Food and farming the facts.

Hunger

Many people still do not get anything like enough to eat -- while others eat far too much. (1,2)

In 1997-99 (the most recent figures) there were:

* 815 million undernourished (without enough food to meet their daily energy requirements) people in the world

* 777 million of them in the developing nations

* 27 million in 'transition' countries

* 11 million in industrialized countries

* Since the mid-1960s there has been a dramatic cut in the number of undernourished people, largely due to huge reductions in poverty in China. Remove China from the picture and the number of undernourished people in the other developing countries actually increased by almost 40 million

* The number of hungry people in developing countries is expected to decline from 777 million today to about 440 million in 2030 -- though the target of the 1996 World Food Summit to halve the number of hungry people by 2015 will not be met

* World population is now 6 billion and is projected to grow to 8.3 billion by 2030. This would require a 40-45% increase in food production. But, overall, the rate of growth of both population and demand for food is expected to slow

Percentage of population malnourished and overweight *

              US                        India

Over weight   55.3% of US citizens are  5% of Indians are overweight
               overweight or obese       or obese
Malnourished  3.5% of US citizens are   50% of Indians are
               malnourished              malnourished

* according to Food and Agriculture Organization's measure of Body Mass
Index

Note: Table made from bar graph

Farmers

Farming the land provides the livelihood of a large proportion of the world's people. (5)

* Agriculture provides the main source of income for some 2.5 billion people

* 96% of the world's farmers live in developing countries

* Despite growing urbanization, 2/3 of the world's poor live in rural areas

* In the rural areas of the developing world, close to 900 million people live on less than $1 a day. The agricultural sector is crucial for their survival

Corporations

The consolidation or 'vertical integration' of pesticide, seed and biotechnology corporations -- known as 'Life Science' companies -- is delivering up control over large parts of the human food chain to a small number of powerful corporations.

* Just four companies -- based in the US and linked in two alliances (Cargill/Monsanto and Novartis/ADM) -- control over 80% of the world seed market and 75% of the world agrochemical market (2)

* 6 corporations handle about 85% of world trade in grain; 15 control between 85% and 90% of world coffee sales (11)

Biodiversity 

Genetic resources are the building blocks of food security. Yet we now rely on less than 30 crop varieties for 80% of the world's food supply. (12)

* About 75% of the genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost since 1900

* About 30% of livestock breeds are close to extinction, and at least one breed of traditional livestock dies out every week

* Mexico has lost 80% of its varieties of corn since the 1930s

* China lost over 90% of wheat and rice varieties between the 1950s and the 1970s

Genetic modification

Genetically modified (GM) crops have had an extraordinarily rapid market introduction, increasing from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 52.6 million hectares in 2001. (3) The seed technology of just one company (Monsanto) accounted for 91% of the total area devoted to commercial GM crops in 2001. (4)

* Two genetically engineered traits accounted for virtually all the world's 52.6 million hectares of GM crops in 2001. (3)

* 77% of this area has herbicide tolerance--which allows for increased application of pesticides manufactured by the proprietary company.

* 15% of this area has Bt crops - engineered to be toxic to certain pests

* 8% has both traits

Four industrial crop commodities account for 100% of the commercial GM
crop area planted in 2001 (3)


Soybeans  63%
Maize     19%
Cotton    13%
Canola     5%

Note: Table made from pie chart

Trade

Developing countries' shrinking agricultural trade surplus wall become a deficit by 2O3O. (5)

* In 1961 developing-world farmers captured 40% of global trade in agricultural commodities. Due to falling production prices, import liberalization in the developing world and huge trade barriers to rich-world markets, in 2001 that figure was reduced to 35% (5)

* The subsidy to each cow in the EU, at $2.50, exceeds the daily income of many Africans. The richest 20% of EU farmers get 80% of the subsidies. The total amount of support to agriculture in rich countries stands at some $300 billion per annum.

* Bangladesh reduced import tariffs from 102% to 27% between 1988 and 1996. Ghana, kenya and Tanzania cut tariff rates by a half or more during the 1990. (5)

* Trade liberalization has not necessarily led to cheaper food prices for consumers in poor countries. More than 20% of the total population of some strong trade liberalizers, such as Bolivia, Nepal and Mali, are undernourished (5)

Environment

Agriculture consumes 70% of all the fresh water used in the world. Its unsustainable use for irrigation in intensive agriculture leads to water shortages and even to desertification, siltation and therefore to soil destruction. (9)

* About 20% of the planet's agricultural land is irrigated and accounts for about 40% of the world's agricultural production (9)

* European agriculture is responsible for 60% of the total riverine input of nitrogen to the North Sea (7)

* Global warming is not expected to depress food availability at the global level, but at the regional and local levels there may be significant negative impacts, particularly on small and marginal farmers, and in the tropics and subtropics. Many African countries are likely to become more vulnerable to food insecurity (2)

* Farming also has a positive role to play. By 2030 the amount of carbon locked up in cropland soils, as organic matter from crop residues and manure, could rise by 50% if better management practices are introduced (2)

* In Britain pesticide residues have been found in 46% of potatoes, 45% of milk, 26% of butter, 19% of bread and 41% of fruit and vegetables (8)

* The global market for organic food is now estimated at $17.5 billion a year, with the US accounting for $8 billion, Japan $2.5 billion and Germany for $2.3 billion each (10)

Cash crops

Every year an extra million hectares is transferred from food crops to
plantation crops -- almost always for export. (11)

Top 10 cash crops by volume, 2000/1 (6)

                Total quantity
                   exported      Main producer      % of world
Cash crop      (million tonnes)    countries          exports

Sugar                134           Brazil               32.4
                                   EU                   14.4
Coarse grains        106           US                   51.6
Wheat                106           US                   26.9
                                   Canada               15.8
Soybeans              55           US                   49.2
                                   Brazil               28.1
Rice                  24           Nigeria               6.7
                                   Indonesia             6.3
Bananas               11           Ecuador              35.5
                                   Costa Rica           16.4
                                   Columbia             13.6
Cotton                5            US                   30.0
                                   Former USSR          18.0
Coffee                5            Brazil               20.0
                                   Vietnam              13.0
                                   Columbia             10.0
Rubber                5            Thailand             43.6
                                   Indonesia            27.8
Cocoa                 2            Cote d'Ivoire        55.0
                                   Ghana                14.0
                                   Indonesia            13.6

                   Export
                 earnings ($
Cash crop          millions)

Sugar                3,190
                     1,410
Coarse grains        5,310
Wheat                3,700
                     2,180
Soybeans             4,770
                     2,720
Rice                   270
                       260
Bananas              2,740
                     1,270
                     1,050
Cotton               1,900
                     1,140
Coffee               1,200
                       780
                       600
Rubber               1,600
                     1,020
Cocoa                1,480
                       380
                       370

1 Shetty and James Body Mass Index -- A Measure of Chronic Energy Deficiency in Adults, Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen.

2 World Agriculture 2020: Main Findings, Food and Agriculture Organization.

3 C James, 'Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 2001'. ISAAA Briefs No. 24 Preview, Ithaca, New York. ISAAA is the source of GM statistics cited in this update unless otherwise noted.

4 Monsanto website, using ISAAA's statistic for global GM crop area.

5 Boxing Match in Agricultural Trade, Oxfam Briefing paper 32.

6 FAO Economic and Social Department. Commodities and Trade Division, United States Department of Agriculture.

7 ED Ongley, Control of water pollution from agriculture, FAD irrigation and drainage paper 55, 1996.

8 Reducing your risk a UK guide to avoiding hormone disruptors, WWF.

9 Dams and Development; A New Framework for Decision-Making. The Report of the World Commission on Dams, November 2000.

10 International Trade Centre report Organic Agriculture Worldwide 2002.

11 John Madely, Big Business, Poor Peoples. Zed Books, 1999.

12 www.primalseeds.nologic.org Food and Agriculture Organization.