Fatal occupational injuries at road construction sites.During the 1995 to 2002 period, 844 workers were killed while working at a road construction site. (1) More than half of these fatalities were attributable to a worker being struck by a vehicle or mobile equipment. The range of these fatal occupational injuries was a low of 93 in 1996 and a high of 124 in 1999, as shown below: 1995 94 1996 93 1997 94 1998 113 1999 124 2000 106 2001 118 2002 102 Fatal workplace injuries at road construction sites were first identified as a separate category in the Bureau of Labor Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) A research agency of the U.S. Department of Labor; it compiles statistics on hours of work, average hourly earnings, employment and unemployment, consumer prices and many other variables. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI CFOI Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries CFOI Certified Fiber Optics Installer (Electronics Technician Association, Greencastle IN) ) in 1995. Since that time, overall workplace fatalities have generally declined, but fatalities at road construction sites have fluctuated, staying in the low 100's since 1998. Workplace fatalities that occur at a road construction site typically account for 1.5 percent to 2.0 percent of all workplace fatalities annually. A number of safety measures safety measures, n.pl actions (e.g., use of glasses, face masks) taken to protect patients and office personnel from such known hazards as particles and aerosols from high-speed rotary instruments, mercury vapor, radiation exposure, anesthetic and exist for road construction sites. For instance, the Federal Highway Administration's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices provides guidance ranging from the types of signs to use at a road construction site to the proper use of rumble strips. (2) In addition, the Federal Highway Administration The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation. The agency's major activities are grouped into two "programs," The Federal-aid Highway Program and the Federal Lands Highway offers tips for motorists on traveling safely through road construction sites. (3) As fatal work injuries at road construction sites continue to account annually for a large number of fatal occupational injuries, it becomes even more important to determine the types of workers involved in road construction site fatalities and the events that precipitate the fatalities. (4) What is a road construction site? There are various definitions of what constitutes a road construction site. According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. the BLS See Bureau of Labor Statistics. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, a road construction site includes, "... road construction workers and vehicle occupants fatally fa·tal·ly adv. 1. So as to cause death; mortally: fatally injured. 2. So as to result in disaster or ruin. 3. According to the decree of fate; inevitably. Adv. 1. injured in·jure tr.v. in·jured, in·jur·ing, in·jures 1. To cause physical harm to; hurt. 2. To cause damage to; impair. 3. in work zones. Work zones include construction, maintenance, and utility work on a road, street, or highway." The Federal Highway Administration's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices gives this definition, "A work zone is an area of a highway with construction, maintenance, or utility work activities. A work zone is typically marked by signs, channelizing devices, barriers, pavement pavement, the wearing surface of a road, street, or sidewalk. Parts of Babylon and Troy are believed to have been paved; Roman roads were noted for their durable stone paving. Cobblestones were common from late medieval times into the 19th cent. markings, and/or work vehicles. It extends from the first warning sign or high-intensity rotating ro·tate v. ro·tat·ed, ro·tat·ing, ro·tates v.intr. 1. To turn around on an axis or center. 2. , flashing, oscillating os·cil·late intr.v. os·cil·lat·ed, os·cil·lat·ing, os·cil·lates 1. To swing back and forth with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm. 2. , or strobe strobe n. 1. A strobe light. 2. A stroboscope. 3. A spot of higher than normal intensity in the sweep of an indicator, as on a radar screen, used as a reference mark for determining distance. lights on a vehicle to the END ROAD WORK sign or the last TTC [temporary traffic control] device." (5) In this report, only fatal work injuries that occurred at road construction sites as defined by CFOI are included in the analysis. Fatal work injuries at road construction sites were identified in two ways. First, all occupational fatalities that were coded as having occurred at a road construction site were included. (6) Next, the remaining CFOI record set was searched for key variables that might indicate that a fatal work injury did indeed occur at a road construction site, but was not coded as such. These variables include: * Keywords. Records with narratives containing variations on the following words were examined-zone, construction site, worksite, pedestrian A pedestrian is a person travelling on foot, whether walking or running. In modern times, the term mostly refers to someone walking on a road or footpath, but this was not the case historically. History Walking is the primary means of human locomotion. , road construction, road site, flag, cone cone, in botany cone or strobilus (strŏb`ələs), in botany, reproductive organ of the gymnosperms (the conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes). , road crew, highway construction, street construction, barrel, manhole, road repair, painting line, pothole pothole, in geology, cylindrical pit formed in the rocky channel of a turbulent stream. It is formed and enlarged by the abrading action of pebbles and cobbles that are carried by eddies, or circular water currents that move against the main current of a stream. , and sewer SEWER. Properly a trench artificially made for the purpose of carrying water into the sea, river, or some other place of reception. Public sewers are, in general, made at the public expense. Crabb, R. P. Sec. 113. . * Industry. All records in which the decedent An individual who has died. The term literally means "one who is dying," but it is commonly used in the law to denote one who has died, particularly someone who has recently passed away. was employed in Standard Industrial Classification (sic Latin, In such manner; so; thus. A misspelled or incorrect word in a quotation followed by "[sic]" indicates that the error appeared in the original source. ) 1611--Highway and Street Construction; or sic 1622Bridge, Tunnel, and Elevated Highway Construction; and where the fatality fa·tal·i·ty n. 1. A death resulting from an accident or disaster. 2. One that is killed as a result of such an occurrence. occurred on a roadway were examined. * Occupation. All records in which the decedent was employed, per the U.S. Census Bureau Noun 1. Census Bureau - the bureau of the Commerce Department responsible for taking the census; provides demographic information and analyses about the population of the United States Bureau of the Census Occupation Codes, as a construction laborer (869), operating engineer (844), or paving, surfacing, and tamping tamp tr.v. tamped, tamp·ing, tamps 1. To pack down tightly by a succession of blows or taps. 2. To pack clay, sand, or dirt into (a drill hole) above an explosive. equipment operator (594), and where the fatality occurred on a roadway were examined. * Worker activity. All records in which the decedent was, as classified by the CFOI worker activity codes, directing or flagging traffic (150); walking behind a vehicle (162); or resurfacing, blacktopping, etc. (140); and where the fatality occurred on a roadway were examined. * Source and secondary source. All records in which the source or secondary source of the fatal work injury, as classified by the Occupational Injury and Illnesses Classification System, was construction, logging, and mining machinery (codes 3200 to 3299) and where the fatality occurred on a roadway were examined. * Event. All records in which the decedent was killed, as classified in the Occupational Injury and Illnesses Classification System, by being struck by a vehicle or mobile equipment and where the fatality occurred on a roadway were examined. Records found through this key variable search deemed to have occurred at a road construction site (per the CFOI definition), but not coded as road construction, were recoded for this report. (7) Limitations of the data. The consistency of the application of the road construction site location code in CFOI could affect the data used for this analysis. An examination of the CFOI narratives shows that the road construction site location code was applied more rigorously later in the study period. (8) More cases in need of recoding Noun 1. recoding - converting from one code to another coding, steganography, cryptography, secret writing - act of writing in code or cipher were found in the early years of the study than in the latter years. These different applications of the code may skew (1) The misalignment of a document or punch card in the feed tray or hopper that prohibits it from being scanned or read properly. (2) In facsimile, the difference in rectangularity between the received and transmitted page. the data; that is, the increase in fatal work injuries at road construction sites over time may be partly due to the more rigorous application of the location code in the latter years of the study period. Dangers at road construction sites Few work environments present the multitude of risks as do road construction sites. For example, vehicles may pass by at high speeds, and the work conditions are constantly changing. Data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration show that injuries at road construction sites are a major concern. In 2001, 1,079 people were killed at a road construction site. (9) This figure includes people who were not at work at the time of their death, such as occupants of vehicles passing through road construction sites for nonwork-related reasons. Highway traffic is a concern for workers at a road construction site, but workers also face a similar danger from vehicles and mobile equipment being used at such sites. As shown later, fatally injured workers at road construction sites were more likely to be struck and killed by construction vehicles and equipment than by automobiles. To improve the country's roads, Congress passed the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century
The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) was enacted June 9, 1998, as Public Law 105-178. (TEA-21) in 1998. This act provided more than $200 billion dollars for transportation-related programs. (10) This legislation is in the process of being renewed. (11) Improving the country's roads will mean that more road construction sites will be needed. To better protect workers, the Federal Government has taken steps to improve safety in work zones. For example, in 2001, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health, see there NIOSH Recommendations for Safety & Health Standards Agent NIOSH REL*/OSHA PEL† Health effects ) published "Building Safer Highway Workzones: Measures to Prevent Worker Injuries From Vehicles and Equipment." (12) In addition, the National Work Zone Safety Information Clearinghouse was created in February of 1998 to improve safety in highway work zones. (13) This clearinghouse provides access to data, training, and safety information for workers at road construction sites. Data analysis Demographics The attributes of people in a particular geographic area. Used for marketing purposes, population, ethnic origins, religion, spoken language, income and age range are examples of demographic data. . As mentioned earlier, over the 1995-2002 period, 844 workers lost their lives due to fatal work injuries incurred at a road construction site. (See table 1.) The workplace fatality demographic breakdown for this group was very similar to the workplace fatality demographic breakdown for workers in general. Males accounted for 93 percent (787) of the workplace fatalities at a road construction site, compared with 92 percent for all workplace fatalities. White workers accounted for 73 percent (613) of the road construction site workplace fatalities and 73 percent of fatally injured workers overall. Black workers and Hispanic workers represented 10 percent and 14 percent, respectively, of workplace fatalities occurring at road construction sites, and 10 percent and 12 percent of workplace fatalities to all workers. In terms of age, approximately 70 percent (594) of the decedents were between the ages of 25 and 54. Workers under age 25 made up 10 percent of fatal work injuries incurred at a road construction site and 11 percent of fatal work injuries overall. Workers age 55 and older accounted for 20 percent of the fatal work injuries incurred at a road construction site and 22 percent of workplace fatalities overall. Workers killed at a road construction site were largely working for wage and salary; approximately 96 percent (811) of the decedents were wage/salary workers, while only 4 percent were self-employed. For overall workplace fatalities from 1995 to 2002, 80 percent of the decedents were wage/salary workers and 20 percent were self-employed. Texas had the largest number of workplace fatalities at road construction sites; 8 percent (71) of the workplace fatalities occurred in this State. (See table 2, page 45.) Other States with a large number of these types of occupational fatalities included California (6 percent), Florida (5 percent), Ohio (5 percent), Pennsylvania (5 percent), and New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of (5 percent). Eventor exposure. More than four-fifths (693) of occupational fatalities that occur at a road construction site were caused by transportation incidents. Most prevalent were workers who were struck by a vehicle or mobile equipment, who accounted for approximately 60 percent (509) of all fatal work injuries that occurred at a road construction site. (See table 3, page 45.) Other fatal events of note included highway collisions between vehicles or mobile equipment (10 percent of all fatal work injuries at a road construction site), being struck by an object (5 percent), and falls (3 percent). Industry and occupation. In the private sector, 82 percent (566) of the road construction site decedents worked in construction. (See table 4, page 45.) Most of these construction fatalities (60 percent) were incurred by workers in highway and street construction. No other major industry group in the private sector accounted for more than 8 percent of the fatalities. Government workers accounted for 18 percent (156) of the workplace fatalities that occurred at a road construction site. These fatalities were incurred primarily by State and local government workers. As in the private sector, decedents working for a government entity were most likely to be working in highway and street construction. Among occupations, 40 percent (335) of the decedents worked as construction laborers. (See table 4, page 45.) The remaining decedents were employed in the construction trades (20 percent), as material moving equipment operators (12 percent), and as truck drivers (10 percent), among other occupations. (14) Struck by vehicle or mobile equipment incidents. Approximately 60 percent (509 fatalities) of the occupational fatalities that occurred at road construction sites were the result of workers being struck by vehicles or mobile equipment. Construction laborers incurred 49 percent (247) of these fatalities. In addition, 48 percent (242) of the decedents were working in the private highway and street construction industry. Geographically, these incidents were most likely to occur in Texas (9 percent, or 46 fatalities, of all struck by vehicle or mobile equipment workplace fatalities at road construction sites), Florida (7 percent), California (6 percent), Pennsylvania (6 percent) and Ohio (6 percent). (See table 5.) For fatalities for which the time of incident was available, 29 percent of the decedents who were struck by vehicles or mobile equipment at a road construction site were struck between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 11:59 a.m., and 17 percent were struck between 6:00 a.m. and 8:59 a.m. These percentages were larger than those for all fatal occupational injuries, where 23 percent occurred between 9:00 a.m. and 11:59 a.m., and 13 percent occurred between 6:00 a.m. and 8:59 a.m. Fatalities at road construction sites from being struck by a vehicle or mobile equipment also tend to be more clustered in the daylight hours (6:00 a.m. to 5:59 p.m.) than fatalities in general. Approximately 83 percent of the fatal work injuries incurred by workers at road construction sites from being struck by a vehicle or mobile equipment occurred in daylight hours, while 75 percent of all fatal work injuries occurred during these hours. In struck by vehicle or mobile equipment cases, the vehicle or mobile equipment that struck the worker is the source of the fatal injury. In 54 percent (274) of the cases, a truck struck the worker. Of these trucks, 36 percent were dump trucks, 21 percent were pickup Pickup A gain in yield made by selling one bond and buying another. Also referred to as "yield pickup." Notes: When the present yield is relatively low compared to the longer-term yields, pickups will be done by investors trying to increase the yield and duration of their trucks, and 19 percent were semitrailer sem·i·trail·er n. A trailer having a set or several sets of wheels at the rear only, with the forward portion being supported by the truck tractor or towing vehicle. , tractor tractor, in agriculture, vehicle used to pull such equipment as plows, cultivators, and mowers; to power stationary devices such as saws and winches; and to push snowplows and earth-moving implements. trailer In communications, a code or set of codes that make up the last part of a transmitted message. See trailer label. , or trailer trucks. Automobiles were the source in 28 percent (143) of all cases of struck by vehicle or mobile equipment at road construction sites. Finally, construction machinery, which includes backhoes, levelers Levelers or Levellers, English Puritan sect active at the time of the English civil war. The name was apparently applied to them in 1647, in derision of their beliefs in equality. , planers, scrapers, steamrollers, and road pavers, accounted for 11 percent (56) of the struck by vehicle or mobile equipment fatalities. (See table 6.) Note that workers at a road construction site faced a greater likelihood of being struck by a construction vehicle or construction equipment than of being struck by a car, While 28 percent of the workers who were killed in struck by vehicle or mobile equipment incidents at a road construction site were struck by automobiles, 31 percent were struck by dump trucks or construction machinery. With respect to the activity the decedent was performing when he or she was struck by a vehicle or mobile equipment, 29 percent (147) were constructing, repairing, or cleaning. Approximately 28 percent were walking in or near a roadway when they were struck, slightly more than 18 percent were directing or flagging traffic, and 7 percent were resurfacing or blacktopping. (See table 7.)
Table 1. Worker fatalities at road construction sites
over the 1995-2002 period, by selected
demographic characteristics
Characteristics Number of fatalities
Total 844
Employee status:
Wage and salary workers (1) 811
Self-employed (2) 33
Gender:
Male 787
Female 57
Age:
18 to 19 years 17
20 to 24 years 63
25 to 34 years 185
35 to 44 years 213
45 to 54 years 196
55 to 64 years 130
65 years and older 36
Race or ethnic origin: (3)
White 613
Black or African American 86
Hispanic or Latino (4) 118
(1) May include volunteers and other workers receiving compensation.
(2) Includes paid and unpaid family workers, and may include owners
of incorporated businesses, or members of partnerships.
(3) The categories "White" and "Black or African American" do not
include "Hispanic or Latino" persons.
Persons identified as Hispanic may be of any race.
NOTE: Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from the September
11 terrorist attacks. Totals for major categories may include
subcategories not shown separately.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and
Federal agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
Table 2. Worker fatalities at road construction sites over the
1995-2002 period, by State of incident
State of incident Number of fatalities
Texas 71
California 51
Florida 46
Ohio 46
Pennsylvania 44
New York 40
Indiana 38
Illinois 36
Virginia 36
Georgia 32
NOTE: Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from the
September 11 terrorist attacks.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, NewYork City, District of Columbia, and
Federal agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
Table 3. Worker fatalities at road construction sites over
the 1995-2002 period, by event or exposure
Event or exposure Number of fatalities
Transportation incidents 693
Highway 137
Collision between vehicles, mobile
equipment 83
Moving in the same direction 29
Moving and standing vehicle,
mobile equipment in roadway 29
Noncollision 36
Jack-knifed or overturned-no
collision 27
Nonhighway 43
Noncollision accident 41
Overturned 27
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile
equipment 509
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile
equipment in roadway 363
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile
equipment on side of road 119
Contact with objects and equipment 85
Struck by object 44
Falls 28
Exposure to harmful substances and
environments 33
Contact with electric current 23
Contact with overhead power lines 20
NOTE: Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from the
September 11 terrorist attacks. Totals for major categories may
include subcategories not shown separately.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and
Federal agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
Table 4. Worker fatalities at road construction sites over the
1995-2002 period, by industry and occupation
Characteristics Number of
fatalities
Industry:
Private industry 688
Construction 566
Heavy construction, except building 467
Highway and street construction 340
Heavy construction, except highway. 125
Bridge, tunnel, and elevated highway 70
Water, sewer, and utility lines 34
Special trade contractors 90
Transportation and public utilities 52
Trucking and warehousing 44
Trucking and courier services,
except air 44
Trucking, except local 34
Services 34
Government (1) 156
State government 83
Construction 57
Heavy construction, except building 56
Highway and street construction 55
Public administration 24
Local government 70
Construction 38
Heavy construction, except building 38
Highway and street construction 37
Public administration 29
Occupation:
Managerial and professional specialty 52
Precision production, craft, and repair 183
Construction trades 170
Supervisors, construction occupations 55
Construction trades, except supervisors 115
Paving, surfacing, and tamping
equipment operators 27
Operators, fabricators, and laborers 558
Transportation and material moving
occupations 186
Motor vehicle operators 85
Truck drivers 83
Material moving equipment operators 101
Operating engineers 54
Grader, dozer, and scraper operators 27
Handlers, equipment cleaners, operators,
and laborers 359
Construction laborers 335
(1) Includes fatalities to workers employed in governmental
organizations regardless of industry.
NOTE: Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from the
September 11 terrorist attacks. Totals for major categories may
include subcategories not shown separately.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and
Federal agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
Table 5. Worker fatalities at road construction
sites over the 1995-2002 period, resulting from
being struck by a vehicle or mobile equipment,
by State of incident
State Number
of of
incident fatalities
Texas 46
Florida 37
California 33
Pennsylvania 30
Ohio 29
Illinois 23
Georgia 22
NewYork 20
Virginia 18
North Carolina 17
NOTE: Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from the
September 11 terrorist attacks.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and
Federal agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
Table 6. Worker fatalities at road construction sites over the
1995-2000 period, resulting from being struck by a
vehicle or mobile equipment, by source of the fatality
Fatalities
Source Number Percent
All struck by vehicle or mobile equipment
fatalities (1) 509 100
Vehicles 446 88
Highway vehicle-motorized 441 87
Automobile 143 28
Truck 274 54
Dump truck 100 20
Pickup truck 57 11
Semi-trailer, tractor trailer, or trailer
truck 53 10
Van 14 3
Machinery 63 12
Construction, logging, and mining machinery 56 11
Excavating machinery 21 4
Backhoes 9 2
Bulldozers 6 1
Road grading and surfacing machinery 30 6
Graders, levelers, planers, and scrapers 20 4
Steam rollers and road oavers 6 1
(1) In struck by vehicle or mobile equipment fatalities, the source of
the fatality is the vehicle or mobile equipment that struck the
decedent
NOTE: Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from the
September 11 terrorist attacks Totals for major categories may
include subcategories not shown separately
SOURCE: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, NewYork City, District of Columbia, and
Federal agencies, Cen-sus of Fatal Occupational Injuries
Table 7. Worker fatalities at road construction sites over the
1995-2002 period, resulting from being struck by a
vehicle or mobile equipment, by worker activity
Worker activity Fatalities
Number Percent
All struck by vehicle or mobile equipment
fatalities 509 100
Vehicular and transportation operation 278 55
Resurfacing and blacktopping 38 7
Directing or flagging traffic 93 18
Walking in or near roadway 141 28
Using or operating tools or machinery 17 3
Constructing, repairing, or cleaning 147 29
Construction, assembling, or
dismantling 66 13
Constructing or assembling 10 2
Installing 14 3
Dismantling or removing 8 2
Repairs or maintenance 30 6
Repairing 17 3
Maintenance 9 2
Inspecting or checking 18 4
Painting, etc. 11 2
Material handling operations 12 2
Physical activity, not elsewhere classified (1) 46 9
(1) Includes walking, sitting, running, and climbing ladders or
stairs.
NOTE: Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from the September
11 terrorist attacks Totals for major categories may include
subcategories not shown separately.
SOURCE: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and
Federal agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
Notes ACKNOWLEDGMENT acknowledgment, in law, formal declaration or admission by a person who executed an instrument (e.g., a will or a deed) that the instrument is his. The acknowledgment is made before a court, a notary public, or any other authorized person. : The author thanks Dino Drudi, Samuel Meyer, Katharine Newman, Stephanic Pratt. Scott Richardson Scott Andrew Richardson (born September 5, 1977 in Oldham, Lancashire) is a first class cricketer who played 13 first class matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 2000 and 2003. He also played 1 List A one day game in 2002. , Bill Wiatrowski, and Janice Windau for their assistance in the preparation of this article. (1) Preliminary data for 2002 are used in this analysis. (2) For more information on the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, see http:// mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/ (3) See http://safery.fh wa.dot.gov/roaduser/ wzs.htm (4) For an examination of worker fatalities in highway work zones from 1992 to 1998, see pages 5 and 6 of Building Safer Highway Work Zones: Measures to Prevent Worker Injuries from Vehicles and Equipment, on the Internet at: http://www.ede.gov/niosh/pdfs/01-12g.pdf (5) See http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/ 2003r1/Ch6A-E.pdf, page 6C-2. (6) CFOI uses a location code of 65 to designate des·ig·nate tr.v. des·ig·nat·ed, des·ig·nat·ing, des·ig·nates 1. To indicate or specify; point out. 2. To give a name or title to; characterize. 3. fatal work injuries that occur at road construction sites. (7) Ascertaining whether a record should be recoded as a road construction fatality was sometimes complicated by vague and/or incomplete narratives. For the borderline borderline /bor·der·line/ (-lin) of a phenomenon, straddling the dividing line between two categories. borderline cases, the determination as to whether a fatality occurred at a road construction site was made by examining the combination of the narrative, industry, occupation, and worker activity. Because there are various definitions of what constitutes a road construction site, different people may make different determinations as to whether a fatal work injury occurred at a road construction site. For this analysis, the reclassifications were made by the author with in put from CFOI staff. These reclassifications were based on a consistent set of requirements formulated for·mu·late tr.v. for·mu·lat·ed, for·mu·lat·ing, for·mu·lates 1. a. To state as or reduce to a formula. b. To express in systematic terms or concepts. c. by the author and CFOI Staff. (8) The examination of the narratives should mitigate mit·i·gate v. To moderate in force or intensity. mit  i·ga tion n. the problems
arising from the application of the location code. The breakdown for
added records is as follows:
Years Records Years Records
added added
1995 63 1999 53
1996 47 2000 43
1997 36 2001 45
1998 37 2002 24
In total, 496 records were included because the location code was 65-road construction. An additional 348 were added after examining records. (9) See Table 61 in http://www-nrd.nhtsa. dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSFAnn/TSF2001. pdf (10) Camille Villanova, "Looking for Safety Zones," Job Safety and Health Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 19. For more information on TEA--21, see http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tea21/ (11) For more information on the reauthorization on TEA-21, see http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ reauthorization/index.htm (12) See http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/01128.pdf (13) The National Work Zone Safety Information Clearinghouse was the product of collaboration between the American Road & Transportation Builders Association (ARTBA ARTBA American Road and Transportation Builders Association ) and the Federal Highway Administration. Now, it is run jointly by ARTBA and the Texas Transportation Institute The Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) is the largest transportation research agency in the United States. Created in 1950, primarily in response to the needs of the Texas Highway Department (now the Texas Department of Transportation), TTI has since broadened its focus to . For more information, access http:// wzsafety.tamu.edu and http://wzsafety.tamu. edu/files/brochure.stm (14) Material moving equipment operators include occupations such as operating engineers Operating Engineers are tradepeople who operate machinery. There are two main types of workers that share this title and trade union affiliation (IUOE). The first group are workers who operate steam plants and boilers. ; excavating and loading machine operators; and grader A grader, also commonly referred to as a blade or a motor grader, is an engineering vehicle with a large blade used to create a flat surface. Typical models have three axles, with the engine and cab situated above the rear axles at one end of the vehicle and a third , dozer, and scraper See scraping. operators. Stephen Pegula is an economist in the Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion