FDA Approves Expanded Age Indication for VAQTA(R) (Hepatitis A Vaccine, Inactivated), Merck's Hepatitis A Vaccine, to Children as Young as 12 Months of Age.WHITEHOUSE STATION, N.J. -- Merck & Co., Inc. today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA FDA abbr. Food and Drug Administration FDA, n.pr See Food and Drug Administration. FDA, n.pr the abbreviation for the Food and Drug Administration. ) has approved VAQTA Vaqta A vaccine against HAV made of killed hepatitis A virus to stimulate the body's immune system to produce antibodies against HAV. See Hepatitis A. (R) (hepatitis A vaccine Hepatitis A Vaccine, Avaxim, is a vaccine against the Hepatitis A virus. The vaccine protects against the virus in more than 95% of cases and provides protection from the virus for ten years. , inactivated inactivated rendered inactive; the activity is destroyed. inactivated viruses treated so that they are no longer able to produce evidence of growth or damaging effect on tissue. ) for use in children 12 months of age and older. VAQTA is now the first and only hepatitis A vaccine that can be used in children as young as 12 months of age. Previously, VAQTA was approved for use in people two years of age and older. "Surveillance data have shown that young children often transmit hepatitis A Hepatitis A Definition Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by a virus, the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It varies in severity, running an acute course, generally starting within two to six weeks after contact with the virus, and lasting no in the United States, but since they do not typically show symptoms, they unknowingly pass the infection on to older siblings and parents who can become very ill from hepatitis A," said Fernando Guerra, M.D., MPH, director of Health, San Antonio Metropolitan Health District. "The expanded age indication for VAQTA is good news for parents, doctors and the public health community because it means we can help protect children against hepatitis A earlier in life." Study Supports Use of VAQTA Starting at 12 Months of Age The younger age indication for VAQTA is supported by the results of an open-label study of children with no evidence of hepatitis A infection. The study was designed to investigate the immunogenicity immunogenicity /im·mu·no·ge·nic·i·ty/ (-je-nis´it-e) the property enabling a substance to provoke an immune response, or the degree to which a substance possesses this property. and safety of VAQTA in this age group when it was administered with and without other routinely used vaccines given at the same age. In this study of 617 children 12-23 months of age, 343 children were evaluated for indicators of an immune response immune response n. An integrated bodily response to an antigen, especially one mediated by lymphocytes and involving recognition of antigens by specific antibodies or previously sensitized lymphocytes. to VAQTA after the second dose of a two dose series. Of these children (n=343), 100 percent developed protective immune responses. The study also showed that VAQTA may be given concomitantly with M-M-R II(R) (Measles, Mumps and Rubella Virus Vaccine rubella virus vaccine n. A vaccine containing live attenuated rubella virus prepared in duck embryo or human diploid cell culture and administered as a single subcutaneous injection to immunize against rubella. Live), another Merck vaccine. Data on concomitant use with other routinely recommended childhood vaccines are limited. In combined clinical trials involving healthy children 12-23 months of age, (n=706) who received one or more doses (approx.25U) of VAQTA alone or in combination with other routinely recommended pediatric pediatric /pe·di·at·ric/ (pe?de-at´rik) pertaining to the health of children. pe·di·at·ric adj. Of or relating to pediatrics. vaccines, the most commonly reported complaints (>2 percent of injections) after one or both of the doses of VAQTA were localized injection-site reactions injection-site reactions apart from those caused by infection at the site there is a characteristic reaction in dogs and cats which is a germinal center created by the strong antigenic stimulus provided by the injection. (pain/tenderness/soreness), fever, diarrhea, vomiting, irritability, upper respiratory infection Noun 1. upper respiratory infection - infection of the upper respiratory tract respiratory infection, respiratory tract infection - any infection of the respiratory tract , rhinorrhea, cough, rash and otitis media Otitis Media Definition Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear space, behind the eardrum (tympanic membrane). It is characterized by pain, dizziness, and partial loss of hearing. . Hepatitis A Still Prevalent and Potentially Serious in the United States Hepatitis A is a contagious disease contagious disease n. See communicable disease. caused by a virus that can result in an infection of the liver. Symptoms include jaundice jaundice (jôn`dĭs, jän`–), abnormal condition in which the body fluids and tissues, particularly the skin and eyes, take on a yellowish color as a result of an excess of bilirubin. , fever, abdominal pain, dark urine and nausea. Signs and symptoms usually last less than two months, although 10-15 percent of symptomatic persons have prolonged or relapsing disease lasting up to six months. The virus is transmitted most frequently by the fecal-oral route through person-to-person contact and/or ingestion ingestion /in·ges·tion/ (-chun) the taking of food, drugs, etc., into the body by mouth. in·ges·tion n. 1. The act of taking food and drink into the body by the mouth. 2. of contaminated food or water. The source of a case of hepatitis A is unknown in nearly half of all cases. There is no specific treatment available for hepatitis A. According to a Center for Disease Control and Prevention Noun 1. Center for Disease Control and Prevention - a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services; located in Atlanta; investigates and diagnoses and tries to control or prevent diseases (especially new and unusual diseases) CDC (CDC See Control Data, century date change and Back Orifice. CDC - Control Data Corporation ) report issued in September of 2004, there were 8,795 reported cases of hepatitis A in 2002, down from an average of 28,000 cases per year from 1987 through 1997, before hepatitis A vaccines became widely used. Approximately 25 percent of hepatitis A cases reported in 2002 required hospitalization and approximately one in 200 cases resulted in death. About VAQTA VAQTA is indicated for active immunization Active immunization Treatment that provides immunity by challenging an individual's own immune system to produce antibody against a particular organism, in this case the rabies virus. Mentioned in: Rabies against disease caused by hepatitis A virus Noun 1. hepatitis A virus - the virus causing hepatitis A enterovirus - any of a group of picornaviruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other areas (especially the nervous system) in persons 12 months of age and older. Primary immunization immunization: see immunity; vaccination. should be given at least 2 weeks prior to expected exposure to hepatitis A virus (HAV HAV hepatitis A virus. HAV abbr. hepatitis A virus HAV Hepatitis A virus, see there ). Individuals 12 months through 18 years of age should receive a single 0.5 mL (approx.25U) dose of vaccine at elected date and a booster dose booster dose see booster dose. of 0.5 mL (approx.25U) 6-18 months later. Adults =>19 years of age should receive a single 1.0 mL (approx.50U) dose of vaccine at elected date and a booster dose of 1.0 mL (approx.50U) 6-18 months later. VAQTA is contraindicated in individuals who are hypersensitive hy·per·sen·si·tive adj. Responding excessively to the stimulus of a foreign agent, such as an allergen; abnormally sensitive. hy to any component of the vaccine. Hepatitis A vaccine should not be administered to persons with a history of a severe reaction to a prior dose of hepatitis A vaccine or to a vaccine component. As with any vaccine, vaccination with VAQTA may not result in a protective response in all people. In combined clinical trials involving healthy children 12-23 months of age and children and adolescents 2-18 years of age, the most commonly reported complaints (>2% of injections) in one or both of these groups were localized injection-site reactions (pain/tenderness/soreness, warmth, erythema erythema (ĕr'əthē`mə), more or less diffuse redness of the skin due to concentration of an abnormally large amount of blood within the small vessels of the skin (hyperemia), as in burns. , swelling), fever, diarrhea, vomiting, irritability, upper respiratory infection, rhinorrhea, cough, rash, otitis media, and headache. In combined clinical trials involving healthy adults 19 years of age and older, the most commonly reported complaints (>2% of injections) were localized injection-site reactions (tenderness, pain, warmth, swelling, and erythema), headache, asthenia/fatigue, fever, pharyngitis pharyngitis Inflammation and infection (usually bacterial or viral) of the pharynx. Symptoms include pain (sore throat, worse on swallowing), redness, swollen lymph nodes, and fever. , upper respiratory infection, diarrhea, and nausea. As with any vaccine, there is the possibility that use of VAQTA in very large populations might reveal adverse experiences not observed in clinical trials. For details about the indications, contraindications, warnings, precautions, adverse reactions adverse reactions, n.pl unfavorable reactions resulting from administration of a local anesthetic; responsible factors include the drug used, concentration, and route of administration. and dosage and administration for VAQTA, please read the attached prescribing information. VAQTA is an inactivated whole virus vaccine and is the product of more than 20 years of research by Merck scientists. About Merck Merck & Co., Inc. is a global research-driven pharmaceutical company dedicated to putting patients first. Established in 1891, Merck discovers, develops, manufactures and markets vaccines and medicines in more than 20 therapeutic categories. The company devotes extensive efforts to increase access to medicines through far-reaching programs that not only donate Merck medicines but help deliver them to the people who need them. Merck also publishes unbiased health information as a not-for-profit service. For more information, visit www.merck.com Forward-Looking Statement forward-looking statement A projected financial statement based on management expectations. A forward-looking statement involves risks with regard to the accuracy of assumptions underlying the projections. : This press release contains "forward-looking statements" as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PSLRA) implemented several significant substantive changes affecting certain cases brought under the federal securities laws, including changes related to pleading, discovery, liability, class representation and awards fees and of 1995. These statements involve risks and uncertainties, which may cause results to differ materially from those set forth in the statements. The forward-looking statements may include statements regarding product development, product potential or financial performance. No forward-looking statement can be guaranteed, and actual results may differ materially from those projected. Merck undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. Forward-looking statements in this press release should be evaluated together with the many uncertainties that affect Merck's business, particularly those mentioned in the cautionary statements in Item 1 of Merck's Form 10-K Form 10-K A report required by the SEC from exchange-listed companies that provides for annual disclosure of certain financial information. Form 10-K See 10-K. for the year ended Dec. 31, 2004, and in its periodic reports on Form 10-Q Form 10-Q See 10-Q. and Form 8-K Form 8-K The form required by the SEC when a publicly held company incurs any event that might affect its financial situation or the share value of its stock. Form 8-K See 8-K. , which the company incorporates by reference. The prescribing information for VAQTA(R) is attached. 9413407 (HEPATITIS A VACCINE, INACTIVATED) VAQTA(R) DESCRIPTION VAQTA* (Hepatitis A Vaccine, Inactivated) is an inactivated whole virus vaccine derived from hepatitis A virus (HAV) grown in cell culture in human MRC-5 diploid diploid /dip·loid/ (dip´loid) 1. having two sets of chromosomes, as normally found in the somatic cells; in humans, the diploid number is 46. 2. an individual or cell having two full sets of homologous chromosomes. fibroblasts Fibroblasts A type of cell found in connective tissue; produces collagen. Mentioned in: Skin Grafting . It contains inactivated virus of a strain which was originally derived by further serial passage of a proven attenuated Attenuated Alive but weakened; an attenuated microorganism can no longer produce disease. Mentioned in: Tuberculin Skin Test attenuated having undergone a process of attenuation. strain. The virus is grown, harvested, purified by a combination of physical and high performance liquid chromatographic chro·mat·o·graph n. An instrument that produces a chromatogram. tr.v. chro·mat·o·graphed, chro·mat·o·graph·ing, chro·mat·o·graphs To separate and analyze by chromatography. techniques developed at the Merck Research Laboratories, formalin formalin /for·ma·lin/ (for´mah-lin) formaldehyde solution. for·ma·lin n. An aqueous solution of formaldehyde that is 37 percent by weight. inactivated, and then adsorbed onto amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate sulfate, chemical compound containing the sulfate (SO4) radical. Sulfates are salts or esters of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal (e.g., sodium) or a radical (e.g., ammonium or ethyl). . One milliliter milliliter /mil·li·li·ter/ (mL) (-le?ter) one thousandth (10-3) of a liter. mil·li·li·ter n. Abbr. of the vaccine contains approximately 50 units (U) of hepatitis A virus antigen, which is purified and formulated without a preservative. Within the limits of current assay variability, the 50U dose of VAQTA contains less than 0.1 mcg of non-viral protein, less than 4 x 10(-6) mcg of DNA DNA: see nucleic acid. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid One of two types of nucleic acid (the other is RNA); a complex organic compound found in all living cells and many viruses. It is the chemical substance of genes. , less than 10(-4) mcg of bovine albumin, and less than 0.8 mcg of formaldehyde. Other process chemical residuals are less than 10 parts per billion (ppb). VAQTA is a sterile suspension for intramuscular injection. VAQTA is supplied in two formulations: Pediatric/Adolescent Formulation (12 Months Through 18 Years of Age): each 0.5 mL dose contains approximately 25U of hepatitis A virus antigen adsorbed onto approximately 0.225 mg of aluminum provided as amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate, and 35 mcg of sodium borate sodium borate n. A crystalline compound that is the sodium salt of boric acid and is used as an alkalizing agent and as a mild astringent in lotions, gargles, and mouthwashes. as a pH stabilizer stabilizer: see airplane. , in 0.9% sodium chloride sodium chloride, NaCl, common salt. Properties Sodium chloride is readily soluble in water and insoluble or only slightly soluble in most other liquids. It forms small, transparent, colorless to white cubic crystals. . Adult Formulation (19 Years of Age and Older): each 1 mL dose contains approximately 50U of hepatitis A virus antigen adsorbed onto approximately 0.45 mg of aluminum provided as amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate, and 70 mcg of sodium borate as a pH stabilizer, in 0.9% sodium chloride. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Hepatitis A Disease Hepatitis A virus is one of several hepatitis viruses that cause a systemic infection with pathology in the liver. The incubation period incubation period n. 1. See latent period. 2. See incubative stage. Incubation period ranges from approximately 20 to 50 days. The course of the disease following infection ranges from asymptomatic infection to fulminant ful·mi·nant adj. Occurring suddenly, rapidly, and with great severity or intensity, usually of pain. ful hepatitis and death.(1) Protection from hepatitis A disease has been shown to be related to the presence of antibody. Protection after vaccination with VAQTA has been associated with the onset of seroconversion seroconversion /se·ro·con·ver·sion/ (-con-ver´zhun) the change of a seronegative test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to immunization or infection. ((>=)10 mIU/mL of hepatitis A antibody, measured by a modification of the HAVAB** radioimmunoassay (RIA (Rich Internet Application) A Web-based application that approaches the speed and elegance of a local application. An RIA may refer to a browser-based application that uses AJAX or another enhanced coding technique. )(2)) and with an anamnestic anamnestic /an·am·nes·tic/ (an?am-nes´tik) 1. pertaining to anamnesis. 2. aiding the memory. an·am·nes·tic adj. 1. antibody response following booster vaccination with VAQTA. Efficacy of VAQTA A very high degree of protection has been demonstrated after a single dose of VAQTA in children and adolescents.(3) The protective efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of VAQTA were evaluated in a randomized ran·dom·ize tr.v. ran·dom·ized, ran·dom·iz·ing, ran·dom·iz·es To make random in arrangement, especially in order to control the variables in an experiment. , double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 1037 susceptible healthy children and adolescents 2 through 16 years of age in a U.S. community with recurrent outbreaks of hepatitis A (The Monroe Efficacy Study). Each child received an intramuscular intramuscular /in·tra·mus·cu·lar/ (-mus´ku-ler) within the muscular substance. in·tra·mus·cu·lar adj. Abbr. IM Within a muscle. dose of VAQTA (approx.25U) or placebo. Among those individuals who were initially seronegative seronegative /se·ro·neg·a·tive/ (-neg´ah-tiv) showing negative results on serological examination; showing a lack of antibody. se·ro·neg·a·tive adj. (by modified HAVAB), seroconversion was achieved in >99% of vaccine recipients within 4 weeks after vaccination. The onset of seroconversion following a single dose of VAQTA was shown to parallel the onset of protection against clinical hepatitis A disease. Because of the long incubation period of the disease (approximately 20 to 50 days, or longer in children(4)), the primary endpoint was based on clinically confirmed cases*** of hepatitis A occurring (>=)50 days after vaccination in order to exclude any children incubating the infection before vaccination. In subjects who were initially seronegative, the protective efficacy of a single dose of VAQTA was observed to be 100% with 21 cases of clinically confirmed hepatitis A occurring in the placebo group and none in the vaccine group (p<0.001). A secondary endpoint was pre-defined as the number of clinically confirmed cases of hepatitis A (>=)30 days after vaccination. With this secondary endpoint, 28 cases of clinically confirmed hepatitis A occurred in the placebo group while none occurred in the vaccine group (>=)30 days after vaccination. In addition, it was observed in this trial that no cases of clinically confirmed hepatitis A occurred in the vaccine group after day 16.(+) Following demonstration of protection with a single dose and termination of the study, a booster dose was administered to a subset of vaccinees 6, 12, or 18 months after the primary dose. To date, no cases of clinically confirmed hepatitis A disease (>=)50 days after vaccination have occurred in those vaccinees from The Monroe Efficacy Study monitored for up to 9 years.(5) Although cases of imported infection have occurred, the study community has remained free of outbreaks, evidence for the effectiveness of VAQTA for use in community outbreak control. In contrast, three nearby sister communities to Monroe have continued to experience outbreaks.(3),(6) Other Clinical Studies The efficacy of VAQTA in other age groups was based upon immunogenicity measured 4 to 6 weeks following vaccination. VAQTA was found to be highly immunogenic im·mu·no·gen·ic adj. Producing an immune response. immunogenic producing immunity; evoking an immune response. in all age groups. In initially seronegative children 12 through 23 months of age, who received VAQTA with or without other vaccines, 96% (n=471; 95% CI: 93.7%, 97.5%) seroconverted post dose 1 with a Geometric Mean (mathematics) geometric mean - The Nth root of the product of N numbers. If each number in a list of numbers was replaced with their geometric mean, then multiplying them all together would still give the same result. Titer (GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) See UTC. GMT - Universal Time 1 ) of 48 mIU/mL (95% CI: 44.7, 51.6); and 100% (n=343; 95% CI: 99.3%, 100%) seroconverted post dose 2 with a GMT of 6920 mIU/mL (95% CI: 6136, 7801). Of children who received only VAQTA at both visits, 100% (n=97) were seropositive seropositive /se·ro·pos·i·tive/ (-poz´i-tiv) showing positive results on serological examination; showing a high level of antibody. se·ro·pos·i·tive adj. after the second dose of VAQTA. This rate was similar to the expected rate of 99% in 2 to 3 year old children. In combined clinical studies in children and adolescents 2 through 18 years of age 97% (n=1230; 95% CI: 96%, 98%) and 100% (n=1057; 95% CI: 99.5%, 100%) of subjects seroconverted after the first and second doses with a GMT of 43 mIU/mL (95% CI: 40, 45) and 10,077 mIU/mL (95% CI: 9394, 10,810), respectively. In combined clinical studies in adults 19 years of age and older who received VAQTA (50 U/1.0 mL) 95% (n=1411; 95% CI, 94%, 96%) and 99.9% (n=1244; 95% CI: 99.4%, 100%) of subjects seroconverted with a GMT of 37 mIU/mL (95% CI: 35, 38) and 6013 mIU/mL (95% CI: 5592, 6467), respectively, after the first and second doses. Furthermore, at 2 weeks post-vaccination, 69.2% (n=744; 95% CI: 65.7%, 72.5%) of adults seroconverted with a GMT of 16 mIU/mL after a single dose of VAQTA. Persistence In follow-up of subjects in the Monroe Efficacy Study, in children ((>=)2 years of age) and adolescents who received two doses (approx.25U) of VAQTA, detectable levels of anti-HAV antibodies ((>=)10 mIU/mL) were present in 100% of subjects for up to 6 years postvaccination. In subjects who received VAQTA at 0 and 6 months, the GMT was 819 mIU/mL (n=175) at 2.5 to 3.5 years and 505 mIU/mL (n=174) at 5 to 6 years postvaccination. In subjects who received VAQTA at 0 and 12 months, the GMT was 2224 mIU/mL (n=49) at 2.5 to 3.5 years and 1191 mIU/mL (n=47) at 5 to 6 years postvaccination. In subjects who received VAQTA at 0 and 18 months, the GMT was 2501 mIU/mL (n=53) at 2.5 to 3.5 years and 1500 mIU/mL (n=53) at 5 to 6 years postvaccination. In adults that were administered VAQTA at 0 and 6 months, the hepatitis A antibody response to date has been shown to persist up to 6 years in adults. Detectable levels of anti-HAV antibodies ((>=)10 mIU/mL) were present in 100% (378/378) of subjects with a GMT of 1734 mIU/mL at 1 year, 99.2% (252/254) of subjects with a GMT of 687 mIU/mL at 2 to 3 years, 99.1% (219/221) of subjects with a GMT of 605 mIU/mL at 4 years, and 99.4% (170/171) of subjects with a GMT of 684 mIU/mL at 6 years postvaccination. The total duration of the protective effect of VAQTA in healthy vaccinees is unknown at present. Immune memory was demonstrated by an anamnestic response in individuals who received either a approx.25U/0.5 mL (Table 1-Monroe Efficacy Study) or a approx. 50U/1.0 mL (adult clinical study) booster dose 6 to 18 months after the primary dose. Table 1 Children/Adolescents from the Monroe Efficacy Study Seroconversion Rates (%) and Geometric Mean Titers (GMT) for Cohorts of Initially Seronegative Vaccinees at the Time of the Booster (approx.25U) and 4 Weeks Later
Months Cohort* (n=960) Cohort(a)(n=35) Cohort(a)(n=39)
Following 0 and 6 Months 0 and 12 Months 0 and 18 Months
Initial
approx.25U
Dose
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Seroconversion Rate
GMT (mIU/mL) (95% CI)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
97%
6 107 (98, 117) -- --
----------------------------------------------------------------------
100%
7 10433 (9681, 11243) -- --
----------------------------------------------------------------------
91%
12 -- 48 (33, 71) --
----------------------------------------------------------------------
100%
13 -- 12308 (9337, 16226) --
----------------------------------------------------------------------
90%
18 -- -- 50 (28, 89)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
100%
19 -- -- 9591 (7613, 12082)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) Blood samples were taken at prebooster and postbooster time points. In a clinical study involving healthy adults who received two doses (approx.50U) of VAQTA, 4 weeks after the booster dose was administered at 6, 12, and 18 months after the first dose, 100% of 1201 subjects, 98% of 91 subjects, and 100% of 84 subjects were seropositive, respectively. GMTs in mIU/mL one month after the subjects received the booster dose at 6, 12, or 18 months after the primary dose were 5987 mIU/mL (95% CI: 5561, 6445), 4896 (95% CI: 3589, 6679), and 6043 (95% CI: 4687, 7793), respectively. Post Exposure Prophylaxis post exposure prophylaxis Public health The administration of a vaccine and Ig after exposure to a potentially fatal pathogen–eg, rabies. See Rabies vaccine. While a study evaluating VAQTA alone in a post-exposure setting has not been conducted, the concurrent use of VAQTA (approx.50U) and immune globulin Immune globulin Serum containing antibodies against a specific infection. Mentioned in: Maternal to Fetal Infections (IG, 0.06 mL/kg) was evaluated in a clinical study involving healthy adults 18 to 39 years of age. Table 2 provides seroconversion rates and GMT at 4 and 24 weeks after the first dose in each treatment group and at one month after a booster dose of VAQTA (administered at 24 weeks). Table 2 Seroconversion Rates (%) and Geometric Mean Titers (GMT) After Vaccination With VAQTA Plus IG, VAQTA Alone, and IG Alone
VAQTA plus IG VAQTA IG
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Weeks Seroconversion Rate
GMT (mIU/mL) (95% CI)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
100% 96% 87%
42 (39, 45) 38 (33, 42) 19 ( 15, 23)
4 (n=129) (n=135) (n=30)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
92% 97%(c) 0%
83 (65, 105) 137* (112, 169) Undetectable(b)
24 (n=125) (n=132) (n=28)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
100% 100%
4872 (3716, 6388) 6498 (5111, 8261)
28 (n=114) (n=128) N/A
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) Undetectable is defined as <10mIU/mL. (c) The seroconversion rate and the GMT in the group receiving VAQTA alone were significantly higher than in the group receiving VAQTA plus IG (p=0.05, p<0.001, respectively). N/A = Not Applicable Interchangeability of the Booster Dose A clinical study in 537 healthy adults, 18 to 83 years of age, evaluated the immune response to a booster dose of VAQTA and HAVRIX(e) (hepatitis A vaccine, inactivated) given at 6 or 12 months following an initial dose of HAVRIX. When VAQTA was given as a booster dose following HAVRIX, the vaccine produced an adequate immune response (see Table 3). (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Interchangeability of the Booster Dose.) Table 3 VAQTA Versus HAVRIX Seropositivity Seropositivity is the presence of a certain antibody in a blood sample. A patient with seropositivity for a particular antigen or agent is termed seropositive. Rate, Booster Response Rate+ and Geometric Mean Titer at 4 Weeks Postbooster
First Dose Booster Dose Seropositivity Booster Geometric
Rate Response Rate(d) Mean Titer
----------------------------------------------------------------------
HAVRIX VAQTA 99.7% (n=313) 86.1% 3272
1440 EL.U. 50 U (n=310) (n=313)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
HAVRIX HAVRIX 99.3% (n=151) 80.1% 2423
1440 EL.U. 1440 EL.U. (n=151) (n=151)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) Booster Response Rate is defined as greater than or equal to a tenfold rise from prebooster to postbooster titer and postbooster titer (>=)100 mIU/mL. Immune Response to Concomitantly Administered Vaccines Concomitant administration of routinely administered recommended childhood vaccines with VAQTA was assessed in a study of 617 children. In this study, the immune response to VAQTA (approx.25U) was assessed in 471 children randomized to receive VAQTA with or without M-M-R* II (Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine measles, mumps, rubella vaccine n. Abbr. MMR A vaccine containing a combination of live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses in an aqueous suspension. , Live) and VARIVAX* (Varicella varicella: see chicken pox. Virus Vaccine Live (Oka/Merck)) at 12 months of age. Rates of seroprotection to hepatitis A were similar among the two groups who received VAQTA with or without M-M-R II and VARIVAX. Measles, mumps and rubella rubella or German measles, acute infectious disease of children and young adults. It is caused by a filterable virus that is spread by droplet spray from the respiratory tract of an infected individual. immune responses were 98.8% (95% CI: 96.4%, 99.7%), 99.6% (95% CI: 97.9%, 100%), and 100% (95% CI: 98.6%, 100%), respectively, which were similar to historical rates observed following vaccination with a first dose of M-M-R II in this age group. Data on the immune response to VARIVAX are insufficient to adequately assess the immunogenicity of VARIVAX when administered concomitantly with VAQTA. In this same study immune responses were evaluated in 183 subjects who were administered VAQTA with and without DTaP (TRIPEDIA(f)) at 18 months of age. Rates of seroprotection to hepatitis A were similar among the two groups who received VAQTA with or without DTaP. Data are insufficient to assess the immune response of DTaP when administered with VAQTA. Data are insufficient to assess the immune response to VAQTA and polio vaccine following concomitant administration of the vaccines. There are no data to assess the concomitant use of Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine and Prevnar(g) with VAQTA. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Use With Other Vaccines.) A controlled clinical study was conducted with 240 healthy adults, 18 to 54 years of age, who were randomized to receive either VAQTA, typhoid typhoid or typhoid fever Acute infectious disease resembling typhus (and distinguished from it only in the 19th century). Salmonella typhi, usually ingested in food or water, multiplies in the intestinal wall and then enters the bloodstream, causing and yellow fever vaccines concomitantly at separate injection sites, or VAQTA alone. The seropositivity rate for hepatitis A when VAQTA, typhoid and yellow fever vaccines were administered concomitantly was generally similar to when VAQTA was given alone. The antibody response rates for typhoid and yellow fever were adequate when typhoid and yellow fever vaccines were administered concomitantly with and without VAQTA. The GMTs for hepatitis A when VAQTA, typhoid and yellow fever vaccines were administered concomitantly were reduced when compared to VAQTA alone. Following receipt of the booster dose of VAQTA, the GMTs for hepatitis A in these two groups were observed to be comparable. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Use With Other Vaccines.) INDICATIONS AND USAGE VAQTA is indicated for active immunization against disease caused by hepatitis A virus in persons 12 months of age and older. Primary immunization should be given at least 2 weeks prior to expected exposure to HAV. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) consists of fifteen advisors to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), selected by the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, to provide advice and guidance on the most effective (ACIP ACIP Cardiology A clinical trial–Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot Study that evaluated 3 therapeutic strategies2 for ↓ myocardial ischemia during exercise testing. ) has issued recommendations for hepatitis A vaccination hepatitis A vaccination A vaccination for those in high-risk settings–frequent world travel, sexually active with multiple partners, gay guys, illicit drug use, day care centers, certain health care setting, sewage exposure Vaccines HAVRIX, VAQTA Dosing 2 for persons who are at increased risk for infection and for any person wishing to obtain immunity.(7) Please consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), agency of the U.S. Public Health Service since 1973, with headquarters in Atlanta; it was established in 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center. for updates to those recommendations (www.cdc.gov). If passive protection against hepatitis A is required either following exposure to hepatitis A virus or in persons in need of combined immediate and long-term protection, VAQTA may be administered along with immune globulin at a separate site with a separate syringe. Revaccination re·vac·ci·na·tion n. Vaccination of a person previously vaccinated. See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, DOSAGE. CONTRAINDICATIONS Hypersensitivity hypersensitivity, heightened response in a body tissue to an antigen or foreign substance. The body normally responds to an antigen by producing specific antibodies against it. The antibodies impart immunity for any later exposure to that antigen. to any component of the vaccine is a contraindication contraindication /con·tra·in·di·ca·tion/ (-in?di-ka´shun) any condition which renders a particular line of treatment improper or undesirable. con·tra·in·di·ca·tion n. (see DESCRIPTION). Hepatitis A vaccine should not be administered to persons with a history of a severe reaction to a prior dose of hepatitis A vaccine or to a vaccine component.8 WARNINGS The vial stopper and the syringe plunger stopper contain dry natural latex rubber that may cause allergic reactions in latex sensitive individuals. Individuals who develop symptoms suggestive of hypersensitivity after an injection of hepatitis A vaccine should not receive further injections of the vaccine (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). As with any vaccine, if administered to immunocompromised immunocompromised /im·mu·no·com·pro·mised/ (-kom´pro-mizd) having the immune response attenuated by administration of immunosuppressive drugs, by irradiation, by malnutrition, or by certain disease processes (e.g., cancer). persons, including individuals receiving immunosuppressive therapy, the expected immune response may not be obtained. PRECAUTIONS General Epinephrine injection (1:1000) and other appropriate agents used for the control of immediate allergic reactions must be immediately available should an acute anaphylactic anaphylactic /ana·phy·lac·tic/ (an?ah-fi-lak´tik) pertaining to anaphylaxis. anaphylactic (an´ reaction occur. VAQTA will not prevent hepatitis caused by infectious agents other than hepatitis A virus. Because of the long incubation period (approximately 20 to 50 days) for hepatitis A, it is possible for unrecognized hepatitis A infection to be present at the time the vaccine is given. The vaccine may not prevent hepatitis A in such individuals. As with other intramuscular injections, VAQTA should not be given to individuals with bleeding disorders such as hemophilia or thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenia Definition Thrombocytopenia is an abnormal drop in the number of blood cells involved in forming blood clots. These cells are called platelets. , or to persons on anticoagulant therapy unless the potential benefits clearly outweigh the risk of administration. If the decision is made to administer VAQTA to such persons, it should be given with caution with steps taken to avoid the risk of hematoma hematoma /he·ma·to·ma/ (he?mah-to´mah) a localized collection of extravasated blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue. following the injection.(8) As with any vaccine, vaccination with VAQTA may not result in a protective response in all susceptible vaccinees. An acute infection or febrile febrile /feb·rile/ (feb´ril) pertaining to or characterized by fever. feb·rile adj. Of, relating to, or characterized by fever; feverish. illness may be reason for delaying use of VAQTA except when, in the opinion of the physician, withholding the vaccine entails a greater risk. Information for Vaccine Recipients and Parents or Guardians Patients, parents or guardians should be informed by the healthcare provider of the potential benefits and risks of the vaccine. It is important that the vaccine recipient, parent or guardian be questioned concerning occurrence of any symptoms and/or signs of an adverse reaction after a previous dose of hepatitis A vaccine. The healthcare provider should inform the patients, parents or guardians about the potential for adverse events that have been temporally associated with administration of VAQTA. The patient, or parent or guardian accompanying the recipient, should be told to report severe or unusual adverse events to the physician or clinic where the vaccine was administered. The patient, parent or guardian should be given the Vaccine Information Statements, which are required by the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA) of 1986 (42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-1 to 300aa-34) was enacted in the United States to reduce the potential financial liability of vaccine makers due to vaccine injury claims. of 1986 to be given prior to immunization. These materials are available free of charge at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website (www.cdc.gov/nip). The United States Department of Health and Human Services United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), n.pr a cabinet-level government organization comprising 12 agencies, including the Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. has established a Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System is a United States program for vaccine safety, co-sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (VAERS VAERS Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (lists hospitalizations or deaths resulting from vaccinations) ) to accept all reports of suspected adverse events after the administration of any vaccine, including but not limited to the reporting of events required by the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986. The VAERS toll-free number is 1-800-822-7967. Reporting forms may also be obtained at the VAERS website at www.vaers.org.(8) Drug Interactions VAQTA should not be mixed with any other vaccine in the same syringe or vial. If VAQTA is administered to a person receiving immunosuppressive therapy, or who has an immunodeficiency disorder, an adequate immunologic response may not be obtained.(9) Carcinogenesis car·ci·no·gen·e·sis n. The production of cancer. carcinogenesis production of cancer. biological carcinogenesis viruses and some parasites are capable of initiating neoplasia. , Mutagenesis mutagenesis /mu·ta·gen·e·sis/ (mu?tah-jen´e-sis) 1. the production of change. 2. the induction of genetic mutation. mu·ta·gen·e·sis n. pl. , Impairment of Fertility VAQTA has not been evaluated for its carcinogenic carcinogenic having a capacity for carcinogenesis. or mutagenic mutagenic inducing genetic mutation. potential, or its potential to impair fertility. Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C Pregnancy category C No adequate human or animal studies; or adverse fetal effects in animal studies, but no available human data. Mentioned in: Antianxiety Drugs : Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with VAQTA. It is also not known whether VAQTA can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. VAQTA should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed. Nursing Mothers It is not known whether VAQTA is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when VAQTA is administered to a woman who is breast feeding. Pediatric Use The safety of VAQTA has been evaluated in 706 children 12 through 23 months of age, and 2615 children/adolescents 2 through 18 years of age. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) Safety and effectiveness in infants below 12 months of age have not been established. Geriatric Use Of the total number of adults in clinical studies of VAQTA, conducted pre- and post-licensure, 68 were 65 years of age or older, 10 of whom were 75 years of age or older. No overall differences in safety and immunogenicity were observed between these subjects and younger subjects; however, greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. In a large post-marketing safety study in 42,110 individuals, (>=)2 years of age, 4769 were 65 years of age or older, 1073 of whom were 75 years of age or older. There were no adverse experiences judged by the investigator to be vaccine related in the geriatric study population. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger subjects. ADVERSE REACTIONS The safety of VAQTA has been evaluated in over 10,000 subjects ages 1 year to 85 years of age. Subjects were given one or two doses of the vaccine. The second (booster dose) was given 6 months or more after the first dose. As with any vaccine, there is the possibility that use of VAQTA in very large populations might reveal adverse experiences not observed in clinical trials. Clinical Studies Children --12 Through 23 Months of Age In combined clinical trials involving 706 healthy children 12 through 23 months of age who received one or more approx.25U dose, subjects were monitored for local adverse events and fever for 5 days after each vaccination and systemic adverse events for 14 days after each vaccination by diary cards. Some of these children received VAQTA in combination with other routinely recommended pediatric vaccines. Listed below are the complaints (with 95% CI) for all solicited events and for unsolicited events reported at =>1.0% without regard to causality in decreasing order of frequency within each body system. Table 4 All Incidences of Solicited Local and Systemic Complaints in Healthy Infants 12 to 23 Months of Age
Reaction VAQTA
Dose 1 Booster
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Adverse event rate (n/total n)
(95% CI)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Injection-Site Complaints
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Pain/Tenderness/Soreness 3.5% (24/682) 3.1% (19/622)
(2.3%, 5.2%) (1.9%, 4.9%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Erythema 1.3% (9/682) 1.6% (10/622)
(0.6%, 2.6%) (0.8%, 3.0%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Swelling 1.6% (11/682) 1.3% (8/622)
(0.8%, 2.9%) (0.6%, 2.6%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Warmth 0.9% (6/682) 0.8% (5/622)
(0.4%, 2.0%) (0.3%, 2.0%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Systemic Complaints
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Rash, Measles-like/Rubella- 1.0% (7/683)
like (0.4%, 2.2%) -
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Rash, Varicella-like 0.9% (6/683)
(0.3%, 2.0%) -
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Fever =>100.4(degree)F, oral 9.1% (62/678) 11.3% (69/611)
(7.1%, 11.6%) (9.0%, 14.1%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Fever =>102(degree)F, oral 3.8% (26/678) 3.1% (19/611)
(2.5%, 5.6%) (1.9%, 4.9%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Unsolicited adverse events =>1% (95% CI) LOCALIZED INJECTION-SITE REACTIONS Ecchymosis ECCHYMOSIS, med. jur. Blackness. It is an extravasation of blood by rupture of capillary vessels, and hence it follows contusion; but it may exist, as in cases of scurvy, and other morbid conditions, without the latter. Ryan's Med. Jur. 172. 1.0% (0.4%, 2.2%). DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Diarrhea 5.9% (4.3%, 8.0%); vomiting 4.0% (2.7%, 5.8%); anorexia 1.2% (0.6%, 2.4%). NERVOUS SYSTEM/PSYCHIATRIC Irritability 10.8% (8.6%, 13.4%); crying 1.8% (1.0%, 3.2%). RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Upper respiratory infection 10.1% (8.0%, 12.7%); rhinorrhea 5.7% (4.1%, 7.8%); cough 5.1% (3.6%, 7.1%); respiratory congestion The condition of a network when there is not enough bandwidth to support the current traffic load. congestion - When the offered load of a data communication path exceeds the capacity. 1.6% (0.8%, 2.9%); nasal congestion 1.2% (0.6%, 2.4%); laryngotracheobronchitis 1.2% (0.6%, 2.4%). SKIN AND SKIN APPENDAGES Rash 4.5% (3.1%, 6.4%); viral exanthema exanthema /ex·an·the·ma/ (eg?zan-the´mah) pl. exanthemas, exanthem´ata [Gr.] exanthem. exanthema su´bitum 1.0% (0.4%, 2.2%). SPECIAL SENSES - Ear Otitis media 7.6% (5.8%, 9.9%); otitis otitis Inflammation of the ear. Otitis externa is dermatitis, usually bacterial, of the auditory canal and sometimes the external ear. It can cause a foul discharge, pain, fever, and sporadic deafness. : 1.8% (1.0%, 3.2%). SPECIAL SENSES - Eye Conjunctivitis conjunctivitis (kənjəngtəvī`təs), inflammation or infection of the mucosal membrane that covers the eyeball and lines the eyelid, usually acute, caused by a virus or, less often, by a bacillus, an allergic reaction, or an 1.3% (0.6%, 2.6%). Serious Adverse Events: There were 7 children who experienced 9 seizures during the entire study period. Seizures were reported between 9 days and 81 days following the administration of VAQTA. Some subjects had received concomitant or nonconcomitant immunization with M-M-R II and VARIVAX. None of the events were considered to be related to VAQTA by the investigator. Other serious events that occurred during the study included bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis Definition Bronchiolitis is an acute viral infection of the small air passages of the lungs called the bronchioles. Description Bronchiolitis is extremely common. , dehydration, RLL (Run Length Limited) An encoding method commonly used on magnetic disks, including RLL, IDE, SCSI, ESDI, SMD and IPI interfaces. The actual number of bits recorded on the disk is greater than the data bits. (Right Lower Lobe) pneumonia, asthma, and asthma exacerbation, which were also considered by the investigator to be unrelated to VAQTA. These events occurred 9 days to 46 days following the administration of VAQTA. Some subjects received concomitant or nonconcomitant immunization with M-M-R II, and VARIVAX or TRIPEDIA, and/or oral or inactivated polio vaccine. Children/Adolescents -- 2 Through 18 Years of Age Safety Data Gathered from Monroe Efficacy Study In The Monroe Efficacy Study, 1037 healthy children and adolescents, 2 through 16 years of age, received a primary dose of approx.25U of hepatitis A vaccine and a booster 6, 12, or 18 months later, or placebo. Subjects were followed during a 5-day period for fever and local complaints and during a 14-day period for systemic complaints. Injection-site complaints, generally mild and transient(3), were the most frequently reported complaints. Table 5 summarizes the local and systemic complaints ((>=)1%) reported in this study, without regard to causality. There were no significant differences in the rates of any complaints between vaccine and placebo recipients after Dose 1. Table 5 Local and Systemic Complaints ((>=)1%) in Healthy Children and Adolescents From the Monroe Efficacy Study
VAQTA
Reaction Dose 1(h) Booster Placebo(h)(j)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Injection-Site Complaints
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Pain 6.4% (33/515) 3.4% (16/475) 6.3% (32/510)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Tenderness 4.9% (25/515) 1.7% (8/475) 6.1% (31/510)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Erythema 1.9% (10/515) 0.8% (4/475) 1.8% (9/510)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Swelling 1.7% (9/515) 1.5% (7/475) 1.6% (8/510)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Warmth 1.7% (9/515) 0.6% (3/475) 1.6% (8/510)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Systemic Complaints
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abdominal Pain 1.2% (6/519) 1.1% (5/475) 1.0% (5/518)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Pharyngitis 1.2% (6/519) 0% (0/475) 0.8% (4/518)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Headache 0.4% (2/519) 0.8% (4/475) 1.0% (5/518)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(h) No statistically significant differences between the two groups. (j) Second injection of placebo not administered because code for the trial was broken. Children/Adolescents -- 2 Through 18 Years of Age - Combined Clinical Trials In combined clinical trials (including Monroe Efficacy Study participants) involving 2615 healthy children ((>=)2 years of age) and adolescents who received one or more approx.25U doses of hepatitis A vaccine, subjects were followed for fever and local complaints during a 5-day period postvaccination and systemic complaints during a 14-day period postvaccination. Injection-site complaints, generally mild and transient, were the most frequently reported complaints. Listed below are the complaints reported by (>=)1% of subjects, without regard to causality, in decreasing order of frequency within each body system. LOCALIZED INJECTION-SITE REACTIONS Pain (18.7%); tenderness (16.9%); warmth (8.6%); erythema (7.5%); swelling (7.3%); ecchymosis (1.3%). BODY AS A WHOLE Fever ((>=)102(degree)F, Oral) (3.1%); abdominal pain (1.6%). DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Diarrhea (1.0%); vomiting (1.0%). NERVOUS SYSTEM/PSYCHIATRIC Headache (2.3%). RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pharyngitis (1.5%); upper respiratory infection (1.1%); cough (1.0%). LABORATORY FINDINGS Very few laboratory abnormalities were reported and included isolated reports of elevated liver function tests Liver Function Tests Definition Liver function tests, or LFTs, include tests for bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin, and ammonia, a protein byproduct that is normally converted into urea by the liver before being excreted by the kidneys. , eosinophilia eosinophilia /eo·sin·o·phil·ia/ (e?o-sin?o-fil´e-ah) abnormally increased eosinophils in the blood. e·o·sin·o·phil·i·a n. An increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood. , and increased urine protein. Adults -- 19 Years of Age and Older In combined clinical trials involving 1512 healthy adults who received one or more approx.50U doses of hepatitis A vaccine, subjects were followed for fever and local complaints during a 5-day period postvaccination and systemic complaints during a 14-day period postvaccination. Injection-site complaints, generally mild and transient, were the most frequently reported complaints. Listed below are the complaints reported by (>=)1% of subjects, without regard to causality, in decreasing order of frequency within each body system. LOCALIZED INJECTION-SITE REACTIONS Tenderness (52.7%); pain (51.1%); warmth (17.4%); swelling (13.8%); erythema (13.1%); ecchymosis (1.5%); pain/soreness (1.2%). BODY AS A WHOLE Asthenia/fatigue (3.9%); fever (2.7%); abdominal pain (1.3%). DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Diarrhea (2.5%); nausea (2.3%). MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Myalgia myalgia /my·al·gia/ (mi-al´jah) muscular pain.myal´gic epidemic myalgia see under pleurodynia. my·al·gia n. (1.9%); arm pain (1.3%); back pain (1.1%); stiffness (1.0%). NERVOUS SYSTEM/PSYCHIATRIC Headache (16.0%). RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pharyngitis (2.7%); upper respiratory infection (2.7%); nasal congestion (1.1%). UROGENITAL SYSTEM Menstruation disorder (1.1%). Allergic Reactions Local and/or systemic allergic reactions that occurred in <1% of children/adolescents or adults in clinical trials regardless of causality included: LOCAL Injection site pruritus pruritus /pru·ri·tus/ (proo-ri´tus) itching.prurit´ic pruritus a´ni intense chronic itching in the anal region. pruritus hiema´lis xerotic eczema. and/or rash. SYSTEMIC Bronchial bronchial /bron·chi·al/ (brong´ke-al) pertaining to or affecting one or more bronchi. bron·chi·al adj. Relating to the bronchi, the bronchial tubes, or the bronchioles. constriction constriction /con·stric·tion/ (kon-strik´shun) 1. a narrowing or compression of a part; a stricture.constric´tive 2. a diminution in range of thinking or feeling, associated with diminished spontaneity. ; asthma; wheezing Wheezing Definition Wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound associated with labored breathing. Description Wheezing occurs when a child or adult tries to breathe deeply through air passages that are narrowed or filled with mucus as a ; edema/swelling; rash; generalized erythema; urticaria urticaria /ur·ti·ca·ria/ (ur?ti-kar´e-ah) hives; a vascular reaction of the upper dermis marked by transient appearance of slightly elevated patches (wheals) which are redder or paler than the surrounding skin and often attended by ; pruritus; eye irritation/itching; dermatitis. (See CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS.) Marketed Experience The following additional adverse reactions have been reported with use of the marketed vaccine. HEMIC AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Very rarely, thrombocytopenia. NERVOUS SYSTEM Very rarely, Guillain-Barre syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, encephalitis encephalitis (ĕnsĕf'əlī`təs), general term used to describe a diffuse inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, usually of viral origin, often transmitted by mosquitoes, in contrast to a bacterial infection of the meninges . Post-marketing Safety Study In a post-marketing, short-term safety surveillance study, conducted at a large health maintenance organization in the United States, a total of 42,110 individuals => 2 years of age received 1 or 2 doses of VAQTA(10) (13,735 children/adolescents and 28,375 adult subjects). Safety was passively monitored by electronic search of the automated medical records database for emergency room and outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Medical charts were reviewed when indicated. There was no serious, vaccine-related, adverse event identified among the 42,110 vaccine recipients in this study. Diarrhea/gastroenteritis, resulting in outpatient visits, was determined by the investigator to be the only vaccine-related nonserious adverse event in the study. There was no vaccine-related adverse event identified that had not been reported in earlier clinical trials with VAQTA. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Do not inject intravascularly, intradermally in·tra·der·mal adj. Within or between the layers of the skin: an intradermal injection. in , or subcutaneously. VAQTA is for intramuscular injection. The deltoid muscle deltoid muscle n. A muscle with origin from the lateral third of the clavicle, the lateral border of acromion process, and the lower border of spine of scapula, with insertion to the side of the shaft of the humerus, with nerve supply from the axillary is the preferred site for intramuscular injection. DOSAGE The vaccination regimen consists of one primary dose and one booster dose for healthy children, adolescents, and adults, as follows: Children/Adolescents Individuals 12 months through 18 years of age should receive a single 0.5 mL (approx.25U) dose of vaccine at elected date and a booster dose of 0.5 mL (approx.25U) 6 to 18 months later. Adults Adults 19 years of age and older should receive a single 1.0 mL (approx.50U) dose of vaccine at elected date and a booster dose of 1.0 mL (approx.50U) 6 to 18 months later. For all age groups, a booster dose is recommended anytime between 6 and 18 months after the administration of the primary dose in order to elicit a high antibody titer. Interchangeability of the Booster Dose A booster dose of VAQTA may be given at 6 to 12 months following the initial dose of other inactivated hepatitis A vaccines (e.g., HAVRIX). (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Interchangeability of Booster Dose.) Use With Other Vaccines VAQTA may be given concomitantly with typhoid and yellow fever vaccines. The GMTs for hepatitis A when VAQTA, typhoid and yellow fever vaccines were administered concomitantly were reduced when compared to VAQTA alone. Following receipt of the booster dose of VAQTA, the GMTs for hepatitis A in these two groups were observed to be comparable. VAQTA may be given concomitantly with M-M-R II. Data on concomitant use with other vaccines are limited. Separate injection sites and syringes should be used for concomitant administration of injectable vaccines. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Use With Other Vaccines.) Use With Immune Globulin VAQTA may be administered concomitantly with immune globulin (IG) using separate sites and syringes. The vaccination regimen for VAQTA should be followed as stated above. Consult the manufacturer's product circular for the appropriate dosage of IG. A booster dose of VAQTA should be administered at the appropriate time as outlined above. ADMINISTRATION Known or Presumed Exposure to HAV/Travel to Endemic Areas For individuals requiring either post-exposure prophylaxis or combined immediate and longer term protection (e.g., travelers departing on short notice to endemic areas), VAQTA may be administered concomitantly with IG using separate sites and syringes (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). The following are the ACIP and AAFP AAFP American Academy of Family Physicians. AAFP abbr. American Academy of Family Physicians AAFP, n.pr See American Academy of Family Physicians. recommendations for all intramuscular injections: "For administration of VAQTA for children and adolescents (persons => 12 months to 18 years), the deltoid muscle can be used if the muscle mass is adequate. The needle size can range from 22 to 25 gauge and from 7/8 to 1 1/4 inches, on the basis of the size of the muscle. For toddlers, the anterolateral anterolateral /an·tero·lat·er·al/ (an?ter-o-lat´er-al) situated anteriorly and to one side. an·ter·o·lat·er·al adj. In front and away from the middle line. thigh can be used, but the needle should be longer, usually 1 inch. For adults (persons aged >18 years) the deltoid muscle is recommended for routine intramuscular vaccinations. The anterolateral thigh can be used. The suggested needle size is 1 - 1 1/2 inches and 22-25 gauge."(8) The vaccine should be used as supplied; no reconstitution is necessary. Shake well before withdrawal and use. Thorough agitation is necessary to maintain suspension of the vaccine. Discard if the suspension does not appear homogenous homogenous - homogeneous . Parenteral parenteral /pa·ren·ter·al/ (pah-ren´ter-al) not through the alimentary canal, but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, etc. par·en·ter·al adj. 1. drug products should be inspected visually for extraneous particulate matter and discoloration dis·col·or·a·tion n. 1. a. The act of discoloring. b. The condition of being discolored. 2. A discolored spot, smudge, or area; a stain. Noun 1. prior to administration whenever solution and container permit. After thorough agitation, VAQTA is a slightly opaque, white suspension. A separate sterile syringe and sterile disposable needle or a sterile disposable unit should be used for each individual patient to prevent transmission of hepatitis or other infectious agents from one person to another. Needles should be disposed of properly and should not be recapped. HOW SUPPLIED PEDIATRIC/ADOLESCENT FORMULATION Vials No. 4831 -- VAQTA for pediatric/adolescent use is supplied as 25U/0.5 mL of hepatitis A virus protein in a 0.5 mL single-dose vial, NDC NDC National Drug Code NDC NATO Defense College NDC National Documentation Centre (National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece) NDC National Dairy Council NDC National Democratic Congress 0006-4831-00. No. 4831 -- VAQTA for pediatric/adolescent use is supplied as 25U/0.5 mL of hepatitis A virus protein in a 0.5 mL single-dose vial, in a box of 10 single-dose vials, NDC 0006-4831-41. Syringes No. 4845 -- VAQTA for pediatric/adolescent use is supplied as 25U/0.5 mL of hepatitis A virus protein in a 0.5 mL single-dose prefilled syringe, with a 5/8 inch needle, NDC 0006-4845-00. No. 4845 -- VAQTA for pediatric/adolescent use is supplied as 25U/0.5 mL of hepatitis A virus protein in a 0.5 mL single-dose prefilled syringe, with a 5/8 inch needle, in a box of 5 single-dose prefilled syringes, with 5/8 inch needles, NDC 0006-4845-38. ADULT FORMULATION Vials No. 4841 -- VAQTA for adult use is supplied as 50U/1 mL of hepatitis A virus protein in a 1 mL single-dose vial, NDC 0006-4841-00. No. 4841 -- VAQTA for adult use is supplied as 50U/1 mL of hepatitis A virus protein in a 1 mL single-dose vial, in a box of 5 single-dose vials, NDC 0006-4841-38. No. 4841 -- VAQTA for adult use is supplied as 50U/1 mL of hepatitis A virus protein in a 1 mL single-dose vial, in a box of 10 single-dose vials, NDC 0006-4841-41. Syringes No. 4844 -- VAQTA for adult use is supplied as 50U/1 mL of hepatitis A virus protein in a 1 mL single-dose prefilled syringe, with a one inch needle, NDC 0006-4844-00. No. 4844 -- VAQTA for adult use is supplied as 50U/1 mL of hepatitis A virus protein in a 1 mL single-dose prefilled syringe, with a one inch needle, in a box of 5 single-dose, prefilled syringes, with one inch needles, NDC 0006-4844-38. Storage Store vaccine at 2-8(degree)C (36-46(degree)F). DO NOT FREEZE since freezing destroys potency. REFERENCES (1) Lemon, S.M.: Type A viral hepatitis, new developments in an old disease, NEJM NEJM New England Journal of Medicine 313(17): 1059-1067, 1985. (2) Miller, W.J., et al: Sensitive assays for hepatitis A antibodies, J Med Virol 41: 201-204, 1993. (3) Werzberger, A., et al: A Controlled trial of a formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in healthy children, NEJM 327(7): 453-457, 1992. (4) Ward, R., et al: Infectious Hepatitis, Studies of Its Natural History and Prevention, NEJM 258(9): 407-416, February 27, 1958. (5) Werzberger, A., et al: Effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccine in a former frequently affected community: 9 years' followup after the Monroe field trial of VAQTA(R), Vaccine 20: 1699-1701, 2002. (6) Werzberger, A., et al: Anatomy of a trial: a historical view of the Monroe inactivated hepatitis A protective efficacy trial, J Hepatol 18(Suppl. 2): S46-S50, 1993. (7) Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); Prevention of Hepatitis A Through Active or Passive Immunization, MMWR MMWR Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report Epidemiology A news bulletin published by the CDC, which provides epidemiologic data–eg, statistics on the incidence of AIDS, rabies, rubella, STDs and other communicable diseases, causes of mortality–eg, 48(RR-12):1-37, 1999. (8) Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); General Recommendations on Immunization, MMWR 51(RR-2): 1-35, 2002. (9) Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); Prevention of Hepatitis A Through Active or Passive Immunization, MMWR 42(RR-4): 1-18, 1993. (10) Black, S., et al: A postlicensure evaluation of the safety of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (VAQTA(R), Merck) in children and adults, Vaccine 22: 766-772, 2004. Manuf. and Dist. by: Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, USA Syringes of VAQTA are also filled by: Evans Vaccines Ltd. Gaskill Road, Speke, Liverpool L24 9GR, England Issued August 2005 Printed in USA
* Registered trademark of MERCK & CO., Inc.
COPYRIGHT (C) 2001, 2005 MERCK & CO., Inc.,
All rights reserved
** Trademark of Abbott Laboratories
*** The clinical case definition included all of the following
occurring at the same time: 1) one or more typical clinical
signs or symptoms of hepatitis A (e.g., jaundice, malaise,
fever 38.3(degree)C), 2) elevation of hepatitis A IgM antibody
(HAVAB-M), 3) elevation of alanine transferase (ALT) 2 times
the upper limit of normal.
+ One vaccinee did not meet the pre-defined criteria for
clinically confirmed hepatitis A but did have positive
hepatitis A IgM and borderline liver enzyme (ALT) elevations
on days 34, 50, and 58 after vaccination with mild clinical
symptoms observed on days 49 and 50.
(e) Registered trademark of GlaxoSmithkline
(f) Registered trademark of Sanofi Pasteur, Inc.
(g) Registered trademark of Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
|
|
||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion