Fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella sp. in Carcasses.To the Editor: Fluoroquinolone fluoroquinolone /flu·o·ro·quin·o·lone/ (-kwin´o-lon) any of a subgroup of fluorine-substituted quinolones, having a broader spectrum of activity than nalidixic acid. fluor·o·quin·o·lone n. (FQ)-resistant Salmonella salmonella Any of the rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-oxygen-requiring bacteria that make up the genus Salmonella. Their main habitat is the intestinal tract of humans and other animals. has been isolated from patients in Taiwan (1-7). Recently, a report further indicated that several patients were infected in·fect tr.v. in·fect·ed, in·fect·ing, in·fects 1. To contaminate with a pathogenic microorganism or agent. 2. To communicate a pathogen or disease to. 3. To invade and produce infection in. with Salmonella enterica Salmonella enterica is a rod shaped, flagellated, Gram-negative bacterium, and a member of the genus Salmonella.[1] Serovars S. enterica has an extraordinarily large number of serovars serovar Schwarzengrund with high-level FQ resistance (1). S. Schwarzengrund has never been isolated from food animals in Taiwan. We report the isolation of FQ-resistant strains from pork and broiler broiler a young (about 8 weeks old) male or female chicken weighing 3 to 3.5 lb. carcasses sampled from 2000 to 2003: 27 in 2000, 3 in 2001, 4 in 2002, and 2 in 2003. These isolates made up 18.85% of the 191 Salmonella strains obtained from pork and broiler carcasses in the study period. Of these isolates, 16 FQ-resistant S. Schwarzengrund strains were further analyzed an·a·lyze tr.v. an·a·lyzed, an·a·lyz·ing, an·a·lyz·es 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of. 3. to elucidate e·lu·ci·date v. e·lu·ci·dat·ed, e·lu·ci·dat·ing, e·lu·ci·dates v.tr. To make clear or plain, especially by explanation; clarify. v.intr. To give an explanation that serves to clarify. the possible mechanism of FQ resistance. Ciprofloxacin ciprofloxacin /cip·ro·flox·a·cin/ (sip?ro-flok´sah-sin) a synthetic antibacterial effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; used as the hydrochloride salt. cip·ro·flox·a·cin n. MIC levels in these isolates ranged from 4 to 16 [micro]g/mL, and all had high-level nalidixic acid nalidixic acid /nal·i·dix·ic ac·id/ (nal-i-dik´sik) a synthetic antibacterial agent used in the treatment of genitourinary infections caused by gram-negative organisms. na·li·dix·ic acid n. resistance ([greater than or equal to] 1,024 [micro]g/mL). All of the 16 investigated strains displayed mutations possibly associated with high-level FQ resistance. The mutation mutation, in biology, a sudden, random change in a gene, or unit of hereditary material, that can alter an inheritable characteristic. Most mutations are not beneficial, since any change in the delicate balance of an organism having a high level of adaptation to its sites included 2 sites (Ser83Phe and Asp87Gly) in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR QRDR Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions ) of gyrA, 2 sites (Thr57Ser and Ser80Arg) in the QRDR of parC, and 1 site (Ser458Pro) in the QRDR of parE, respectively. Four strains had mutations in the QRDR of gyrA and parC only but not in the QRDR of parE (Table). In conclusion, high-level FQ resistance was detected in S. Schwarzengrund isolated from pork and chicken in Taiwan. Specific mutation sites of gyrA, parC, and parE were associated with high-level FQ resistance in all the isolates investigated. Our results warrant further investigation of the public health consequences of FQ use in food animals in Taiwan. Yu-Chih Wang, * Kuang-Sheng Yeh, ([dagger]) Chao-Chin Chang, * Shih-Ling Hsuan, * and Ter-Hsin Chen * * National Chung Hsing University National Chung Hsing University (Traditional Chinese: 國立中興大學; Simplified Chinese: 国立中兴大学) is a university in Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan). , Taichung, Taiwan; and ([dagger]) Taipei Medical University Taipei Medical University (Traditional Chinese: 台北醫學大學 w=T'aipei Ihsuëh Tahsuëh; ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: ) was founded as Taipei Medical College in 1960. , Taipei, Taiwan References (1.) Baucheron S, Chaslus-Dancla E, Cloeckaert A, Chiu CH, Butaye P. High-level resistance to fluoroquinolones linked to mutations in gyrA, parC, and pare in Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund isolates from humans in Taiwan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:862-3. (2.) Chiu CH, Su LH, Hung CC, Chen KL, Chu C. Prevalence and antimicrobial antimicrobial /an·ti·mi·cro·bi·al/ (-mi-kro´be-al) 1. killing microorganisms or suppressing their multiplication or growth. 2. an agent with such effects. susceptibility susceptibility the state of being susceptible. Refers usually to infectious disease but may be to physical factors such as wetting or to psychological factors such as harassment. of serogroup D nontyphoidal Salmonella in a university hospital in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:415-7. (3.) Chiu CH, Wu TL, Su LH, Chu C, Chia JH, Kuo AJ, et al. The emergence in Taiwan of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype serotype /se·ro·type/ (ser´o-tip) the type of a microorganism determined by its constituent antigens; a taxonomic subdivision based thereon. se·ro·type n. See serovar. v. Choleraesuis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:413-9. (4.) Chiu CH, Wu TL, Su LH, Liu JW, Chu C. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis, Taiwan, 2000-2003. Emerg Infect infect /in·fect/ (in-fekt´) 1. to invade and produce infection in. 2. to transmit a pathogen or disease to. in·fect v. 1. Dis. 2004; 10:1674-6. (5.) Hsueh PR, Teng L J, Tseng SP, Chang CF, Wan JH, Yan JJ, et al. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Choleraesuis from pigs to humans, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:60-8. (6.) Huang TM, Chang YF, Chang CF. Detection of mutations in the gyrA gene and class I integron from quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates in Taiwan. Vet Microbiol. 2004;100:247-54. (7.) Ko WC, Yan JJ, Yu WL, Lee HC, Lee NY, Wang LR, et al. A new therapeutic challenge for old pathogens: community-acquired invasive invasive /in·va·sive/ (-siv) 1. having the quality of invasiveness. 2. involving puncture of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. infections caused by ceftriaxone- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:315-8. Address for correspondence: Ter-Hsin Chen, The Graduate Institute of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine veterinary medicine, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of animals. An early interest in animal diseases is found in ancient Greek writings on medicine. Veterinary medicine began to achieve the stature of a science with the organization of the first school in the , National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo Kuang Rd, Taichung 402, Taiwan; fax: 886-4-2285-2186; email: thc@mail.vm.nchu. edu.tw
Table. Characteristics of ciprof loxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica
serovar Schwarzengrund strains from carcasses * ([dagger])
Quinolone
MICs
([micro]g/mL)
Strain Year Antimicrobial drug
no. Origin * isolated resistance profile NAL
A5 B, M 2000 CmSxtTc 1,024
A16 P, E 2000 ApCmNSxtTc 2,048
A17 P, E 2000 ApCmNSxtTc 2,048
A18 P, E 2000 ApCmNSxtTc 2,048
A19 P, E 2000 ApCmCnNSxtTc 1,024
A20 P, E 2000 ApCmNSxtTc 2,048
A29 B, S 2000 CmNSxtTc 1,024
A36 B, S 2000 ApCmSxtTc 1,024
A41 P, S 2000 ApCmCnNSxtTc 1,024
A45 P, S 2000 ApCmNSxtTc 1,024
A51 P, S 2000 ApCmCnNSxtTc 1,024
A56 B, M 2000 ApCmCnNSxtTc 2,048
A61 P, S 2000 CmSxtTc 1,024
A62 P, S 2000 ApCmCnSxtTc 2,048
B16 P, E 2001 ApCmCnCroTc 2,048
B73 P, N 2003 ApCmCnNSxtTc 2,048
Quinolone MICs Substitutions in QRDR
([micro]g/mL) ([double dagger])
Strain
no. FLU ENR CIP gyrA parC parE
A5 512 32 8 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser; Ser458Pro
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
A16 512 32 8 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser; Ser458Pro
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
A17 512 32 16 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser; Ser458Pro
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
A18 512 32 16 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser; Ser458Pro
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
A19 512 32 8 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser; Ser458Pro
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
A20 512 32 8 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser; Ser458Pro
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
A29 512 32 8 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser; Ser458Pro
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
A36 512 32 8 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser; Ser458Pro
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
A41 512 32 16 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser; Ser458Pro
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
A45 512 32 16 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser;
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
A51 512 16 4 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser;
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
A56 512 64 16 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser;
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
A61 512 32 8 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser;Ser Ser458Pro
Asp87Gly 80Arg
A62 512 64 16 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser;
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
B16 512 32 16 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser; Ser458Pro
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
B73 512 32 16 Ser83Phe; Thr57Ser; Ser458Pro
Asp87Gly Ser80Arg
* QRDR, quinolone resistance-determining region; B, broiler; M, middle
Taiwan; P, pork; E, east Taiwan; S, south Taiwan; N, north Taiwan.
([dagger]) Antimicrobial agents are ampicillin (Ap), chloramphenicol
(Cm), ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), flumequine (FLU),
gentamicin (Cn), ceflriaxone (Cro), nalidixic acid (NAL),neomycin (N),
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Sxt), and tetracycline (Tc).
([double dagger]) No gyrB substitutions were detected.
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion