Filtering water through sand.There are three common ways of purifying drinking water drinking water supply of water available to animals for drinking supplied via nipples, in troughs, dams, ponds and larger natural water sources; an insufficient supply leads to dehydration; it can be the source of infection, e.g. leptospirosis, salmonellosis, or of poisoning, e.g. : Boiling; chemical disinfectants such as chlorine, iodine iodine (ī`ədīn, –dĭn) [Gr.,=violet], nonmetallic chemical element; symbol I; at. no. 53; at. wt. 126.9045; m.p. 113.5°C;; b.p. 184.35°C;; sp. gr. 4.93 at 20°C;; valence −1, +1, +3, +5, or +7. or household bleach; and filtration through a ceramic or sand filter. A simple household sand filter can be made wherever fine sand is available. Just remember that the water must pass through at least two feet (but preferably more) of sand and the rate of flow shouldn't exceed four gallons per square foot per hour. Cut the head out of a steel drum steel drum Tuned gong made from the end, and part of the wall, of an oil barrel. The barrel's end surface is hammered into a concave shape, and several areas are outlined by chiseled grooves. . Place the drum on a stand and drill a 3/32-inch hole in the bottom. Layer the bottom few inches with pea-sized stones, then fill the rest of the drum to within four inches of the top with fine sand. Make a hole just below the top rim for an overflow. Connect a pipe to carry off excess water. To operate the filter, keep a continuous flow of water running in at the top. The amount should be just sufficient to keep the filter filled along with a slight overflow. It might be necessary to put something under the inflow to keep it from washing a hole in the sand. A 30-inch high drum with a 24-inch diameter should deliver about 12 gallons of water an hour. Keep in mind that this water is just filtered. Chlorination chlorination Public health Addition of chlorinated compounds to drinking water as disinfectants. Cf Ozonation. or other treatment may still be necessary. Covering the filter to keep it dark will help eliminate green algae green algae: see algae; Chlorophyta. . However, the filter shouldn't be cleaned too often, as its efficiency is due largely to bacteriological bac·te·ri·ol·o·gy n. The study of bacteria, especially in relation to medicine and agriculture. bac·te growth in the sand. Cleaning is simple. Just scrape off a quarter-inch of sand. More clean sand should be added after several such cleanings. |
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