FM 2-0, intelligence: changes to expand our capstone doctrine.

On 27 January of this year, Lieutenant General William S. Wallace, Commander, Combined Arms Center, approved the Revised DRAG Draft of FM 2-0. FM 2-0 supersedes FM 34-1, Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations, 27 September 1994. The U.S. Army Intelligence Center (USAIC) is currently producing FM 2-0 as a camera-ready copy (CRC), which will be forwarded to the Army Publishing Directorate (APD) for publication. FM 2-0 should be published within the next few months. In the interim, USAIC will place the CRC as a final approved draft on our Army Knowledge Online (AKO) collaboration website for units to download and use until APD prints and distributes FM 2-0. USAIC will also disseminate FM 2-0 via CD to those units for which we have mailing addresses to facilitate their receiving our keystone manual. If you are unsure if the USAIC Doctrine Division has your current unit mailing address, please E-mail your unit's mailing address to ATZS-FDC-D @hua.army.mil.

FM 2-0 was developed to describe Intelligence operations within the context of the new Army keystone doctrine contained in FM 3-0, Operations. FM 2-0 also was developed based on the changes and new doctrine contained in:

* FM 6-0, Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces (staff portion of the old FM 101-5).

* FM 7-15, Army Universal Task List (AUTL).

* The final draft of FM 5-0, Army Planning and Orders Production (planning and orders portion of the old FM 101-5).

* FM 3-90, Tactics.

* FM 3-07, Stability Operations and Support Operations.

FM 2-0 describes intelligence support to the commander within the new contemporary operational environment (COE). The major doctrinal changes within the manual include the new intelligence tasks, a discussion of the COE, the new intelligence process (previously the intelligence cycle), and our updated intelligence disciplines. Figure 1 lists the eleven critical variables of the COE in context with the operational environment.

[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]

In the new FM 2-0, our intelligence tasks were written in accordance with the AUTL as follows:

* Support to situational understanding.

* Support to strategic responsiveness.

* Conduct intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR).

* Provide intelligence support to effects.

Intelligence personnel and organizations within the Intelligence battlefield operating system (BOS) conduct these four primary intelligence tasks to facilitate the commander's visualization and understanding of the threat and the battlespace. These tasks are interactive and often take place simultaneously. Figure 2 illustrates how these tasks support the commander's requirements.

FM 2-0 also outlines the COE. The COE is the operational environment that exists in the world today and in which our forces are currently conducting operations. The manual outlines the eleven critical variables of the COE that facilitate understanding of the threat and which define the operational environment. Only by studying and understanding these variables--and incorporating them into training--will the Army be able to both keep adversaries from gaining an operational advantage against the United States and to find ways to use these variables to our own advantage.

The manual also includes the new Intelligence Process. FM 34-1 discussed the intelligence cycle depicting how intelligence supported operations. FM 2-0 discusses intelligence personnel and units using the intelligence process to support the operations process. Figure 3 illustrates how the intelligence process works within the operations process. Intelligence operations generally include the five functions that constitute the intelligence process: plan, prepare, collect, process, and produce. Additionally, three common tasks occur across the five functions of the intelligence process: analyze, disseminate, and assess. The intelligence process functions are not necessarily sequential, which separates it from the Joint intelligence cycle. The intelligence process provides a common model that guides one's thinking, discussing, planning, defining the area of interest (AOI), and assessing the threat.

[FIGURE 3 OMITTED]

FM 2-0 also updates our intelligence disciplines. HUMINT, IMINT, SIGINT, MASINT, and TECHINT remain as disciplines. The change is that All-Source Intelligence is now a discipline. This change is because all-source intelligence is more than simply a task used to produce intelligence from multiple disciplines or information sources. All-source intelligence involves units, organizations, and activities all focused on conducting the task of producing all-source intelligence and then disseminating the product to users at various echelons. This change now provides our 35Ds, 350Bs, and 96Bs with a discipline like the rest of their intelligence counterparts. Although joint doctrine includes open-source intelligence (OSINT) as an intelligence discipline, Army intelligence doctrine continues to view open source as a category of information used by each of the disciplines to perform their mission and conduct their analysis. This view does not diminish the importance of open-source information.

Additionally, because of all of these changes, FM 2-0 more closely ties to the Army operational doctrine and operational process. The intent of the new intelligence manual is to better "operationalize" intelligence and truly show how intelligence will support commanders in today's operational environment. FM 2-0 discusses a combined BOS and staff approach to the preparation and conduct of all operations. It discusses how ISR involves both the G3/S3 and G2/S2 to answer the commander's critical information requirements (CCIRs) and to facilitate his situational understanding and visualization of the battlespace. This joint effort between G3/S3 and G2/S2 requires extensive and close cooperation and integration; this also requires an integrated staff approach to planning, executing, and redirecting ISR. USAIC has worked hard in the production of FM 2-0 to clearly show intelligence's continued relevance and place as an element of combat power.

Figure 2. Intelligence Tailored to the Commander's Needs.

      INTELLIGENCE           COMMANDER'S              COMMANDER'S
          TASKS                 FOCUS                DECISIONS

Support to Situational   Plan a mission.     Which COA will I
 Understanding           Execute the          implement?
- Perform IPB             operation.
- Perform Situation      Secure              Which enemy actions
  Development             the force.          are expected?
- Provide Intelligence
  Support to Force
  Protection
- Conduct Police
  Intelligence
  Operations

Support to Strategic     Orient on           Should I increase the
 Responsiveness           contingencies.      unit's level
- Perform I&W                                 of readiness?
- Ensure Intelligence
  Readiness
- Conduct Area                               Should I implement the
  Studies of Foreign                          OPLAN?
  Countries
- Support Sensitive
  Site Exploitation

Conduct Intelligence,    Plan the mission.   Which DPs, HPTs, etc.,
 Surveillance, and       Prepare.             are linked to the
 Reconnaissance          Execute.             enemy actions?
- Perform                Assess.
  Intelligence                               Are the assets
  Synchronization                             available and in
- Perform ISR                                 position to collect
  Integration                                 on the DPs, HPTs,
- Conduct Tactical                            etc.?
  Reconnaissance
- Conduct Surveillance                       Have the assets been
                                              repositioned for
                                              contingency mission?

Provide Intelligence     Destroy/suppress/   Is my fire (lethal
 Support to Effects       neutralize          or non-lethal) and
- Provide                 targets.            maneuver effective?
  Intelligence Support   Reposition
  to Targeting            intelligence or    Should I refire on the
- Provide Intelligence    attack assets.      same targets?
  Support to 10
- Provide Intelligence
  Support to Combat
  Assessment

Key:

COA - Course of action

DPs - Decision points

HPTs - High-payoff targets

I&W - Indications and warnings

IPB - Intelligence preparation of the battlefield

OPLAN - Operations plan

Lee Goodman is currently the Writing Branch Chief of the USAIC Doctrine Division. Readers may contact him via E-mail at [e-mail] and telephonically at [phone] or DSN 879-0971.