing against moving targets and DC accelerometers for static firing--their inputs are elaborated by a computer which displays results on an aiming LED display with intuitive correction indications. The Scorpio weighs only 380 grams and has attracted the interest of numerous countries including the United States.

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Section and platoon commanders will be equipped with an eight-inch display and an additional keyboard, and the Lynx hand-held target acquisition unit. It tips the scales at 1.9 kg and includes an uncooled thermal channel, a colour camera channel with narrow and wide field of view, a laser rangefinder with a 4000-metre range, a digital magnetic compass and a GPS.

The Soldato Futuro will be fully compatible with the vehicles currently operated by the Italian Army. The Esercito's first digitised armoured vehicle is the Freccia, first hand-over of which took place in mid-February 2009. As for clothing and protection elements, these are still under discussion and will join the system later as their integration is less critical than that of the command and control elements. The companies forming the consortium are actively marketing their products and, as is the case of other similar programmes, could well become part of other nations' future soldiers packages.

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Dominator

In 2004 the Israel Defense Force started to look at a net-centric approach for the future. The Army initiated the Tsva Yabasha Digitali or Tsayad, the Digital Army Program, which was to be based upon software-defined radios, an intranet system, a blue-force tracking system and a light tactical operation centre. In order to push digitisation down to the lowest level, Israel started its future infantry programme known as Anog, which included not only an infantryman system but also components for anti-tank, mortar, reconnaissance and sniper missions. The leadership for the basic infantryman programme, referred to as the Integrated Infantry Combat Systems (IICS), was assigned to Elbit Systems.

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The core of the IICS is the Personal Digital Unit (PDU) developed by Tadiran Communications, which was fully integrated into Elbit Systems Land and C4I in July 2008. Based on a 500 Mips Processor with 128 MB ram (up to 512 MB on option) and a local flash storage of up to 32 GB, the PDU can support Windows CE (Wince) 5.0 or 6.0, or Linux operating systems. The PDU, security of which is provided by an internal crypto processor, includes a twelve-channel GPS, five USB ports, one RS-232 serial port and two local area network ports, and as an option a PCMCIA Advanced Tactical Modem card can be attached to enhance existing radio performance. The PDU video driver can simultaneously support up to two displays and is capable of driving a 1920 x 1200 full-colour display. Squad and platoon commanders, however, are equipped with an eight-inch 800 x 600 colour display weighing 650 grams. The PDU weighs 700 grams without batteries. Low power consumption enables between 4 to 14 hours operation, depending on the mission profile.

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While the display is mostly used for planning when the sub-unit is not in direct contact with the enemy, the main interfaces used in action are the joystick and/or the helmet-mounted display eyepieces. The displays are in fact two versions of the same system: one to be worn on the combat vest and used only when necessary, the other mounted on the helmet in order to continuously provide information and pictures from the PDU. Both, incidentally, are equipped with a built-in compass. The eyepiece can also become part of the Weapon-Mounted Fire Control System. The item has cleared the developmental stage and although ready for implementation no details have been released to date. It will be installed on the soldier's personal weapon, the Tavor rifle, and will incorporate a day/night camera and a laser rangefinder. The unit also displays ballistic data calculations to allow accurate aiming of a 40-mm underslung grenade launcher. The helmet eyepiece can display the pictures captured by the fire control system.

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The individual radio is the Tadiran Comms PRC-710 MB, operating in the 30 to 512 MHz range with FM and AM voice and FSK (frequency shift keying) data modulation. Power output is adjustable between 0.25 and 5 watts in FM and one to five watts Pep in AM. It can operate in ECCM mode with frequency hopping, while ten preset encryption keys are provided. The serial RS-232 interface allows data transmission at rates of between 50 to 4800 bps with error correction or 16 kbps without. Weighing less than 800 grams, it can operate up to 15 hours with a 1:1:8 Tx:Rx:Stby profile. The 270-gram PNR-500 radio can also be used for inter-squad communications. Operating in the 400 to 450 MHz band, it has a 0.25-watt output and a 9.6 kbps data rate, although data comms are optional. The PNR-500 has a twelve-hour battery life and can be connected to VHF/HF radios networks.

The system can enter the network through Elbit's Tiger (Tactical Intranet Geographic dissEmination in Realtime); the system connects C4I applications from the theatre command level down to the single vehicle level and combines management and control capabilities with information and system security, resulting in a dissemination system that can support thousands of independent workstations. In order to provide the squad with a target acquisition capacity the IICS also includes a hand-held Coral CR thermal imager operating in the 3-5 [micro]m band (see our cover photo); this binocular system includes an eye-safe laser rangefinder, a digital magnetic compass and a GPS receiver. The Skylark drone and the Viper remote control robot are also part of the package.

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Apart from the Israeli contract, for which trials have been conducted up to battalion level in a combat lab, Elbit Systems has supplied what is now referred to as the Dominator in a number of configurations to several undisclosed customers worldwide.

Fist

The British Future Infantry Soldier Technology (Fist) programme was initiated in March 2003 when Thales UK was selected for the two-and-a-half year assessment phase. Following initial trials in June 2005 the protection and clothing component was shifted to a separate programme known as Pecoc (Personal Equipment and Common Operational Clothing), to allow the Fist programme to concentrate on C4I and the lethality aspect.

One year later further trials were carried out mainly in view of selecting the C3 system. Four teams took part in the trials--Selex Communications (Soldier System Radio and advanced situational awareness software),Thales (Vector Tetra radio and Soldier Integrated Combat System), ITT (soldier radio and Cobham Integrated Digital Soldier System) and Raytheon (Microlight radio and Cobham soldier radio and Integrated Digital Soldier System). In May 2007 Raytheon's Microlight radio was selected by Thales UK as the core communications system for operational effectiveness trials in the assessment phase for Fist V2, while no decision was taken on the C3 package. In November 2007 a new strategy was announced for the programme to split its Increment 1 phase in two: 1A to deal with the STA (Surveillance and Target Acquisition) and 1B in charge of C4I elements--both aiming for an initial operational capability in mid- to late-2010.

Current Fist teaming includes Thales-GD UK, Selex Galileo and BAE Systems (thermal sights) and Cobham Defence Communications and Atkins. In July 2008 Selex Galileo and BAE Systems signed a partnering agreement to provide thermal weapon sights manufactured by BAE Systems for the Fist Surveillance and Target Acquisition increment. The STA should be composed of three high-performance thermal weapon sights (light, medium and heavy), with the team expected to leverage Selex Galileo experience in the Italian Soldato Futuro programme.

However, in mid-2007 a series of Urgent Operational Requirements (the famous UOR) from various theatres of operation wrecked havoc with the smooth progression of plans, notably the off-the-shelf acquisitions for the Enhanced Low-latency Situational Awareness (Elsa) and the Synergistic Individual Surveillance & Target Acquisition (Sista). The Elsa requirement was answered with the acquisition of some 2000 Thales Miltrak systems. Composed of a navigation GPS module and a colour display, weighing together 500 grams, the system is normally used only by commanders. Interfaced with the available radio it provides blue force location at local level, map reading, and navigation and target handoff capabilities.

The Sista requirement was answered with a mix of day and night sights, night vision goggles, thermal binoculars, pocket laser rangefinders and so forth. Trijicon Acog sights were also acquired, together with Qioptiq x4 Kite (for assault rifles and LMGs) and x6 Maxikite2 (for 12.7 mm machine guns) image intensification sights. L-3 Eotech holographic weapon systems were installed for close-range combat. A modified version of the x3.6 Qioptiq Vipir-2+ uncooled thermal sight named Vipir-2+F has also been acquired as part of the Sista; it has longer-range performance, an infrared laser pointer, specific aim marks optimised for various section weapons and add-on rails, These night sights add some 1 to 1.3 kg to the weapon. Vectronix PLRF 15C binocular laser rangefinders, with a capability of more than three kilometres, x6 magnification and integral magnetic compass, were also acquired.

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When the Increment 1 phase will be implemented, all infantry platoon elements will be equipped with GPS, improved NVGs, data-enabled short-range radio and headset with GPS providing position data, laser light module, day and close-quarter battle sights, power management and cabling in new personal load-carrying equipment. Leaders will be armed with an SA-80A2 equipped with dual thermal/day sight, laser rangefinder, GPS and display screen to locate the position of their soldiers. Grenadiers will have an underslung grenade launcher, a day/night sight for the SA-80 and laser rangefinder. The Minimi operator will receive a day/night sight while those equipped with the SA-80A2 LSW (light support weapon) are to receive a new night sight. This will provide an enhanced platoon network with limited connectivity to fighting platforms, providing significantly enhanced local situational awareness and synchronisation with company assets.

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Increment 2 should reach initial operational capability in early 2013, ensuring full Bowman connectivity and space situational awareness with fighting platforms, as well as full synchronisation with battle group assets.

Increment 3--around 2018--will allow individual soldiers to become truly networked, providing full integration between Fist and Soldier System Lethality programmes, as well as a wider situational awareness and the synchronisation with non-organic assets. Currently running on parallel paths, the Fist, the Soldier System Lethality and the Personnel Equipment and Common Operational Clothing programmes should all be brought within an integrated soldier system organisation under a system of systems integrator contract by 2010. In the end, approximately 29,000 individual Fist sets are expected to be procured to equip infantry units within the Army, Royal Marines and the Royal Air Force Regiment and also for selected armoured corps, artillery and engineer soldiers.

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Comfurt

Following a preparatory phase that started in 1996, a three-year design and development phase was approved in October 2006 for the Comfut (Combatiente Futuro) with the aim of providing 36 prototypes to equip a platoon by early 2009. The first twelve systems were delivered in late 2007, and lessons drawn from first tests were immediately reinserted in the loop for final platoon level testing. Conclusive reports are expected in early 2010, with the fielding of the first batch of 3000 systems to start in 2011. This is expected to be followed by a second production phase for 6000 systems.

The industrial team is led by Eads Defence and Security Espana and includes Amopack, Indra, GMV, Iturri and Fedur, the latter two being respectively responsible for clothing and ballistic protection (this includes underwear, cold weather suit, signature reduction suit, ballistic vest, helmet and the NBCR protection).

The armament, directly provided by the Spanish Ministry of Defence, is the Heckler & Koch G-36 assault rifle, the Comfut team not being supposed to make changes in that particular department, although minor modifications have been applied for, particularly the adoption of a different stock and the addition of Picatinny rails to improve ergonomics.

Amopack provides the system's power supply; the Comfut is powered by Li-Ion batteries produced in France by Salt. The Spanish company provides integration, battery chargers and vehicle interfaces. The power pack consists of six batteries, four for the C4I module worn by the soldier and two for the aiming sight mounted on the rifle. The 36 prototypes will also include fuel cells, these being used as an alternative power source; every soldier will have a fuel cell which could be used to power the system or, normally, to recharge the batteries. In fall 2008 the fuel cells had not yet been chosen, a number of different proposals are under scrutiny. Tests were made with cells from Hynergreen Technologies of the Spanish Abengoa group. The endurance requirement for batteries is a 24-hour capability with seven hours of combat.

Sensors are provided by Indra Sistemas; the weapon is equipped with a basic module which includes an eye display, a TFT display on top of the module, a laser rangefinder on the right, a magnetic compass and a tilt indicator. The controls are on the lower right side of the module, accessible to the soldier while maintaining his firing position. On top of the rifle an L-3 Eotech holographic sight can be added, affixed to the modified rifle transport handle, and a thermal sight or an image intensifier mounted forward. The image provided by the optronic system can be seen by the soldier on his wireless Liteye LE 750A HMD, which allows him to safely shoot around comers. The first prototypes have shown performance in excess of the required parameters, although they were quite bulky and not very ergonomic. A redesign has been launched in order to decrease volume and improve ergonomics.

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The core of the system is the Communication and Information Subsystem (CIS), which falls under the responsibility of GMV. The module main elements are a computer carried in the soldier's rucksack, the ITT Spearnet radio, a navigation system and the Cobham Soldier Data Terminal. The CIS provides soldiers with all necessary information for carrying out their mission: the 'positional awareness' feature gives real-time information on the soldiers' position and provides warnings from the overall situational awareness system. The hybrid navigation system exploits GPS data and uses inertial sensors, baro-altimeter and pedometer data, to report the soldier's position when GPS data is not available. The Cobham SDT is wireless or can be connected to the computer via a cable and is based on an AMD Geode LX800 low-power processor and incorporates a 3.7-inch transflective VGA display with toughened touch screen. The SDT is the main interface between the Comfut computer and the soldier. Following the first tests with ITT Spearnet radios, which provide voice and data transmission, the latter at a maximum sustained rate of 1.5 Mbps, the Spanish programme office asked for some changes on connectors and software, to allow modifying working frequencies to avoid interference with other defence systems. ITT delivered the upgraded radios in November 2008 and in late December Eads provided the first set of twelve full systems in Beta version for trials. In the trial phase all 36 soldiers in a platoon will be provided with a complete Comfut kit providing full command and control and communication capabilities, such as intra-squad and extra-squad comms and messaging; following tests the Spanish Army will decide if some component will be issued only to specific elements, such as squad and platoon commanders.

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Voss

The first prototypes of the Dutch Voss will be available by the end of 2009; the green light to the programme was given by Parliament in October 2008. Evaluation is scheduled for 2010 while programme implementation should be between 2011 and 2014. In close co-operation with the TNO laboratory and with industrial partners (TNO is the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research), a series of research and development programmes were launched in five different fields: clothing, equipment, C4I, armament and energy.

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The core of the Voss programme is the 'Smart Vest', which will incorporate a number of different elements, such as the C4I, the power supply, ballistic protection and load system modules. One major concern is weight distribution on the body, as a wrong approach can considerably increase fatigue. The TNO carried out a study for integrating the ballistic vest, the battle vest and the backpack to reduce weight and to improve comfort. Three prototypes were developed, the latter based on a spine-and-rib system that allows maximum weight distribution to the hips and part to the shoulders, the balance being controlled by the user. It proved to be more comfortable to the point that oxygen consumption was lowered by a third and the perceived exertion was less.

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The power supply module is still under development but will be a mix of batteries and innovative energy sources. Among these is the E-Lighter, a small power generator that runs on diesel or JP-8 fuel and allows a weight reduction of 50% compared with batteries, as it can provide 400 Wh/kg during 48 hours of operation. Developed by Stork Aerospace, a full E-Lighter weighs only 1.8 kg and has a 15 W--15 V DC output. The E-Lighter can be refuelled easily and in spite of it being a combustion-based system it has a very limited thermal signature and can thus be used both as a power source to recharge the various batteries and as a primary energy source for the soldier.

Voss radio requirements are still to be determined but field trials have shown that a longer range and higher throughput than the current Selex Communications Personal Role Radio will be needed. This will be part of the Communication Information Module, which will include a computer, a Soldier/Commander Digital Assistant (SDA/CDA), a GPS and a digital compass. The SDA is based on a monocular solution while the CDA is a tablet PC with a larger screen. Tests have shown that the current power consumption is too heavy, as the Voss requirement is for a 48-hour life cycle (the current one is dead in less than 20 hours), while software will have to be enhanced in order to bridge the gap with C2 systems in use at higher echelons, such as the Royal Netherlands Armed Forces Battlefield Management System.

A request for information for the Smart Vest will be issued in early 2009, with answers expected for late spring leading to a possible decision in 2010. The first level of integration will be carried out by industry, while the Dutch military looks at an in-house solution for C2 integration, which should be devolved to the Command and Control Support Centre (C2SC) based in Ede. The Netherlands is looking at possible international co-operation with medium-size European countries such as Belgium and Denmark. Availability of a system that meets performance and financial requirements will be the driver for the acquisition of about 5500 systems.

Weapon modernisation is not part of the Voss programme, although the fielding of a new rifle is foreseen in 2015. What is part of the Voss, however, is a study on night sights; this will of course cover integration issues within the system and the results will in turn become part of the eventual weapon programme.

On the clothing front a new set is predicted, possibly with a new camouflage pattern, but it is yet to be decided if this will become part of the Voss.

What will be part of the Voss programme, nevertheless, is the Integrated Head Protection (IHP) system. The TNO human factors department carried out a study for incorporating ballistic protection, visual protection, visual systems, hearing systems and electronics into a single item that will provide better integration with the NBC mask. Lower weight, higher protection and a greater protected surface--as well as cooling, considering current theatres of operation--were the driving factors of the study; the prototype has thus been equipped with a forced ventilation system. Research was conducted to find better lining and weight distribution solutions that could result in considerable improvements in terms of wearability and fatigue.

The IHP is a modular four-level system: Level 0 includes only ballistic eyeglass and in-ear communication headset, Level 1 adds the basic helmet structure, Level 2 increases the protection on the sides covering the ears, while Level 3 adds a front mouth cover, neck protection and ballistic goggles. At Level 3 the aim is to have an increased V50 value than that of the current helmet, which stands at 630 metres/sec, while the weight target is to be less than the current 1.5 kg helmet. New materials such as aramidic fibres, polyethylene or polypropylene are being considered. The TNO prototype will be the basis of discussions with helmet makers and material suppliers; a mini-consortium might be formed to carry out prototyping and ultimately production. The aim is to start testing prototypes in the third or fourth quarter of 2009.

Imess

As strange as it may be, one of the most secretive future soldiers project is being conducted by a country that has always been an example of neutrality: Switzerland. The Integriertes Modulares Einsatzsystem Schweizer Soldat (Imess--integrated and modular engagement system for the Swiss soldier) programme started in 2005 with concept evaluation and testing of the German IdZ system, and in November 2007 Armasuisse signed a contract worth 120 million [euro] with Eads for the prototype phase that included the supply of 25 systems as well as the integration of Imess equipment into both a Piranha 8 x 8 and a Duro troop transport vehicle.

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Initial troop trials were scheduled for late 2008 and expected to lead to the industrialisation of the system in 2009, with optional batches to be financed in the 2010 to 2014 acquisition programmes, subject to approval by Swiss Parliament.

Based on the Eads Warrior 21 Soldier System, the Imess leverages company experience in other programmes such as the Spanish Comfut. For the Swiss programme, however, Eads is teamed with Sagem (itself prime contractor for the French Felin), particularly for the supply of electro-optical equipment. According to industrial sources the C4I component of the Imess is a further improvement over the Comfut's, as for optronics a different wireless link has been adopted to include a cable backup, while the helmet-mounted display is a colour type (the Felin features a monochrome display). Eads integrated the Kongsberg SR600 radio in the system; weighing 700 grams and, operating in the 225 to 400 MHz UHF band, it provides a good balance between range, data rate and output power. Output power is selectable from 10 mW to 1 W in order to optimise mission-specific range versus battery lifetime, and enables squad leaders to operate on both the platoon and squad networks.

Eads is eyeing other soldier modernisation programmes within Europe, possibly teaming again with Sagem and has more particularly set its crosshairs over Austria and the Czech Republic.

Future Czech

The Czech Ministry of Defence had signed a research and development contract with Czech VOP 026, which developed a functional demonstrator between 2004 and 2006. This eventually led to the production of seven core systems in 2007 and 2008 for trials and to the definition of the C4I architecture. The helmet system is equipped with a low-light-level camera and a display, while three interfaces are available within the system: one attached to the webbing, another on the wrist and one on the weapon front handgrip.

The Future Czech soldier will most probably be armed with the new 5.56 x 45-mm Nato CZ 805 assault rifle, which can be quickly transformed to fire 7.62 x 39 mm rounds. The acquisition process has not been fully decided upon, but an open competition could be launched with a view to examining both a full version and a reduced version (sans full C4I suite). Initially the Czech Army should acquire about 900 systems around 2010, increasing the number to equip three more battalions by 2015. The service is expected to add some 3000 reduced systems which would include the weapon, the protective equipment, the radio and the GPS. In 2014 the Czech Army plans to issue some follow-on requirements for an upgraded version.

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Normans

Norway in the meantime is moving ahead with its Norwegian Modular Arctic Network Soldier (Normans), which, in fact, is only a first step towards a net-centric Norwegian Army. In 2008 Norway acquired the Harris RF-7800S Secure Personal Radio system operating in the 350 to 450 MHz band, with simultaneous data/voice capability and a declared range of two to three km in open terrain, 800 metres in urban areas and up to one km in the jungle. The headset is the nationally produced and widely used Quietpro by Nacre. C4I functional trials have been carried out with a system including digital mapping with blue and red force positions, voice radio, text messages and SMS, picture messages and MMS, sensor control and planning routines. Trials indicated that at platoon level the Normans would cut down navigation time by 30 to 40% during a dismounted patrol.

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Recommendations from the field call for a 'Normans Light' to be given to all soldiers, including Module 1 (voice/data radio and active ear protection), Module 2 (CPU/Microcontroller, passive sensor and power distribution) and Module 3 (hand-held terminal with simple display buttons).This Normans Light will feature an integrated GPS, compass and offer a data channel in a voice radio that can receive simple text messages and send predefined messages and status information, using 300 mW of power and will be linked to passive sensors. Module 4 (CPU, hand terminal with display, external voice/data radio, interface to active sensors) will be issued only to squad leaders and will feature a touch screen and an external GPS. Power consumption is to be less than five watts.

What must be borne in mind is that Norwegian troops are trained to operate in arctic conditions. This means that batteries must operate properly at -30[degrees]C, and that equipment must be designed in a way that it will still allow manipulation and control by hands wearing heavy protective gloves.

Weapon systems have also been evaluated. For instance, the Vinghog Vingsight fire control system has been tested in conjunction with underslung grenade launchers. Equipped with laser rangefinder, compass, tilt sensors, camera and ballistic computer, a system of this category was recommended for team and section leaders to provide a tool that will enable them to call for indirect fire support using digital maps. A competition is underway among Norwegian companies to provide some 416 C4I systems for the Normans.

Markus

In Sweden a project called Markus is currently co-ordinating the ongoing equipment programmes and is considering the various system options that would allow for a considerable increase in the infantryman C2 capability. In order to optimise the work, the Markus team adopted a 70% bottom-up and 30% top-down approach. Among the equipment currently fielded is the Motorola GP 328/RA 1183/4183 platoon radio, the Selex Galileo PRR is used as a section radio together with its headset or with Peltor Comtac XP, while for navigation two types of GPS have been issued--a full MIL-STD Rockwell Collins Dagr and a cots Garmin GPSMap 76S.

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Turning to weapons, "some 40,000 AK5s are being modified; improvements include the adoption of a Picatinny rail, a shortened barrel (350 mm versus 450), a more effective flash suppressor, foldable emergency iron sights, a new length-adjustable shoulder stock, a slimmer pistol grip with a better angle, a new ambidextrous selector lever, an automatic bolt catch and transparent plastic magazines--a review that incidentally also allowed to slightly reduce the AK5C weight to 3.8 kg. In the process, all rifles and machine guns have been equipped with Aimpoint red dot sights.

The Markus programme office was in the market for a fire control system capable of handling an underslung grenade launcher and the Carl Gustaf recoilless gun. Nothing, however, matched the requirements in terms of simplicity, robustness, lightweight and affordability, therefore the Swedish FFV turned its gaze on the development of the Aimpoint BR8. The contract was signed in 2005 and prototypes were available in 2007. The system has a x1 magnification, 2 Moa dot size, a 600-metre laser rangefinder and a weight of 1.2 kg. Nato trials carried out in 2007 have shown a 65% hit probability against a 1.2 x 1.2-metre target at a range of 100 to 250 metres. A Swedish solution was tested for C4I, a technology demonstrator having been developed by a national company. Trials are planned in conjunction with Norway, but the distribution pattern has not yet been decided upon although the initial operation capability of the C4I component has been set for 2012.

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Rifs

Romania is also developing an individual fighting system, the Rifs, which will include a weapon subsystem, integrated helmet subsystem, C2 subsystem, carrier and protection subsystems, power subsystem and support subsystems (such as drone, robots and simulators). Similar to other Nato programmes in configuration, the Rifs computer will be based on a Transmeta Crusoe 1 GHz processor running on Windows XP Pro, while radios will operate on 2.4 GHz. Both image intensification and thermal sights are planned for the weapon, which will be the AK 47 in 5.56-mm Nato calibre guise. Research and development and prototyping should start this year, with an initial operational capability involving 500 systems anticipated for 2015.

Land Warrior

The US Army Land Warrior programme survived the cancellation decided in 2007 thanks to the results obtained by the system in Iraq. Indeed, this is when the 4th Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment, deployed with over 200 Land Warrior systems online.

The command and control segment and man-machine interface in the form of a headset and a display deployed in Iraq with a weight of about 4.5 kg. This did not include personal clothing and individual equipment, such as the Interceptor body armour, which is in fact a product of the Land Warrior programme. Neither did it include the Weapon Subsystem (WSS), which integrates a multi-function laser, daylight video sight and a thermal weapon sight, because soldiers have shown preference for a lighter weapon. During the training phase in 2006 improvements were carded out in cooperation with engineers from General Dynamics C4 Systems, the programme prime contractor, while others were carried out in theatre.

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The 'electronic boxes', initially carried on the waist, were moved to the back, on a purpose-developed plate which hosts the Computer Subsystem (CSS), the Commsnet Radio Subsystem (CNRS) and the Power Source Subsystem (PSS), the latter being a Lithium-Ion 9.4 Ah Ultralife rechargeable battery. The computer is used for handling messages, voice processing and power and map management. The man-machine interface, on the other hand, is provided by the Soldier Control Unit (SCU), which has been modified with a keyboard. However, voice communication control can be carried out through the Weapon User Interface, which also allows the soldier to control the WSS functions.

The Navigation Subsystem includes GPS and dead reckoning while the CNRS is based on the EPLRS waveform which provides simultaneous voice and data capability. The sound and visual man-machine interface is provided by the Peltor Comtac II Tactical Headset and by the Rockwell Collins Proview S035-A monocular. The Comtac earcup microphones allow hearing ambient sounds over 360[degrees], and amplifies them up to 18 dB while they electronically suppress gunshots and high-impact noises to 82 dBA. The Amoled 800 full-colour helmet-mounted display (800 x 600 pixels) has a 28[degrees] horizontal and 21[degrees] vertical field-of-view. It enables the soldier to see messages, friendly positions and images from the weapon sight and provides 'round-the-corner' observation and firing capability. The signal is taken from a Helmet Interface Adapter linked to the CSS. All these components are linked together via a cabling system inserted in the vest and known as Personal Area Network. During the Iraqi tests the 4/9th infantrymen partly relocated the cabling in the vest in order to improve comfort and effectiveness, while some software enhancements have been proposed and implemented.

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The major step that is currently under evaluation, however, and could soon be adopted for the next acquisition round, is the General Dynamics C4 Fusion (FUture Soldier IntegratiON), which significantly reduces size, weight, power consumption and cost. It weighs only 610 grams and disposes of the SCU, the CSS, the Navigation unit and the HIA, the combined weight of which exceeded 1.9 kg. An external dead-reckoning unit can be added, as the Fusion only has a built-in GPS. A further effect of this integration is its volume is reduced by one fourth, power consumption is lowered by 30%, while a reduced number of cables and connectors will undoubtedly increase overall reliability.

Following the successful test in Iraq the Army approved an operational needs statement to field the Land Warrior system to the 5th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division, in 2009. Further improvements are awaited. BBN Technologies is designing the next generation of its Boomerang sniper-detection system for dismounted soldiers, with a weight of less than 450 grams. Prototype systems based on four small microphones and a digital wrist-type display were integrated by General Dynamics into the Land Warrior in 2007 and were successfully tested in Iraq. Their effectiveness brought the decision to adopt this type in the next Land Warrior.

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More enhancements are awaited: Rockwell Collins is developing the FFW Headgear, with a 800 x 600 colour organic light-emitting diode display, thermal imaging and image intensification sensor fusion, while the army is co-operating with the Flexible Display Center at Arizona State University to advance flexible display technology research aimed at replacing glass plate-based displays in existing equipment with a lightweight, rugged flexible display screen that uses less power.

Mers

The US Marine Corps Mers (Marine Expeditionary Rifle Squad) programme focuses on the integration and modernisation of squad equipment in order to make the best out of what is already in service through integration with new equipment able to increase the squad's lethality.

The Mers is not dominated by information technology, although portable display devices such as the Dact (Data Automated Communications Terminal) based on Tadiran's Tacter-31 computer, the HPL (Handheld Personal Locator) as well as the Suo/Sas (Small Unit Operations/Situational Awareness System) were introduced in the early 2000s. Analysis is currently being conducted to verify to what extent an increase in computing capacity would augment the squad's capability. In the meantime new uniforms, sights, night vision devices, radios, etc are being procured.

Clothing and protection are among top priorities, with a sharp eye on better protection versus lower weight, knowing that the current Marine has to bear between 40 and 45 kg. Eye and ear protection have been increased with the adoption of ballistic goggles and of the Quietpro hearing protection headset from Nacre in Norway. When a peak noise occurs a microchip shuts the system down instantly and then restarts as soon as the noise has stopped. The microphone is built into the earplugs and picks up the voice from the skull, making the system fully compatible with NBC respirators.

The new Gentex Light Weight Helmet (LWH) cuts weight by ten per cent, but improves fragmentation and impact protection. The Marines are looking at a head-borne integration system that will affix without modification to either the LWH or the ground troop personal armour system providing mounting points for a transparent ballistic face shield, a lower mandible protection device, a universal mounting device for current and future optics and open-architecture mounting points for additional equipment such as flashlights, illuminators, earphones and so forth.

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As for body armour, the Marine Corps adopted a modular tactical vest with fully integrated side protection, communication routing channels and increased Molle attachment points. With a more efficient weight distribution it provides increased protection to the lateral torso, with less exposed area on the side and under the arms. It also features an integrated lower back protection, which can be tucked away if not necessary, and a removable collar that is half the bulk of the older collars. A Scalable Plate Carrier was recently introduced which uses the same plates and ballistic inserts of previous systems, but in a more streamlined, less bulky package (which contributes to improving the soldier's mobility).

Turning to weapons, in late December 2008 the corps announced the award of four contracts to three companies for the Marine Corps Infantry Automatic Rifle; Colt Defense received two different contracts as it proposed two acceptable candidates, while FN Herstal and Heckler & Koch received one contract each. The IAR is to be a lighter, non-developmental, 5.56-mm automatic weapon that is more durable and reliable than the current M249 Saw. Prototypes are slated for delivery in March 2009 and an initial operational capability is scheduled for December 2010; a total of 6500 weapons will be required. In 2003 the US Marine Corps started to field the Modular Weapon System, which consists of an M16A4 rifle and an M4 carbine version. The main modifications are the adoption of an M1913 Rail Adapter System to replace the upper hand guards and a removable rear-carrying handle to provide space to mount various accessories.

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The acquisition programme contemplates the procurement of 140,100 M16A4 from FN Manufacturing and 60,000 M4s from Colt Defense. In order to improve the weapons performances two sights are being acquired, the TA31F 4 x 32 Trijicon Acog Rifle Combat Optic (RCO) or AN/PVQ-31A/B for engaging long-distance targets in daylight, and the L-3 Eotech Holographic Diffraction Sight, a non-magnified sight for rapid target engagement at tactical distances. Over 188,000 RCOs have been procured. For night operations the Marine Corps purchased the Individual Weapon Night Sight from Insight Technologies in both image intensified and thermal imaging versions. These can be mounted on M16 and M4 weapons in front of the RCO.

In 2009 the US Marine Corps is expected to finalise the acquisition of the Medium Machine Gun Day Optic and the Squad Automatic Weapon Day Optic for the M240B and the M249, respectively. Night sights for these weapons are the TWS II AN/Pas-13C/D systems of which 16,123 have been procured from DRS Technologies and BAE Systems. Northrop Grumman's AN/PVS-17B and C, respectively with a x2.25 and a x4.5 magnification, also have been acquired, but mainly for use by snipers. The standard night vision goggles are the AN/PVS-7B/D, although the monocular ITT AN/PVS-14, which can be used as a hand-held pocket scope, head/helmet or weapon mount, is also being procured.

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For target acquisition, a decision regarding medium-range thermal binoculars is soon expected. The long-range type, on the other hand, was determined a while ago in the form of the Elbit-Kollsman AN/Pas-22, deliveries of which (1297 units) were completed in 2008. Choice for the common laser rangefinder went to the Vectronix Vector 21B (AN/PEQ-13) with some 1267 systems so far fielded out of an expected total 2200.

In terms of command and control, the Motorola Integrated Intra Squad Radio is replacing the Selex Galileo Personal Role Radio. Operating in the 380 to 470 MHz band, with a maximum output power of five watts, some 15,000 sets have already been fielded, but the approved acquisition objective looks at over 46,000 units. Small unit commanders are also equipped with the tactical hand-held radio which operates in the AM and FM bands, contains embedded communication security and is interoperable with other radio systems, such as Sincgars and Havequick II, in the single-channel and frequency-hopping modes. The Thales AN/PRC-148(V)(C) and the Harris AN/PRC-152(V)(C) radios are being acquired, with 9300 sets having been ordered while the approved objective is for more than 27,000.

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ACMS 

The inauguration of the Singapore Army Urban Training Facility at Murai last fall was marked by the participation of numerous infantry teams wearing the Advanced Combat Man System (ACMS), the concept prototype system produced for 60 men and developed by a team formed by the Singapore Army, the Defence Science & Technology Agency and Singapore Technologies Electronics. A technological demonstrator was developed between 1998 to 2001, followed by seven systems for infantry section trials between 2002 and 2005, and finally by 60 systems in 2006-07 for company-level trials. These were supplemented by two CCIS platforms based on the Bionix II tracked infantry fighting vehicle.

The features of the ACMS are similar to those of many other such systems. The future Singaporean infantryman will thus be equipped with a Soldier Computer Subsystem, an Integrated Helmet Subsystem, a Power Subsystem, a Weapon Subsystem, a Communications and Navigation Subsystem (CNS) and a Load Carrier Subsystem. The helmet system includes a display and acts as a man-machine interface, as does the communications keypad which is also equipped with 'hot buttons' for 'on contact' and 'call for medics' functions. The CNS is based on a short-range radio, GPS and dead-reckoning module.

Trials have shown that with the Advanced Combat Man System information flow is quicker and more accurate, while reaction time to enemy contact during movement phase is considerably reduced (as is, by the way, casualty location time). The helmet-mounted display, however, proved to be the less appreciated item in the system, as many soldiers found that it hinders dismounted movement and weapons aiming both in daytime and at night. Moreover, casualty rates in room clearing were increased as the system hindered team leaders mobility.

Section commanders are also equipped with an additional camera attached to their Sar 21 assault rifles, allowing them to capture and transmit images to the command headquarters using the Weapons Interactor fixed to the hand guard. The sensor also provides for round-the-corner aiming and firing capability. Commander assistants will receive a hand-held computer to allow the commander to carry out mission planning when needed. A sniper detection system to be worn on the helmet is also planned for the future, as are low-cost drones and robot systems. One of these, the Fibua Surveillance Ball, is already at prototype stage. This 800-gram, twelve-cm diameter ball can be launched into a room, where it automatically sets upright and can then move around on two wheels, while it transmits images and sound via a wireless link to a control pouch that contains the controller, the video modem and a two-inch screen.

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Land 125

Based on a Spiral Development Action Plan, the Australian Land 125--Soldier Combat System project is subdivided in three phases, 2B, 3 and 4. Improved load-carrying equipment, enhanced combat helmets, Qioptiq Vipir-2 lightweight thermal weapon sights, Selex Galileo PRC343 soldier personal radios and protective padding (knee & elbow) were acquired as part of Phase 2B. Phase 3 will include a Dismounted Battle Management System (DBMS) as well as a data-capable leader radio, an improvement programme for the F88 rifle and survivability components. The DBMS aims at improving situational awareness and C2 capabilities for commanders, while the enhanced Steyr rifle will be equipped with Picatinny rails in order to mount sights and other target-acquisition systems to improve its lethality; this is an interim solution whilst awaiting the Advanced Individual Combat Weapon. Modular combat body armour, ballistic and laser ocular protection and hearing protection should be part of the survivability package. As for Phase 4, soldier capability enhancements to be added through a spiral approach have not yet been finalised.

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Afridan Warrior

South Africa is the only country in Africa looking at a comprehensive soldier modernisation programme. Its African Warrior started with a 'human-centric approach', taking into consideration anthropometrical profiles and biomechanical constraints to determine endurance limits. A 35-kg load for a 14-day patrol has been set as the upper weight limit. The African Warrior System will initially include navigation items and night sights, the latter mounted on the current Vektor R4 rifle, since a new weapon is considered for introduction only as part of Future Project 3, although considerations on the non-standard ammunition (still the M193 instead of the SS109) might anticipate its adoption. The C4I element is foreseen for Future Project 1, production of which is expected to start in 2011. Unfortunately, little has been released on this programme owing to its high degree of confidentiality.

Paul V. Alpo, inputs from Johnny Keggler