Flying blind in a red-tape blizzard: how George W. Bush became the regulator in chief.

ATTENTION, FANS OF smaller government: Ever helpful, this correspondent has found yet another reason to be unhappy with President Bush. He appears to be the biggest regulator since the Nixon-Ford years.

In June the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and the Weidenbaum Center at Washington University in St. Louis released their latest annum report on regulation in Washington. (The study, by Jerry Brito and Melinda Warren, is available at mercatus.org.) These numbers need to be handled with caution. They measure how much money the government's departments and agencies are spending to regulate and how many people they are employing to do it. They give, at best, a rough indication of how quickly the regulatory wheels are turning.

The left panel of the chart (next page) tells the story. (The percentage calculations are mine, based on data supplied by the Weidenbaum Center.) From 200l through 2006, Bush has increased inflation-adjusted regulatory spending by 6.5 percent a year and increased regulatory staffing by 6.3 percent. You have to go back before President Carter to find a president who has done as much regulatory spending and hiring as Bush. (Adding the projected figures for 2007 does not substantially change the picture.)

A cruder, but still suggestive, measure of regulatory activity is the annum page count in the Federal Register, where the government publishes proposed and final regulations. Burdensome regulations may be concise, of course, and deregulation can run to hundreds of pages. Still, if the page count moves in the same direction as regulatory spending and staffing, that deepens suspicion that something is really happening. Sure enough, as the right panel of the chart shows, Bush outstrips Carter, the previous record-holder for average annual Register pages.

A new report by Wayne Crews of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a free market think tank, estimates that federal regulation now costs the economy more than $1.1 trillion a year. Crews also notes one data series that points in a contrary direction. The raw number of final rules published in the Federal Register is down since the 1990s; indeed, it has been declining since the 1970s. "But that doesn't tell you about the costs of those rules," Crews cautions.

Nor does it tell you about the benefits. Asked about the rising indicators of red tape, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) points to its recent draft report to Congress on the costs and benefits of federal regulation. The OMB found that the average annum cost of major regulations issued during the Bush years was almost So percent lower than in the 1980S and '90s, and that the average benefits were more than twice as large as in the Clinton years.

Note the word major: To earn that sobriquet, a regulation must cause an estimated economic impact of $100 million or more. Fewer than I percent of regulations qualify, so the OMB's figures give an incomplete picture. Moreover, some regulatory economists take the administration's cost-benefit analyses with a grain of salt. "Over the years, I have found that many analyses done by government regulatory agencies have major flaws," says Robert Hahn, the executive director of the AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies. Agencies, after all, are inclined to produce analyses that justify what they do.

That said, OMB may have a point. If liberal public interest groups' portrayals of Bush as the anti-regulatory antichrist are any indication, the administration may be acting as a stricter gatekeeper than its predecessors did. Even so, the Bush administration may be regulating both more efficiently and more extensively. It may be raising the cost-benefit bar for major rules in such traditional domains as the environment while also extending regulation's reach. The only way to be sure would be to analyze the thousands of regulations promulgated in recent years and score them on efficiency and scope.

According to the Mercatus-Weidenbaum report, the bulk of the increase in regulatory spending and staffing is for homeland security: such functions as airport screening, maritime and border enforcement, and new air cargo rules. Subtract homeland security, and Bush turns out to be as tight a regulator as Reagan was, with annual growth of regulatory spending and staffing at rates of 2.6 percent and 0.1 percent, respectively.

Prepare, then, for a shock of recognition: On regulation, as on everything else, the Bush administration's war on terrorism is driving an expansion of government.

Are we getting our money's worth from Bush's security-driven burst of regulation? The answer, unfortunately, is that no one knows. The science of cost-benefit analysis, which took decades to get a handle on economic and social regulation, has yet to find any purchase at all on security regulation. Figuring out whether a 20 percent reduction in particulate emissions makes economic sense is difficult (it depends on many intangibles, such as how much human health is worth), but it is at least roughly doable. Security costs and benefits, by contrast, are notoriously conjectural. We can estimate the cost of an attack on the Brooklyn Bridge but not the attack's likelihood. Estimating the benefits of security is even more difficult, because averted attacks are generally invisible and because hardening one target may merely displace terrorist activities to others.

Those analytical problems are compounded by a strategic one: The greater a potential vulnerability, the less willing officials are to help economists quantify it. Douglas Holtz-Eakin, who was the Council of Economic Advisers' chief economist in the first two years of the Bush administration before becoming director of the Congressional Budget Office, recalls asking agencies to justify proposed security regulations by providing specifics about threats. "They said, 'There's no way we can disclose that,'" he says. In the government, he adds, "I don't know of any serious thinking about the benefits and costs" of homeland-security regulation.

Jeremy Shapiro of the Brookings Institution notes that since 9/11 federal homeland security spending has roughly tripled. He writes, "Policy discussions of homeland-security issues are driven not by rigorous analysis but by fear, perceptions of past mistakes, pork-barrel politics, and insistence on an invulnerability that cannot possibly be achieved." Regulation has been no exception.

Upsetting old structures and balances but not managing to replace them with sustainable new ones--in effect, governing as if in a perpetual state of emergency--has become a defining pattern of Bush's presidency: in foreign policy (notably the Middle East), in fiscal policy (unsustainable spending increases and tax cuts), in legal affairs (executive overreach in the handling of detainees). To the list of the next president's headaches, add untangling the reels of red tape that the Bush years have unspooled.

Jonathan Rauch is a senior writer and columnist for National Journal. A version of this article appeared in the July 14 edition of National Journal.

Red Tape Rising

Regulatory Spending (real annual increase)     Federal Register Pages
Regulatory Staffing (annual Increase)          (annual average)

Nixon                                          29,315
(1969-1975)

Ford                                           58,647
(1975-1977)

Carter                                         72,844
(1977-1981)

Reagan                                         54,335
(1981-1989)

Bush 41                                        59,527
(1989-1993)

Clinton *                                      71,590
(1993-2001)

Bush 43                                        76,526
(2001-2006)

* Regulatory staffing did not grow under Clinton

Sources: Mercatus Center (George Mason University) and Weidenbaum Center
(Washington
University); Federal Register

Note: Table made from bar graph.