Florida's dramatic shift in student demographics: implications for mathematics teacher education.In the Fall of 2003, Florida's public school student population shifted from majority white to majority nonwhite non·white n. A person who is not white. non  white adj. . This paper
examines the implications of this demographic shift for the teaching of
mathematics. The primary focus of this paper is to discuss an over-all
strategy designed to improve the mathematics achievement of
African-American students, who now constitute 25 percent of all Florida Florida, state, United StatesFlorida (flôr`ĭdə, flŏr`–), state in the extreme SE United States. A long, low peninsula between the Atlantic Ocean (E) and the Gulf of Mexico (W), Florida is bordered by Georgia and public school students. It is suggested that a starting point Noun 1. starting point - earliest limiting point terminus a quo commencement, get-go, offset, outset, showtime, starting time, beginning, start, kickoff, first - the time at which something is supposed to begin; "they got an early start"; "she knew from the would be to increase the number of African-American mathematics teachers in Florida. Since the four historically black colleges and universities Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 with the intention of serving the African American community. They are often liberal arts colleges or universities. (HBCUs) in Florida produce more than 90 percent of Florida's African-American teacher education graduates, this writer recommends that these schools which are Florida A&M University, Bethune-Cookman College Bethune-Cookman College, at Daytona Beach, Fla.; United Methodist; coeducational. Named for its founder and first president, Mary McCleod Bethune, the school was formed as a result of a merger (1923) of the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Girls (founded , Florida Memorial College and Edward Waters College Edward Waters College is a private college located in Jacksonville, Florida. It was founded in 1866 to educate freed slaves and is the oldest historically black college in Florida. The first AME pastor in the state, Rev. William G. substantially increase their programmatic pro·gram·mat·ic adj. 1. Of, relating to, or having a program. 2. Following an overall plan or schedule: a step-by-step, programmatic approach to problem solving. 3. efforts designed to recruit and train a cadre (company) CADRE - The US software engineering vendor which merged with Bachman Information Systems to form Cayenne Software in July 1996. of highly qualified, competent African-American mathematics teachers for Florida's public schools. ********** Silver, Smith, and Nelson (1995) have argued that "although the increasingly multicultural mul·ti·cul·tur·al adj. 1. Of, relating to, or including several cultures. 2. Of or relating to a social or educational theory that encourages interest in many cultures within a society rather than in only a mainstream culture. character of U.S. society and its public school population has not escaped the attention of most educators and policymakers, there is no general agreement about the instructional implications of this multiculturalism multiculturalism or cultural pluralism, a term describing the coexistence of many cultures in a locality, without any one culture dominating the region. for mathematics or any other school subject" (p. 23). In the Fall of 2003, Florida's public schools reached a historic milestone. For the very first time, the number of minority students enrolled in the State's public schools exceeded the number of majority students. See Table 1 for exact numbers and percentages of minority and majority students. As a mathematics educator who has more than 30 years of experience teaching Black students at the secondary and university levels, primarily in the state of Florida, this writer understands many of the problems faced and issues involved in successfully teaching mathematics to minority students. This paper is my contribution to understanding the implications of multiculturalism for the mathematics education of Florida's African-American students. The New Majority Historically, the terms "majority" and "minority", when used in a demographic sense, have been interpreted to mean "white" and "nonwhite," respectively; hence, what the enrollment statistics listed in Table 1 really mean is that Florida now has, and will continue to have for the foreseeable fore·see tr.v. fore·saw , fore·seen , fore·see·ing, fore·sees To see or know beforehand: foresaw the rapid increase in unemployment. future, a school system in which the majority of students are nonwhite. The term "the new majority" is defined to mean the Black, Hispanic Hispanic Multiculture A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race Social medicine Any of 17 major Latino subcultures, concentrated in California, Texas, Chicago, Miam, NY, and elsewhere , Asian and other nonwhites who now number approximately 1.31 million or 50.25 percent of Florida public school students. White students now number approximately 1.29 million or 49.75 percent of the State's public school students. Improving Black Students Mathematics Performance African-Americans constitute the largest group of students in this new majority, numbering 620,426. They are followed by Hispanics who number 563,779. Hence, the primary focus of this paper is to explore strategies to improve the mathematics performance of the largest group of students in Florida's new majority--Black students. A review of the literature does not reveal a significant number of studies specifically devoted to the mathematics performance of Black students; instead, Black students mathematics performance has been studied as a part of the over-all study of "minority" mathematics performance. As a result, Matthews Matthews may refer to: In places:
named after or originating in Mexico. Mexican axolotl see ambystomamexicanum. Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum , and Puerto Rican Puer·to Ri·co Abbr. PR or P.R. A self-governing island commonwealth of the United States in the Caribbean Sea east of Hispaniola. ancestry an·ces·try n. pl. an·ces·tries 1. Ancestral descent or lineage. 2. Ancestors considered as a group. [Middle English auncestrie, alteration (influenced by all under the Hispanic American American, river, 30 mi (48 km) long, rising in N central Calif. in the Sierra Nevada and flowing SW into the Sacramento River at Sacramento. The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill (see Sutter, John Augustus) along the river in 1848 led to the California gold rush of category, and persons of Vietnamese (human language) Vietnamese - An Asian language that, like other CJKV languages, requires 16-bit character encodings but, unlike them, does not use Han characters. While normal Vietnamese has not used Han characters since the 18th century, the standards TCVN 5773 and TCVN , Chinese Chinese, subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages (see Sino-Tibetan languages), which is also sometimes grouped with the Tai, or Thai, languages in a Sinitic subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan language stock. , and Japanese Japanese (jăp'ənēz`), language of uncertain origin that is spoken by more than 125 million people, most of whom live in Japan. There are also many speakers of Japanese in the Ryukyu Islands, Korea, Taiwan, parts of the United States, and as Asian Americans This page is a list of Asian Americans. Politics
Of Matthew's six assumptions, assumptions (4) and (6) are particularly relevant. Assumption (4) is clearly false. Although there may be some consistency in what is learned at a course-specific level, this consistency does not approach 100 percent. For example, it would be false to assume that all American high American High School may refer to the following:
Assumption (6), which asserts that comparisons can be made across schools and across the nation is partially valid. Comparisons can be made, but they may or may not be valid comparisons; that is the point. Many of the comparisons made across schools and across the nation are not valid. The comparison of the performance of Black students in an Algebra 1 class taught in a school in Madison, Wisconsin Madison is the capital of the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Dane County. It is also home to the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The 2006 population estimate of Madison was 223,389, making it the second largest city in Wisconsin, after Milwaukee, and that is 95 percent White, with the performance of Black students in an Algebra 1 class taught in Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham (pronounced [ˈbɝmɪŋˌhæm]) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Alabama and is the county seat of Jefferson County. that is 95 percent Black would not be valid. This comparison would be invalid Null; void; without force or effect; lacking in authority. For example, a will that has not been properly witnessed is invalid and unenforceable. INVALID. In a physical sense, it is that which is wanting force; in a figurative sense, it signifies that which has no effect. , because the variables affecting the performance of the Black students in Wisconsin Wisconsin, state, United States Wisconsin (wĭskŏn`sən, –sĭn), upper midwestern state of the United States. It is bounded by Lake Superior and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, from which it is divided by the Menominee are not identical to the variables affecting the performance of the Black students in Alabama Alabama, indigenous people of North America Alabama (ăləbăm`ə), indigenous people of North America whose language belongs to the Muskogean branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock (see Native American languages). . Perhaps Matthew's most important observation, however, is that "rarely have minorities been involved as researchers in studies of minorities" (Matthews, 1983, p. 70). Black Mathematics Teachers As Role Models Two of the few researchers studying the mathematics performance of Black children have found that "a negative relationship apparently exists between Black children and the mathematics education process" (Stiff & Harvey Harvey, city (1990 pop. 29,771), Cook co., NE Ill., a suburb S of Chicago; inc. 1895. Its manufactures include steel castings, metal products, chemicals, machinery, and electronic equipment. Harvey has an oil research center. The city was founded by Turlington W. , 1988, p. 190). Stiff & Harvey continue: One of the most segregated places in American society is the mathematics classroom. Remedial REMEDIAL. That which affords a remedy; as, a remedial statute, or one which is made to supply some defects or abridge some superfluities of the common law. 1 131. Com. 86. The term remedial statute is also applied to those acts which give a new remedy. Esp. Pen. Act. 1. math classrooms contain disproportionate dis·pro·por·tion·ate adj. Out of proportion, as in size, shape, or amount. dis  pro·por numbers of Black students, while algebra, geometry geometry [Gr.,=earth measuring], branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of and relationships between points, lines, planes, and figures and with generalizations of these concepts. , and advanced math
classes mainly serve White students (Johnson, 1984; Jones et al., 1984;
Matthews et al., 1984; NAEP NAEP National Assessment of Educational ProgressNAEP National Association of Environmental Professionals NAEP National Association of Educational Progress NAEP National Agricultural Extension Policy NAEP Native American Employment Program , 1979; Peng et al., 1981; Stiff, 1985). Blacks have less access to advanced study in mathematics than before the mid- mid- pref. Middle: midbrain. 1960s [Emphasis added]. Most Black students cannot take advantage of career opportunities in science and the technologies because they lack knowledge and skills in higher mathematics (Croom Croom (Cromadh in Irish) is a village in County Limerick, Republic of Ireland. It is located just off the N20 (which was recently routed around the town as a bypass) on the River Maigue. It is 8km southeast of Adare on the N20. , 1984) (quoted in Stiff & Harvey, 1988, p. 190). These observations are bourne Bourne, town (1990 pop. 16,064), Barnstable co., SE Mass., crossed by Cape Cod Canal; settled 1627, inc. 1884. Bourne Bridge (1935), across the canal, made the town an entry point to Cape Cod and a resort and commercial center. out by this writer's own experience. As a former supervisor of mathematics education interns  This article or section is written like an .Please help [ rewrite this article] from a neutral point of view. Mark blatant advertising for , using . in the state of Florida, I have witnessed schools in which Black students were concentrated in lower level mathematics courses, while the higher level mathematics courses were made up of mostly White and Asian students. One of the most surprising and shocking experiences this writer witnessed, in this regard, occurred during a mathematics tutorial An instructional book or program that takes the user through a prescribed sequence of steps in order to learn a product. Contrast with documentation, which, although instructional, tends to group features and functions by category. See tutorials in this publication. session with a group of young Black males in St. Petersburg, Florida St. Petersburg (often shortened to St. Pete) is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. The city is known as a vacation destination for North American and European vacationers, as well as a politically important battleground in U.S. Presidential politics. in the early 1990s. During the session these young men made reference to what they called "ABC ABC in full American Broadcasting Co. Major U.S. television network. It began when the expanding national radio network NBC split into the separate Red and Blue networks in 1928. " math classes. Since I did not understand what they meant by "ABC" math classes, I asked them to explain the term to me. Without hesitation they explained to me, that "ABC" stands for All Black Classes. This was their way of describing the mathematics segregation segregation: see apartheid; integration. existing inside their integrated high school building. The children are aware that they are being segregated. These ABC classes were all low-level low-lev·el adj. 1. Relating to or being of low rank or importance: a low-level job. 2. Situated in or occurring at a low level: low-level radiation. 3. , remedial general mathematics classes in which most, if not all of the students were Black. Perhaps the most important finding of Stiff & Harvey (1988) is that the major obstacle impeding im·pede tr.v. im·ped·ed, im·ped·ing, im·pedes To retard or obstruct the progress of. See Synonyms at hinder1. [Latin imped Black students' mathematics performance is the school itself: Research has demonstrated that Black children bring to the formal classroom setting the same basic intellectual competencies in mathematical thought and cognitive processes Cognitive processes Thought processes (i.e., reasoning, perception, judgment, memory). Mentioned in: Psychosocial Disorders as their White counterparts (Ascher Ascher is an alternative spelling of Asher and is the surname of:
American jurist who was appointed an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1993. , 1978; Ginsburg et al., 1981a, 1981n; Ginsburg and Russell Russell, English noble family. It first appeared prominently in the reign of Henry VIII when John Russell, 1st earl of Bedford, 1486?–1555, rose to military and diplomatic importance. , 1981). By the time Black students enter kindergarten kindergarten [Ger.,=garden of children], system of preschool education. Friedrich Froebel designed (1837) the kindergarten to provide an educational situation less formal than that of the elementary school but one in which children's creative play instincts would be , virtually all of them are prepared to succeed in the school mathematics they will face (Ginsburg and Russell, 1981). The difficulty that Black students encounter in mathematics learning does not reveal itself before formal school takes place and is, therefore, attributable attributable emanating from or pertaining to attribute. attributable proportion see attributable risk (below). attributable risk to the experiences that Blacks undergo in the school setting. Thus school mathematics becomes the obstacle to success in the mathematics education process (Stiff & Harvey, 1988, p. 191) [Emphasis added] Researchers have identified at least five factors affecting the performance of Black students in mathematics: (1) course enrollment patterns; (2) role models; (3) significant others; (4) usefulness of mathematics; and, (5) attitudes towards mathematics (Stiff & Harvey, 1988). Of these five factors, the influence of role models and significant others are perhaps the two most important; since, the other three factors (course enrollment patterns, usefulness of mathematics, and attitude towards mathematics) are influenced by factors (2) and (3): role models and significant others. Although "there are few research findings concerning the significance of role models to Black achievement in mathematics, most mathematics educators believe it is important for Black students to see examples of Blacks engaged in scientific pursuits (Johnson, 1984)" (Stiff & Harvey, 1988, p. 194). However, "Black mathematics teachers become some of the earliest examples of Black scientists and are important role models for the students they teach" (Stiff & Harvey, p. 194). Johnson (1984) has found that "among the reasons commonly given for black students' lack of interest in taking mathematics [is] an absence of role models...." (p. 149). "Chances that Black students will receive validation See validate. validation - The stage in the software life-cycle at the end of the development process where software is evaluated to ensure that it complies with the requirements. in mathematics classrooms are maximized when Black mathematics teachers are hired" (Stiff & Harvey, 1988, p. 200). Thernstrom & Thernstrom (2003), quote the famous Black American writer, Ralph Ellison Noun 1. Ralph Ellison - United States novelist who wrote about a young Black man and his struggles in American society (1914-1994) Ellison, Ralph Waldo Ellison , who felt that the values of Black Americans are neither White nor Black; they are American. Thernstrom & Thernstrom (2003) follow this quote with the statement: "That is not how most educators think about Black and Hispanic youngsters, it appears. They offer minority children a "segregated idea" of their potential" (p. 76). Although there is a dearth of research regarding the relationship, if any, between Black student mathematics achievement and Black mathematics teachers, there is one recent study which does, in fact, document the positive correlation Noun 1. positive correlation - a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with large values of the other and small with small; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and +1 direct correlation between black teachers and black students teaching, learning, and interacting in the classroom. In a study titled "Teachers, Race and Student Achievement in a Randomized ran·dom·ize tr.v. ran·dom·ized, ran·dom·iz·ing, ran·dom·iz·es To make random in arrangement, especially in order to control the variables in an experiment. Experiment," Thomas (language) Thomas - A language compatible with the language Dylan(TM). Thomas is NOT Dylan(TM). The first public release of a translator to Scheme by Matt Birkholz, Jim Miller, and Ron Weiss, written at Digital Equipment Corporation's Cambridge Research Laboratory runs S. Dee (2003), of Swarthmore College Swarthmore College, at Swarthmore, Pa.; coeducational; founded 1864 by the Society of Friends. It maintains a cooperative program with Bryn Mawr College, Haverford College, and the Univ. of Pennsylvania. , found that "Black students who had Black teachers outperformed those who had White teachers in both reading and mathematics by 4 to 5 percentage points" (Thernstrom & Thernstrom, 2003, pp.201-202). Using public access data from the state of Tennessee's Project STAR (Student Teacher Achievement Ratio) which was: a large-scale randomized experiment on the achievement benefits of small class sizes. It began in the 1985-86 school year with a group of 6,000 students from 79 participating schools. The experiment continued through the third grade and ultimately included over 11,000 students. A key feature of the experimental design was the random assignment of both students and teachers to small classes, regular-sized classes and regular-sized classes with teacher aides within each school. Project STAR was not designed to evaluate the relationship between own-race teachers and student achievement (Dee, 2003, p. 3). In this study Dee (2003) found "consistent evidence that there are rather large educational benefits for both Black and White students from assignments to an own-race teacher in these early grades" and offers that "these results clearly provide novel support for the conventional assumption that recruiting minority teachers can generate important achievement gains among minority students" (p.28). Other researchers have found a role-model role-model n → modelo a imitar role-model role n → modèle m à émuler effect existing in classrooms taught by own-race teachers (King, 1993; Clewell and Villegas Villegas is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 116 inhabitants. , 1998). They suggest that the mere presence of a teacher of the student's own-race positively influences student effort, confidence and enthusiasm. A report from the Florida Department Florida is a department (departamento) of Uruguay. Population and Demographics As of the census of 2004, there were 68,181 people and 21,938 households in the department. The average household size was 3.1. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. of Education also emphasizes the need and importance for minority teachers: "An adequate supply of minority teachers is needed in classrooms in all areas ... and in academic fields such as mathematics, science and English 1. English - (Obsolete) The source code for a program, which may be in any language, as opposed to the linkable or executable binary produced from it by a compiler. The idea behind the term is that to a real hacker, a program written in his favourite programming language is , where role models are badly needed [emphasis added]" (Miller, 2002, p. 11). Florida's Black Students and Black Mathematics Teachers African-American students are a significant presence in Florida's school districts. See Table 2 for the percentage of African-American students and teachers in Florida's 10 largest school districts. The percentage of Black teachers is close the percentage of Black students in only one of the ten largest school districts: Miami-Dade County. There is a high of a 17 percentage point difference between Black students and Black teachers in Duval County Duval County may mean:
Currently there are 7,821 mathematics teachers in Florida's public schools. Of this number 1,185 or 15.2 percent are Black. Remaining percentages by racial/ethnic groups are as follows: * White teachers are 74.8% of all Florida's mathematics teachers * Hispanic teachers are 8.3% of all Florida's mathematics teachers * Asian teachers are 1.3% of all of Florida's mathematics teachers * Native Americans are 0.4% of all of Florida's mathematics teachers There are 16 school districts that have no Black mathematics teachers. See Table 4 for a list of these districts. The percentage of Black students in these counties ranges from a low of 4 percent in Holmes County Holmes County is the name of three counties in the United States:
Santa Rosa, city (1991 pop. 80,629), capital of La Pampa prov., central Argentina. It is a modern city and road junction surrounded by a rich agricultural and cattle-raising area. County. These students, however, represent only 1.2 percent of the total number of Black students in Florida. Even in those school districts having high percentages of Black students, the percentage of Black mathematics teachers is lower than the percentage of students. See Table 5 for the percentages of Black students and mathematics teachers among Florida's ten largest counties by percentage of African-American students. Conclusion: The Need to Increase the Number of Black Mathematics Teachers As Dee (2003), Ding (1993), (Clewell & Villegas, 1993) and Miller (2002) have indicated, the presence of an own-race teacher in the classroom does have a very positive effect on student performance and achievement. Of course, this does not mean that Black teachers should be hired solely on the basis of their ethnicity ethnicity Vox populi Racial status–ie, African American, Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic , nor does it mean that Florida educators should revert re·vert v. 1. To return to a former condition, practice, subject, or belief. 2. To undergo genetic reversion. to segregated classrooms, although there is ample extant ex·tant adj. 1. Still in existence; not destroyed, lost, or extinct: extant manuscripts. 2. Archaic Standing out; projecting. empirical evidence that in many of Florida's public schools, Black students are already segregated from the non-Black classmates Classmates can refer to either:
prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. perceived per·ceive tr.v. per·ceived, per·ceiv·ing, per·ceives 1. To become aware of directly through any of the senses, especially sight or hearing. 2. To achieve understanding of; apprehend. ability or future career goals. What has been demonstrated here is that highly qualified Black teachers constitute a definite asset in school classroom. Given the importance of numeracy numeracy Mathematical literacy Neurology The ability to understand mathematical concepts, perform calculations and interpret and use statistical information. Cf Acalculia. in today's world, it is extremely important that all students--especially Black students, be provided an opportunity to compete effectively in those careers requiring high levels of mathematical proficiency pro·fi·cien·cy n. pl. pro·fi·cien·cies The state or quality of being proficient; competence. Noun 1. proficiency - the quality of having great facility and competence and knowledge. Since Florida's four historically black colleges and universities provide the vast majority of teacher education and mathematics education graduates, they should be provided the resources necessary to produce highly competitive mathematics educators.
Appendix
Florida Mathematics Teachers by Race/Ethnicity/Gender
Source: Florida Department of Education (2004)
District District Asian/
PAC
Number Name Gender Isndr Black Hispanic
1 Alachua F 10 1
1 Alachua M 3 2
2 Baker F 1
2 Baker M
3 Bay F 5 1
3 Bay M 2
4 Bradford F 2
4 Bradford M 1
5 Brevard F 6 1
5 Brevard M 1 4 2
6 Calhoun F
6 Calhoun M
7 Charlotte F 1
7 Charlotte M 1
8 Citrus F 1 1
8 Citrus M 1
9 Clay F 3
9 Clay M 1
10 Collier F 3 2
10 Collier M 1 2 6
11 Columbia F 2
11 Columbia M 2
12 Dade F 11 170 261
12 Dade M 9 150 162
13 DeSoto F 1
13 DeSoto M 1
14 Dixie F
14 Dixie M
15 Duval F 3 99 3
15 Duval M 9 39 6
16 Escambia F 2 12
16 Escambia M 5
17 Flagler F
17 Flagler M
18 Franklin F 2
18 Franklin M
19 Gadsden F 18
19 Gadsden M 5
20 Gilchrist F
20 Gilchrist M
21 Gulf F
21 Gulf M
22 Hamilton F
22 Hamilton M 2
23 Hardee F
23 Hardee M 1
24 Hendry F 2 1
24 Hendry M 1
25 Hernando F 6 2
25 Hernando M 1 5 1
26 Highlands F 1 1
26 Highlands M 1
27 Hillsborough F 46 27
27 Hillsborough M 5 35 12
28 Holmes F
28 Holmes M
29 Indian River F 1
29 Indian River M 1 1
30 Jackson F 1
30 Jackson M
31 Jefferson F 1
31 Jefferson M 1
32 Lafayette F
32 Lafayette M
33 Lake F 2 4 1
33 Lake M 3
34 Lee F 9 5
34 Lee M 6 4
35 Leon F 1 19 3
35 Leon M 8 2
36 Levy F 1 1
36 Levy M
37 Liberty F
37 Liberty M
38 Madison F 4
38 Madison M
39 Manatee F 6
39 Manatee M 2 1
40 Marion F 10 3
40 Marion M 1 2 1
41 Martin F 3
41 Martin M 1 1
42 Monroe F 1 1
42 Monroe M 1
43 Nassau F 1
43 Nassau M 3
44 Okaloosa F 1 4
44 Okaloosa M 3
45 Okeechobee F
45 Okeechobee M
46 Orange F 6 82 17
46 Orange M 5 43 13
47 Osceola F 2 6 9
47 Osceola M 1 3 13
48 Palm Beach F 15 87 25
48 Palm Beach M 7 54 17
49 Pasco F 2 2
49 Pasco M 3
50 Pinellas F 1 24 3
50 Pinellas M 1 19 3
51 Polk F 1 16 1
51 Polk M 1 6 4
52 Putnam F 2
52 Putnam M 3
53 St. Johns F 2 1
53 St. Johns M 1
54 St. Lucie F 13
54 St. Lucie M 1 10 2
55 Santa Rosa F
55 Santa Rosa M
56 Sarasota F 1 3 1
56 Sarasota M 2 2
57 Seminole F 4 17 5
57 Seminole M 2 10 3
58 Sumter F 1
58 Sumter M 2
59 Suwannee F 1
59 Suwannee M
60 Taylor F 1
61 Taylor M
62 Union F
62 Union M
63 Volusia F 2 20 2
63 Volusia M 1 5 3
64 Wakulla F
64 Wakulla M
65 Walton F
65 Walton M
66 Washington F
66 Washington M
67 FL Virtual School F 2
67 FL Virtual School M
68 FAU Lab School F
69 FSU Lab School F
69 FSU Lab School M 2
70 FAMU Lab Sch F 2
70 FAMU Lab Sch M 1
71 UF Lab School F 1 1
71 UF Lab School M
State 101 1,185 653
Am Total
District District Ind/ Math
AL
Number Name Gender Native White Teachers
1 Alachua F 57 68
1 Alachua M 34 39
2 Baker F 6 7
2 Baker M 7 7
3 Bay F 59 65
3 Bay M 1 30 33
4 Bradford F 7 9
4 Bradford M 4 5
5 Brevard F 127 134
5 Brevard M 89 96
6 Calhoun F 1 6 7
6 Calhoun M 1 1
7 Charlotte F 33 34
7 Charlotte M 24 25
8 Citrus F 1 26 29
8 Citrus M 24 25
9 Clay F 60 63
9 Clay M 44 45
10 Collier F 70 75
10 Collier M 1 44 54
11 Columbia F 24 26
11 Columbia M 14 16
12 Dade F 11 166 619
12 Dade M 4 149 474
13 DeSoto F 12 13
13 DeSoto M 5 6
14 Dixie F 5 5
14 Dixie M 3 3
15 Duval F 155 260
15 Duval M 1 101 156
16 Escambia F 92 106
16 Escambia M 50 55
17 Flagler F 25 25
17 Flagler M 16 16
18 Franklin F 1 3
18 Franklin M 1 1
19 Gadsden F 1 19
19 Gadsden M 1 6
20 Gilchrist F 10 10
20 Gilchrist M 8 8
21 Gulf F 9 9
21 Gulf M 2 2
22 Hamilton F 5 5
22 Hamilton M 2 4
23 Hardee F 18 18
23 Hardee M 7 8
24 Hendry F 14 17
24 Hendry M 8 9
25 Hernando F 29 37
25 Hernando M 1 19 27
26 Highlands F 24 26
26 Highlands M 16 17
27 Hillsborough F 1 270 344
27 Hillsborough M 1 161 214
28 Holmes F 4 4
28 Holmes M 10 10
29 Indian River F 41 42
29 Indian River M 12 14
30 Jackson F 17 18
30 Jackson M 8 8
31 Jefferson F 3 4
31 Jefferson M 1
32 Lafayette F 2 2
32 Lafayette M 1 1
33 Lake F 61 68
33 Lake M 36 39
34 Lee F 122 136
34 Lee M 1 81 92
35 Leon F 1 52 76
35 Leon M 23 33
36 Levy F 11 13
36 Levy M 6 6
37 Liberty F 4 4
37 Liberty M 1 1
38 Madison F 3 7
38 Madison M 3 3
39 Manatee F 82 88
39 Manatee M 39 42
40 Marion F 79 82
40 Marion M 1 34 39
41 Martin F 45 48
41 Martin M 20 22
42 Monroe F 21 23
42 Monroe M 10 11
43 Nassau F 33 34
43 Nassau M 13 16
44 Okaloosa F 62 67
44 Okaloosa M 19 22
45 Okeechobee F 14 14
45 Okeechobee M 2 5 7
46 Orange F 291 396
46 Orange M 160 221
47 Osceola F 75 92
47 Osceola M 36 53
48 Palm Beach F 1 279 407
48 Palm Beach M 1 187 266
49 Pasco F 89 93
49 Pasco M 71 74
50 Pinellas F 205 233
50 Pinellas M 111 134
51 Polk F 158 176
51 Polk M 1 68 80
52 Putnam F 28 30
52 Putnam M 12 15
53 St. Johns F 54 57
53 St. Johns M 1 26 28
54 St. Lucie F 47 60
54 St. Lucie M 41 54
55 Santa Rosa F 56 56
55 Santa Rosa M 1 43 44
56 Sarasota F 79 84
56 Sarasota M 53 57
57 Seminole F 150 176
57 Seminole M 1 65 81
58 Sumter F 15 16
58 Sumter M 6 8
59 Suwannee F 20 21
59 Suwannee M 6 6
60 Taylor F 7 8
61 Taylor M 1 1
62 Union F 6 6
62 Union M 4 4
63 Volusia F 112 136
63 Volusia M 68 77
64 Wakulla F 3 3
64 Wakulla M 6 6
65 Walton F 20 20
65 Walton M 4 4
66 Washington F 11 11
66 Washington M 3 3
67 FL Virtual School F 6 8
67 FL Virtual School M 2 2
68 FAU Lab School F 1 1
69 FSU Lab School F 7 7
69 FSU Lab School M 1 3
70 FAMU Lab Sch F 2
70 FAMU Lab Sch M 1
71 UF Lab School F 5 7
71 UF Lab School M 1 1
State 31 5,851 7,821
References Clewell, B.C. and Villegas, W.A. (1998). Introduction. Education and Urban Society, 31(1), 3-17. Dee, T.S. (2003). Teachers, race and student achievement in a randomized experiment. Unpublished manuscript manuscript, a handwritten work as distinguished from printing. The oldest manuscripts, those found in Egyptian tombs, were written on papyrus; the earliest dates from c.3500 B.C. . Department of Economics, Swarthmore College. Florida Department of Education, Bureau of Education Information & Accountability The traceability of actions performed on a system to a specific system entity (user, process, device). For example, the use of unique user identification and authentication supports accountability; the use of shared user IDs and passwords destroys accountability. Services (2004). Florida Information Note. Minority representation among Florida's public school teachers, Fall 2003. Series 2004-17F. Florida Department of Education, Bureau of Education Information & Accountability Services (2004). Statistical Brief. Staff in Florida's Public schools, Fall 2003. Series 2004-14B. King, S.H. (1993). The limited presence of African-American Teachers. Review of Educational Research, 63(2), 115-149. Matthews, W. (1983). Coloring the equation: Minorities and mathematics. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 14(1), 70-72. Miller, M.J. (2002). Trends in the supply of minority teachers in Florida. Tallahassee, Florida For other uses, see Tallahassee (disambiguation). Tallahassee is the capital of the State of Florida and the county seat of Leon County. Tallahassee became the capital of Florida in 1824. As of 2006, the population recorded by the U.S. : Florida department of education. Silver, E.A., Smith, M.S. and Nelson, B.S. (1995). The QUASAR Project: Equity concerns meet mathematics education reform in the middle school. In W.G. Secada, E. Fennema, and L.B. Adajian (Eds.) New directions for equity in mathematics education (pp. 9-56). New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). . Stiff, L.V. and Harvey, W.B. (1988). On the education of Black children in mathematics. Journal of Black Studies, 19(2), 190-203. Thernstrom, A. and Thernstrom, S. (2003). No excuses: Closing the racial gap in learning. New York: Simon & Schuster Simon & Schuster U.S. publishing company. It was founded in 1924 by Richard L. Simon (1899–1960) and M. Lincoln Schuster (1897–1970), whose initial project, the original crossword-puzzle book, was a best-seller. .
Table 1
Florida Public School Enrollment
Number and Percent by Ethnic/Racial Category
White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Native American Total Minority
# % # % # % # % #
1,292,719 49.8% 20,426 23.8% 563,779 21.7 52,955 2.04% 7,662
% # %
0.29% 1,305,512 50.25%
Source: Florida Department of Education (2003)]
Table 2
Percentage of African-American Students and Teachers in
Florida's Ten Largest School Districts
Rank District Name Percent Students Percent Teachers
1. Miami-Dade County 28.7% 26.1%
2. Broward County 36.2% 22.8%
3. Hillsborough County 22.7% 13.2%
4. Palm Beach County 28.9% 16.0%
5. Orange County 28.2% 16.3%
6. Duval County 43.0% 26.3%
7. Pinellas County 19.0% 8.1%
8. Polk County 22.3% 14.6%
9. Lee County 14.7% 5.5%
10. Seminole County 13.4% 9.1%
[Source: Florida Department of Education (2003)]
Table 3
Percentage of Black Students and Mathematics Teachers in
Florida's Ten Largest School Districts
Rank District Name Percent Students Percent Teachers
1. Miami-Dade County 28.7% 29.0%
2. Broward County 36.2% N/A
3. Hillsborough County 22.7% 14.3%
4. Palm Beach County 28.9% 21.5%
5. Orange County 28.2% 20.3%
6. Duval County 43.0% 33.2%
7. Pinellas County 19.0% 11.7%
8. Polk County 22.3% 9.0%
9. Lee County 14.7% 6.6%
10. Seminole County 13.4% 10.5%
Table 4
Florida Public School Districts
with No Black Mathematics Teachers
1. Calhoun County
2. Dixie County
3. Flagler County
4. Franklin County
5. Gilchrist County
6. Gulf County
7. Hardee County
8. Holmes County
9. Lafayette County
10. Liberty County
11. Okeechobee County
12. Santa Rosa County
13. Union County
14. Wakulla County
15. Walton County
16. Washington County
Table 5
Top 10 School Districts Containing the Largest Percentages of Black
Students
Percent Black Percent Black
Rank District Name Students Math Teachers
1. Gadsen County 82.3% 92%
2. Jefferson County 69.3% 40%
3. Madison County 57.1% 40%
4. Hamilton County 50.0% 22%
5. Duval County 43.0% 33%
6. Leon County 40.2% 25%
7. Alachua County 37.4% 12%
8. Escambia County 36.5% 11%
9. Broward County 35.2% N/A
10. Jackson County 31.6% 4%
Source: Florida Department of Education (2003)
Willie C. Cook, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, School of General Studies, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. Willie Cook at willie. cook@famu.edu See .edu. (networking) edu - ("education") The top-level domain for educational establishments in the USA (and some other countries). E.g. "mit.edu". The UK equivalent is "ac.uk". . |
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