Examining the impact of extra-curricular activities on the personal development of 149 high school seniors.The article sought to assess the Personal Development impact of four different kinds of extra-curricular activities on a group of 149 high school seniors. A t-statistic was computed for Personal Development Test scores between individuals in four different kinds of such activities and those not so involved. It included (1) Sports, (2) Music, (3) Leadership, and (4) Others. Leadership and Music type activities tended to produce the greatest change in Personal Development ********** Personal Development The Personal Development Test (PDT PDT abbr. Pacific Daylight Time PDT Pacific Daylight Time PDT n abbr (US) (= Pacific Daylight Time) → hora de verano del Pacífico PDT ) is based solidly on the Global Assessment Functioning Scale developed by the America America [for Amerigo Vespucci], the lands of the Western Hemisphere—North America, Central (or Middle) America, and South America. The world map published in 1507 by Martin Waldseemüller is the first known cartographic use of the name. Psychiatric psy·chi·at·ric adj. Of or relating to psychiatry. psychiatric adjective Pertaining to psychiatry, mental disorders Committee and used in the two year long validation See validate. validation - The stage in the software life-cycle at the end of the development process where software is evaluated to ensure that it complies with the requirements. study in relation to health and effectiveness of adolescent ad·o·les·cent adj. Of, relating to, or undergoing adolescence. n. A young person who has undergone puberty but who has not reached full maturity; a teenager. youth. It is described in detail in the DSM-III-R DSM-III-R Psychiatry Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–3rd Edition Revised; a classification system for mental illnesses developed by the American Psychiatric Association, currently in its 4th edition, DSM IV (1987), and later retained in the DSM-IV DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). This reference book, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the diagnostic standard for most mental health professionals in the United States. (1994). Changing the "Global Functioning" concept to "Personal Development" is based largely on the work of Rogers (1945) and Maslow Mas·low , Abraham 1908-1970. American psychologist and a founder of humanistic psychology who developed a model of human motivation in which a higher need is expressed only after lower needs are fulfilled. (1954) in Third Force Psychology (Cassel, 2002), and the work of Bandura ban`dur´a n. 1. A traditional Ukrainian stringed musical instrument shaped like a lute, having many strings. (1997) because it relates more specifically to the growth and leadership development of youth. For an example of it's it's 1. Contraction of it is. 2. Contraction of it has. See Usage Note at its. it's it is or it has it's be ~have effectiveness, the PDT discerns well between typical individuals and both Delinquents and Prison Inmates. Group Involved in Study There were 149 High School Seniors tested near the end of the senior year of high school in Tennessee Tennessee, state, United States Tennessee (tĕn`əsē', tĕn'əsē`), state in the south-central United States. . They ranged in age from 14 to 25 years with a mean age of 18.75 and a standard deviation In statistics, the average amount a number varies from the average number in a series of numbers. (statistics) standard deviation - (SD) A measure of the range of values in a set of numbers. of 0.92 years. It included 87 females ranging in age from 14 to 25 years, with a mean age of 18.71 years, and a standard deviation of 1.09 years; and 62 males ranging in age from 18 to 20 years, with a mean age of 18.81 years, and a standard deviation of 0.62 years. A t-statistic was computed between the 87 females and 62 males with only two of the 8 part scores on the PDT showing a statistically significant difference: (1) LOC LOC - lines of code (Locus of Control locus of control n. A theoretical construct designed to assess a person's perceived control over his or her own behavior. The classification internal locus indicates that the person feels in control of events; external locus & Decision Making)r = 0.002 favoring favoring an animal is said to be favoring a leg when it avoids putting all of its weight on the limb. A part of being lame in a limb. Females(Females=72.37, and Males=66.39); (2) SYM (Sympathy)r = 0.001 favoring females (Females=65.75, and Males=57.55). The Means and SDs for the PDT scores of this Senior Group simulated closely the Norm Group described for the PDT construction. The correlations of PDT scores resemble closely those in the standardization standardization In industry, the development and application of standards that make it possible to manufacture a large volume of interchangeable parts. Standardization may focus on engineering standards, such as properties of materials, fits and tolerances, and drafting manual for the PDT, with only the "Conformity" score being lower (0.469). The Confluence Score, which depicts the creditability of Test Taker tak·er n. One that takes or takes up something, such as a wager or purchase: There were no takers on the bets. taker Noun as well as test results, is statistically significant with all PDT scores except for "Assertiveness assertiveness /as·ser·tive·ness/ (ah-ser´tiv-nes) the quality or state of bold or confident self-expression, neither aggressive nor submissive. " (ASS) which was (0.074). Impact of Extra-Curricular Activities The data contained in Table 2 below depicts the scores on The Personal Development Test for high school seniors who have been involved in organized Extra-Curricular Activities with other seniors not so involved. There was no statistically significant difference for the PERMAT PERMAT Practice, Embarkation, Rehearsal, Movement, Assault, and Termination (amphibious warfare doctrine) portion of the PDT test. But there was a statistically significant difference for the SOCINT portion based on the Sign Test at the 01 level of confidence. There was no significant difference in CON (CONsole) The DOS name for the keyboard and screen. See DOS device names and DOS Copy con. con - [SF fandom] A science-fiction convention. Not used of other sorts of conventions, such as professional meetings. score and the GPA GPA abbr. grade point average Noun 1. GPA - a measure of a student's academic achievement at a college or university; calculated by dividing the total number of grade points received by the total number attempted (Horst, 1966; and Downie Downie is a surname of Scottish origin, and may refer to
heath, tract of open land characterized by a few scattered trees, abundant moss cover, and numerous low shrubs, principally of the heath family (see heath, in botany). , 1959). Impact of Leadership Experience The data contained in Table 3 below displays the impact of High School Seniors' Experiences involving real Leadership Roles as an integral part of high school learning. Typically, such experiences include elected officers in organized groups as well as classes and other organizations, and typically considered as "extra-curricular" activities, as being somewhat similar to sports, band, debating clubs, etc. Since all three of the Total Scores, and every one of the Part Scores except for "Assertiveness" (ASS) favored the "Leadership" group, based on the Sign Test there is a statistically Significant relationship at the 0.01 level of confidence in favor of upon the side of; favorable to; for the advantage of. See also: favor the Leadership Group. The Confluence Score (creditability)was significantly better at the 03 level of confidence, and the GPA was significantly higher for the students involved in Leadership Activities at the 0.000 level of confidence. The Impact of Music and Chorus chorus, in music chorus, in music, large group of singers performing in concert; a group singing liturgical music is a choir. The term chorus may also be used for a group singing or dancing together in a musical or in ballet. Experiences Comparing the Personal Development of High School Seniors who have been involved in Music, Band, etc. with others not so involved during their high school career as contained in Table 3 below. First, all Total Scores favor the Music Group; with all scores and the Total Score for Persona persona /per·so·na/ (per-so´nah) [L.] in jungian psychology, the personality mask or facade presented by a person to the outside world, as opposed to the anima, the inner being. per·so·na n. Maturity favoring the Music group. Based on the Sign Test, the PERMAT portion is statistically Significant at the 0.000 level of confidence; while the SOCINT portion is only significant at the 05. level of confidence. The Confluence Score was not significant), but the GPA was significantly higher at the 0.01 level of confidence for the Music students. The Impact of Organized Sports The data contained in Table 5 displays a comparison between the impact of Organized Sports and no such experience for others during the high school years of this senior group. The students without Sports involved showed greater Personal Maturity on the PDT test at the 0.05 level of confidence; while the Sports students showed greater Social Integration on the PDT at the 0.05 level of confidence based on the Sign Test. There was no significant difference in the CON score, or the GPA for the students involved in sports.
Table 1
Pearson Product Moment Correlations of PDT Scores and Data
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AGE 1
2 GENDER 0.05 1
3 GRADE 0.157 0.069 1
4 EFF -.039 0 -0.054 1
5 COP -0.102 -0.127 -0.014 .464 * 1
6 ASS -0.107 0.007 0.078 0.211 .301 * 1
7 LOC -0.129 -.257 * -0.13 .359 * .315 * .317 *
8 PERMAT -0.133 -0.131 -0.041 .729 * .750 * .644 *
9 CFM 0.004 -0.031 -0.037 .288 * 0.132 -0.068
10 Sym 0.036 -.270 * -0.097 0.018 .340 * .249 *
11 EST -0.068 -0.099 -0.098 .398 * 0.162 0.149
12 CAR 0.007 -0.067 -0.089 0.194 .348 * .237 *
13 SOCINT -0.009 -0.186 -0.127 .342 * .385 * .232 *
14 PDTOT -0.079 -0.184 -0.009 .610 * .648 * .497 *
15 CON 0.4 0.104 0.12 -.343 * -0.213 -0.074
16 GPA -0.102 -0.182 -0.02 .208 * 0.198 0.082
17 SPORTS -0.106 0.195 -0.1 -0.032 -0.011 0.056
18 MUSIC -0.052 -0.121 0.034 0.031 0.045 0.16
19 LEADER -0.039 -.297 * 0.062 0.61 0.142 -0.026
20 OTHER -0.032 -0.093 0.064 0.037 0.028 0.096
11 12 13 14 15 16
11 EST 1
12 CAR .422 * 1
13 SOCINT .757 * .745 * 1
14 PDTOT .654 * .674 * .876 * 1
15 CON -.227 * -.197 * -.319 * -.365 * 1
16 GPA 0.1 .213 * 0.157 .244 * -.218 * 1
17 SPORTS 0.09 -0.003 0.054 0.008 -0.043 0.065
18 MUSIC 0.14 0.041 0.023 0.068 -0.128 0.206
19 LEADER 0.35 0.101 0.153 0.164 -0.178 .300 *
20 OTHER 0.35 0.066 0.074 0.072 0.026 -0.034
7 8 9 10
1 AGE
2 GENDER
3 GRADE
4 EFF
5 COP
6 ASS
7 LOC 1
8 PERMAT .693 * 1
9 CFM 0.074 0.154 1
10 Sym .294 * .318 * -0.026 1
11 EST 0.149 .380 * .240 * 0.206
12 CAR .237 * .407 * 0.115 .347 *
13 SOCINT .232 * .496 * .469 * .616 *
14 PDTOT .497 * .853 * .367 * .547 *
15 CON -0.074 -.314 * -.214 * -0.187
16 GPA 0.082 .270 * 0.063 0.028
17 SPORTS -0.144 -0.144 0.074 0.084
18 MUSIC 0.037 0.037 -0.084 0.102
19 LEADER 0.193 0.193 0.078 0.181
20 OTHER 0.056 0.056 0.019 0.068
17 18 19 20
11 EST
12 CAR
13 SOCINT
14 PDTOT
15 CON
16 GPA
17 SPORTS 1
18 MUSIC 0.083 1
19 LEADER 0.036 .237 * 1
20 OTHER -0.185 -0.089 -0.049 1
* r = 0.159 = p = .05; r = 0.208 = p = .01
Table 2
Comparing the Personal Development of High School Seniors
Involved in Extra Curricular Activities with those not so Involved
Data Not Involved Involved Difference t-Statistic Probability
AGE:
M 18.61 18.79 0.18 0.941 n.s.
SD1.31 0.79
Self-efficacy-EFF:
M 73.55 -71.36 -2.19 0.87 n.s
SD 13.17 12.3
Coping Skills-COP:
M 72.77 74.2 1.43 0.555 n.s.
SD 14.21 12.36
Positive Assertiveness-ASS:
M 66.07 67.73 1.66 0.685 n.s.
SD 12.6 11.89
Locus of Control (Decision Making-LOC:
M 70.84 -69.63 -1.21 0.52 n.s.
SD 11.6 11.52
Personal Maturity-PERMAT:
M 283.23 -282.92 -0.31 0.045 n.s.
SD 34.04 34.58
Conformity-CFM:
M 55.74 59.02 3.28 1.3 n.s.
SD 13.89 12.1
Sympathy-SYM:
M 57.55 63.59 6.04 2.013 0.046
SD 11.94 15.54
Self-esteem-EST:
M 73.29 -69.09 -4.2 1.38 n.s.
SD 14.77 15.18
Caring-CAR:
M 63.36 64.41 1.05 0.354 n.s.
SD 15.46 14.54
Social lntegration-SOCINT:
M 249.94 256.1 6.16 0.82 n.s.
SD 35.3 37.75
Personal Maturity TotaI-PDTOT:
M 533.16 539.02 5.86 0.467 n.s.
SD 61.24 62.29
Condolence Score-CON:
M 8.84 8.42 -0.42 0.855 n.s.
SD 2.3 2.43
Grade Point Average-GPA:
M 2.68 2.9 0.22 1.887 n.s.
SD 0.5 0.61
Table 3
Comparing the Personal Development of High School Students Involved in
Leadership Activities with those not so involved.
(N= 54 for Leadership Involvement, and None= 95)
Scores Leadership Non-leadership Difference t-statistic
AGE:
M 18.7 18.78 0.08 0.478
SD 0.94 0.91
Self-efficacy-EFF:
M 72.82 71.24 -1.58 0.739
SD 13.42 11.93
Coping Skills-COP:
M 76.3 72.55 -3.75 1.74
SD 12.41 12.78
Positive Assertiveness-ASS:
M 66.96 67.62 0.66 0.32
SD 11.61 12.3
Locus of Control (Decision Making)-LOC:
M 72.82 68.21 -4.61 2.384
SD 10.61 11.72
Personal Maturity-PERMAT:
M 288.89 279.62 -9.27 1.591
SD 35.15 33.61
Conformity-CFM:
M 59.63 57.6 -2.03 0.951
SD 13.82 11.72
Sympathy-SYM:
M 65.93 60.3 -5.63 2.227
SD 16.31 13.93
Self-esteem-EST:
M 70.67 69.56 -1.11 0.428
SD 14.76 15.42
Caring-CAR
M 66.15 63.07 -3.08 1.23
SD 14.66 14.67
Social Integration-SOCINT:
M 262.37 250.53 -11.84 1.883
SD 38.4 36.04
PDT Total-PDTOT:
M 551.26 530.15 -21.11 2.022
SD 65.64 58.67
Confluence Score-CON:
M 7.94 8.83 0.89 2.193
SD 2.18 2.48
Grade Point Average-GPA:
M 3.09 2.72 -0.37 3.809
SD 0.63 0.52
Scores Probability
AGE:
M n.s.
SD
Self-efficacy-EFF:
M n.s.
SD
Coping Skills-COP:
M n.s.
SD
Positive Assertiveness-ASS:
M n.s.
SD
Locus of Control (Decision Making)-LOC:
M 0.018
SD
Personal Maturity-PERMAT:
M n.s.
SD
Conformity-CFM:
M n.s.
SD
Sympathy-SYM:
M 0.027
SD
Self-esteem-EST:
M n.s.
SD
Caring-CAR
M n.s.
SD
Social Integration-SOCINT:
M n.s.
SD
PDT Total-PDTOT:
M 0.045
SD
Confluence Score-CON:
M 0.03
SD
Grade Point Average-GPA:
M 0
SD
Table 4
Comparing the Personal Development of High Schools Students involved in
Musical Activities with those not so involved
(Number of Musical Involvements= 22 and Non-music= 127)
Scores Musical Inv. Non-Music Inv. Difference t-Statistic
AGE:
M 18.64 18.77 0.13 0.634
SD 0.66
Self-efficacy-EFF:
M 72.73 71.66 -1.07 0.372
SD 11.15 12.72
Coping Skills-COP:
M 75.27 73.67 -1.6 0.544
SD 13.73 12.59
Positive Assertiveness-ASS:
M 72 66.58 -5.42 1.971
SD 10.1 12.17
Locus of Control (Decision Making)-LOC:
M 70.91 69.7 -1.21 0.453
SD 6.67 12.16
Personal Maturity-PERMAT:
M 290.91 281.61 -9.3 1.174
SD 28.24 35.22
Conformity-CFM:
M 55.82 58.77 2.95 1.022
SD 12.19 12.56
Sympathy-SYM:
M 66 61.7 -4.3 1.241
SD 14.38 15.11
Self-esteem-EST:
M 69.46 70.05 0.59 0.169
SD 17.26 14.82
Caring-CAR:
M 65.64 63.94 -1.7 0.5
SD 16.03 14.5
Social Integration-SOCINT:
M 256.91 254.46 -2.45 0.284
SD 43.49 36.22
PDT Test TotaI-PDTOT:
M 547.82 536.06 -11.76 0.821
SD 59.21 62.43
Confluence Score;CON:
M 7.77 8.64 0.87 1.566
SD 2.91 2.29
Grade Point Average-GPA:
M 3.15 2.8 -0.35 2.554
SD 0.73 0.55
Scores Probability
AGE:
M n.s.
SD
Self-efficacy-EFF:
M n.s.
SD
Coping Skills-COP:
M n.s.
SD
Positive Assertiveness-ASS:
M 0.051
SD
Locus of Control (Decision Making)-LOC:
M n.s.
SD
Personal Maturity-PERMAT:
M n.s.
SD
Conformity-CFM:
M n.s.
SD
Sympathy-SYM:
M n.s.
SD
Self-esteem-EST:
M n.s.
SD
Caring-CAR:
M n.s.
SD
Social Integration-SOCINT:
M n.s.
SD
PDT Test TotaI-PDTOT:
M n.s.
SD
Confluence Score;CON:
M n.s.
SD
Grade Point Average-GPA:
M 0.012
SD
Table 5
Comparing Personal Development of High School Students Involved in
Organized Sports with Those Not so Involved
(Number of Sports Involvement= 60, Not Involved= 89)
Scores Sports Involvement Non-Sports Difference t-Statistic
AGE:
JM 18.73 18 -0.7 30.199
SD 0.94 0.92
Self efficacy-EFF:
M 71.33 72.14 0.81 0,384
SD 10.83 13.52
Coping Skills-COP:
M 73.73 74.02 0.29 0.136
SD 12.51 12.95
Passive Assertiveness-ASS:
M 68.2 66,83 -1.38 0.681
SD 11.79 12.2
Locus of Control (Decision Making)-LOC:
M 67.87 71.24 3.37 1,765
SD 11.57 11.33
Personal Maturity-PERMAI:
M 281.13 284.23 3.1 0.537
SD 33.73 34.9
Conformity-CFM:
M 59.47 57.57 -1.9 0,905
SD 12.79 12.34
Sympathy-STM:
M 63.87 61.3 -2.57 1.021
SD 14.89 15.12
Self-esteem-EST:
M 69.8 70.07 0.27 0.1-5
SD 14.97 15.34
Caring-CAR:
M 64.13 64.23 0.1 0,037
SD 13.05 15.78
Social Integration-SOCINT:
M 257.27 253.17 -4.1 0,658
SD 36,8 37.63
PDT TotaI-PDTOT:
M 538.4 537.39 -1.01 0,097
SD 58.37 64,51
Condolence Score-CON:
M 8.38 8.6 0.22 0,527
SD 2.54 2.32
14. Grade Point Average-GPA:
M 2.9 2.82 -0.08 0,789
SD 0.53 0.63
Scores Probability
AGE:
JM n.s.
SD
Self efficacy-EFF:
M n.s.
SD
Coping Skills-COP:
M n.s.
SD
Passive Assertiveness-ASS:
M n.s.
SD
Locus of Control (Decision Making)-LOC:
M n.s.
SD
Personal Maturity-PERMAI:
M n.s.
SD
Conformity-CFM:
M n.s.
SD
Sympathy-STM:
M n.s.
SD
Self-esteem-EST:
M n.s.
SD
Caring-CAR:
M n.s.
SD
Social Integration-SOCINT:
M n.s.
SD
PDT TotaI-PDTOT:
M n.s.
SD
Condolence Score-CON:
M n.s.
SD
14. Grade Point Average-GPA:
M n.s.
SD
References Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy self-efficacy (selfˈ-eˑ·fi·k : The Exercise of Control. New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : W.H. Freeman Freeman can mean:
Cassel, R.N. (2001). Third Force Psychology used to foster Halll-Marks for success as the basis for delinquency delinquency Criminal behaviour carried out by a juvenile. Young males make up the bulk of the delinquent population (about 80% in the U.S.) in all countries in which the behaviour is reported. and crime prevenion. Education, 121(4), 642-648. Cassel, R.N. (2002). Confluence is a primary measure of test validity and it includes the creditability of Test Taker. College Student Journal, Pending. Cassel, R.N., and Blackwell Black·well , Elizabeth 1821-1910. British-born American physician who was the first woman to be awarded a medical doctorate in modern times (1849). , J. (2001). The LIE Score on the PDT serves as an index for creditability of Test Taker and Test Results. Education, 122(2), 296-298. Casssel, R.N. and Chow, P. (2002). The Personal Development Test (PDT). Chula Vista, California “Chula Vista” redirects here. For the area in Florida, see Chula Vista, Florida. Chula Vista is a city in southern San Diego County, California, United States. : Project Innovation. DSM-III-R DIAGNOSTIC AND statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders /Di·ag·nos·tic and Sta·tis·ti·cal Man·u·al of Men·tal Dis·or·ders/ (DSM) a categorical system of classification of mental disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, that delineates objective . Washington Washington, town, England Washington, town (1991 pop. 48,856), Sunderland metropolitan district, NE England. Washington was designated one of the new towns in 1964 to alleviate overpopulation in the Tyneside-Wearside area. , D.C: American Psychiatric Association The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the most influential world-wide. Its some 148,000 members are mainly American but some are international. . DSM-IV-Dagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders mental disorders: see bipolar disorder; paranoia; psychiatry; psychosis; schizophrenia. . Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. Downie, N.M., and Heath, R.W. (1959). Basic Statistical Methods. Second Edition. New York: Harper and Row. Horst, P. (1966). Psychological Measurement and Prediction "Prediction is very difficult, especially if it's about the future." - Niels Bohr A prediction is a statement or claim that a particular event will occur in the future in more certain terms than a forecast. . Belmont, California Belmont is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States. It is a small suburb in the San Francisco Bay Area, located half-way down the San Francisco Peninsula between San Mateo and San Carlos. The population was 25,123 at the 2000 census. : Wadsworth Wadsworth, city (1990 pop. 15,718), Medina co., NE Ohio, an industrial suburb of Akron; settled c.1816, inc. 1866. Matches, iron and steel valves, and rubber products are manufactured in the city. Publishing Company, Inc. Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row. Rogers, C.R. (1945). Becoming a Person. Austin Austin. 1 City (1990 pop. 21,907), seat of Mower co., SE Minn., on the Cedar River, near the Iowa line; inc. 1868. The commercial and industrial center of a rich farm region, it is noted as home to the Hormel meatpacking company, whose Spam Town museum , Texas: The Hogg hogg castrated male sheep usually 10 to 14 months old. Also used to describe an uncastrated male pig. Foundation. Dr. Donald Donald (Domnall, Domhnall, Dumhnuil, Dónall) is an anglicized version of a Scottish or Irish Gaelic personal name, containing the elements dumno "world" and val "rule", viz. "ruler of the world". Compare Dumnorix. F. DeMoulin, University of Tennessee The University of Tennessee (UT), sometimes called the University of Tennessee at Knoxville (UT Knoxville or UTK), is the flagship institution of the statewide land-grant University of Tennessee public university system in the American state of Tennessee. at Martin. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. Donald F. DeMoulin, Leadership Department, School of Education, University of Tennessee at Martin, Martin, Tennessee Martin is a city in Weakley County, Tennessee, United States. Martin is the home of the University of Tennessee at Martin. Geography Martin is located at (36.341836, -88.851647)GR1. 38238 |
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