Effects of salinity fluctuation pattern on growth and energy budget of juvenile shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis.ABSTRACT Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of salinity fluctuation pattern on the intermolt period and growth of Fenneropenaeus chinensis with initial body weight of 1.4510 [+ or -] 0.0040 g. The salinity of the control treatment (SO) was 30 ppt ppt abbr. 1. parts per thousand 2. parts per trillion throughout the experiment, whereas Treatments S2, S4, S7 and S10 were subjected to different salinity fluctuation pattern with the ranges of [+ or -]2, [+ or -]4, [+ or -]7 and [+ or -]10 (ppt), respectively. After the 32-day feeding trial, there were no significant differences in the intermolt periods (P > 0.05); the special growth rates Growth Rates The compounded annualized rate of growth of a company's revenues, earnings, dividends, or other figures. Notes: Remember, historically high growth rates don't always mean a high rate of growth looking into the future. (SGR SGR Sustainable Growth Rate SGR Societa' di Gestione del Risparmio (Italian: Investment Management Company) SGR Specific Growth Rate SGR Surgeon General's Report SGR Soft Gamma-ray Repeater ) under 5 treatments were ranked as S4 > S7 > S2 > S10 > S0, and SGR under treatment S4 was significantly higher than those under treatments SO and S10 by 58.94% and 37.52%, respectively (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in feed intake (FI) among all the treatments (P > 0.05). The maximal food conversion efficiency (FCE FCE First Certificate in English FCE Final Cut Express (Apple video editing suite) FCE Facultad de Ciencias Económicas (Spanish) FCE Functional Capacity Evaluation FCE Florida Coastal Everglades ) occurred in treatment S4, which was significantly higher than those under treatments SO and S10 by 46.07% and 34.24%, respectively (P < 0.05). Energy budget is also discussed in this article. KEY WORDS: Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, salinity fluctuation pattern, growth, energy budget INTRODUCTION The salinity tolerance of crustaceans is species-specific and differs between life-history stage and season. Marsupenaeus japonicus is sensitive to salinity fluctuation and abrupt decrease in salinity can cause high mortality (Chen & Bian 1994); the salinity tolerance of juvenile Metapenaeus bennettae, Penaeus esculentus and Fenneropenaeus marguiensis is lower than that of the adult (Dall 1981); Fenneropenaeus. Chinensis is a species capable of tolerating a wide range of salinity (Wang 1997), and the optimum salinity for growth is 15-28 ppt (Rong et al. 2000). Salinity is also an important environmental parameter affecting the molt and growth of crustaceans. Marcrobrachium rosenbergii molts more frequently and grows faster in lower salinity (Xu et al. 1997); Litopenaeus vannamei grows fast in lower salinity, and higher salinity inhibits growth (Bray et a1.1994, Xu 2000, Zhu 2002, Huang et al. 2004), therefore lower salinity culture pattern was one of the ways for culture Litopenaeus vannamei in China (Zhang 2002, Xu & Shi 2004). Boyd (1998) reported that the salinity tolerance of most aquaculture aquaculture, the raising and harvesting of fresh- and saltwater plants and animals. The most economically important form of aquaculture is fish farming, an industry that accounts for an ever increasing share of world fisheries production. species was wide and only large differences in salinity or sudden changes are likely to be important. Salinity is often affected by rainfall and evaporation evaporation, change of a liquid into vapor at any temperature below its boiling point. For example, water, when placed in a shallow open container exposed to air, gradually disappears, evaporating at a rate that depends on the amount of surface exposed, the humidity . For example, during the wet season, high rainfall causes the average salinity of Guayaquil to decline to 2 ppt, whereas during the dry season, high evaporation causes salinity values to increase to 17 ppt (Boyd 1990). This phenomenon also exists in Southern China. The natural distribution of this species extends from brackish brack·ish adj. 1. Having a somewhat salty taste, especially from containing a mixture of seawater and fresh water: "You could cut the brackish winds with a knife/Here in Nantucket" to freshwaters where annual rainfall and evaporation cycles can expose the species to widely seasonal variations in salinity. In recent years, epidemic diseases often broke out after a rainstorm, so the responses of shrimp to abrupt and sudden salinity changes start to draw attention (Li et al. 2002, Pan & Jiang 2002, Li et al. 1995). The purpose of this study is to determine the intermolt period (IP) and growth of F. chinensis, which were reared at different salinity fluctuation patterns for 32 days and to analyze its mechanisms by means of estimating their energy budgets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Source and Acclimation acclimation /ac·cli·ma·tion/ (ak?li-ma´shun) the process of becoming accustomed to a new environment. ac·cli·ma·tion n. 1. of Shrimp The shrimp used in the experiment were collected from the Jiaonan Shrimp Farm
A shrimp farm is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimp or prawns , Qingdao, China; water salinity was 28-30 ppt, and temperature was 23-25[degrees]. Prior to the experiment, all healthy shrimp (transparent body, actively swimming and feeding) were transferred into aquaria a·quar·i·a n. A plural of aquarium. (150 x 80 x 30 cm) and underwent a 7-day indoor acclimation period, during which they were fed formulated feed (43.39 [+ or -] 0.22% crude protein, 9.74 [+ or -] 0.30% fat, 9.91 [+ or -] 0.01% ash, 8.41 [+ or -] 0.06% moisture) twice a day. One third or half of the water volume was exchanged each day. Experiment Design Salinity of the control treatment (S0) was 30 ppt throughout the experiment, whereas treatments S2, S4, S7 and S10 were subjected to a different salinity fluctuation pattern with the range of [+ or -]2, [+ or -]4, [+ or -]7 and [+ or -]10 ppt, respectively (Fig. 1). One salinity fluctuation cycle lasted 16 d. Lower salinity water was prepared by diluting sand-filtered seawater seawater Water that makes up the oceans and seas. Seawater is a complex mixture of 96.5% water, 2.5% salts, and small amounts of other substances. Much of the world's magnesium is recovered from seawater, as are large quantities of bromine. using fully aerated aer·ate tr.v. aer·at·ed, aer·at·ing, aer·ates 1. To supply with air or expose to the circulation of air: aerate soil. 2. tap water; higher salinity water was prepared by adding sodium chloride sodium chloride, NaCl, common salt. Properties Sodium chloride is readily soluble in water and insoluble or only slightly soluble in most other liquids. It forms small, transparent, colorless to white cubic crystals. to sand-filtered seawater. Water exchanges were made to all treatments at the same time every 4 d, and four-fifths of the water volume was exchanged each time. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Experiment Condition and Procedure At the end of the 7-day indoor acclimation, 200 juveniles of similar size were selected and transferred into 5 aquaria (90 x 60 X 30 cm) filled with 120 L salinity fluctuation pattern different experimental water for a 16-day experimental acclimation. Each aquarium held 40 shrimp. To prevent the shrimp from jumping out, each aquarium was covered with a mesh cover. The ambient temperature Outside temperature at any given altitude, preferably expressed in degrees centigrade. was controlled with an air-conditioner and aeration aeration /aer·a·tion/ (ar-a´shun) 1. the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen by the blood in the lungs. 2. the charging of a liquid with air or gas. aer·a·tion n. was provided continuously. During acclimation and the experiment period, dissolved oxygen was maintained above 6.0 mg/L, pH was 8.1 [+ or -] 0.2, water temperature was 25 [+ or -] 0.5[degrees], and a simulated natural photoperiod photoperiod /pho·to·pe·ri·od/ (fo´to-per?e-od) the period of time per day that an organism is exposed to daylight (or to artificial light).photoperiod´ic pho·to·pe·ri·od n. (14 light: 10 dark) was used. After the 16-day acclimation and 24 h starvation, the shrimp under a different salinity fluctuation pattern were weighed individually. To remove excess moisture, shrimp were blotted dry with paper towels and weighed to the nearest 0.0001 g using an electronic balance. Then, 16 test shrimp of similar weight (1.4510 [+ or -] 0.0040 g) under each treatment were selected and randomly assigned to 4 smaller aquaria (45 cm x 25 cm x 30 cm) for the experiment. Each aquarium held 4 shrimp. Another 16 individuals were randomly selected from each treatment for later analysis (including initial dry weight, energy and protein of the shrimp). The rearing conditions were similar to those during the 16-day acclimation period. The experiment lasted 32 d. During the experiment, the shrimp were fed formulated feed twice a day (at 6:00 and 17:00). The uneaten food and feces feces or excrement or stools Solid bodily waste discharged from the colon through the anus during defecation. Normal feces are 75% water. The rest is about 30% dead bacteria, 30% indigestible food matter, 10–20% cholesterol and other fats, were siphoned into cups within 2.5 h after each meal. The collected uneaten food and feces were settled in cups, and then the water above was removed carefully. The molted shells were recorded at all time. The collected uneaten food, feces and shells were dried at 65[degrees] respectively, and kept for further analysis. At the end of the experiment, all the test shrimp were starved for 24 h, then collected and dried at 65[degrees] for 48 h Determination of Energy Contents and Estimation of Energy Budget The energy contents of the shrimp bodies, feed, molted shells and feces were measured by a Parr 1281 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter bomb calorimeter see calorimeter. . The energy budget was calculated as the following equation for the crustacean crustacean (krŭstā`shən), primarily aquatic arthropod of the subphylum Crustacea. Most of the 44,000 crustacean species are marine, but there are many freshwater forms. energy budget: C = G + F + U + E + R (Petrusewicz & Macfadyen 1970) where, C, the energy consumed in food; G, the energy deposited for growth; F, the energy lost in feces, U, the energy in excretion; E, the energy lost in exuviae exuviae the shed skin, e.g. of a snake or other reptile. , and R, the energy for respiration respiration, process by which an organism exchanges gases with its environment. The term now refers to the overall process by which oxygen is abstracted from air and is transported to the cells for the oxidation of organic molecules while carbon dioxide (CO . The estimation of U was based on the nitrogen budget equation: U = ([C.sub.N] - [G.sub.N] - [F.sub.N] - [E.sub.N]) x 24830 (Levine & Sulkin 1979, Lemos & Phan 2001) where [C.sub.N] is the nitrogen consumed from food; [F.sub.N], the nitrogen lost in feces; [G.sub.N], the nitrogen deposited in the shrimp body; [E.sub.N], the nitrogen lost in molting molting, periodical shedding and renewal of the outer skin, exoskeleton, fur, or feathers of an animal. In most animals the process is triggered by secretions of the thyroid and pituitary glands. ; 24830, the energy content in excreted nitrogen per gram (J/g). The nitrogen content of the formulated feed, shrimp, feces and molted shells were determined by Kjeldahl method The Kjeldahl method in analytical chemistry is a method for the quantitative determination of nitrogen in chemical substances developed by Johan Kjeldahl [1]. The method as described in Julius Cohen's Practical Organic Chemistry . The value of R was calculated as the following energy budget equation: R = C - G - F - U - E Calculation and Data Analysis Weight gain (WG) and intermolt period (IP) were calculated as follows: WG (%) = 100([W.sub.t] - [W.sub.0])/[W.sub.0] IP (day) = T/([N.sub.m]/[N.sub.s]) (Wu et al. 2000) Specific growth rate ([SGR.sub.d]), feed intake ([FI.sub.d]) and food conversion efficiency ([FCE.sub.d]) in terms of the dry weight were calculated as: [SGR.sub.d] (% x [day.sup.-1]) = 100(ln[W.sub.2] - ln[W.sub.1])//T (Ricker 1979) [FI.sub.d] (% body weight x [day.sup.-1]) = 100W/[T ([W.sub.2] + [W.sub.1])/2] (Wu et al. 2000) [FCE.sub.d] (%) = 100([W.sub.2] - [W.sub.1])/W (Matty & Smith 1978) where, [W.sub.t] and [W.sub.0] are the final and initial wet body weight of the shrimp; [W.sub.2] and [W.sub.1] are the final and initial dry body weights of the shrimp; [N.sub.m], the total number of molts of one aquaria; [N.sub.s], the number of shrimp; T, the duration of the experiment; W, the total food consumed. SGR, FI and FCE in terms of protein ([SGR.sub.p], [FI.sub.p], [FCE.sub.p]) and energy ([SGR.sub.e], [FI.sub.e], [FCE.sub.e]) were calculated similarly. Statistics were performed using SPSS A statistical package from SPSS, Inc., Chicago (www.spss.com) that runs on PCs, most mainframes and minis and is used extensively in marketing research. It provides over 50 statistical processes, including regression analysis, correlation and analysis of variance. 11.5 statistical software. All data were subjected to 1-way ANOVA anova see analysis of variance. ANOVA Analysis of variance, see there . If significant differences were indicated at the 0.05 levels, then Duncan multiple range tests were used to test the differences between treatments. RESULTS Intermolt Period IP of the test shrimp is presented in Table 1. There were no significant differences among all the treatments (P > 0.05). Growth Weight gain (WG) under different treatments is shown in Table 1. The highest WG occurred in treatment S4, and there existed a significant difference between treatment S4 and treatment S0 (P < 0.05). SGR of the test shrimp in terms of dry weight, protein and energy varied with the different salinity fluctuation pattern and showed a gradient of S4 > S7 > S2 > S10 > S0 (Fig. 2). [SGR.sub.d] under treatment S4 were significantly higher than those under treatment S0 and treatment S10 (P < 0.05). [SGR.sub.p] and [SGR.sub.e] exhibited the same pattern. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Feed Intake FI of the test shrimp under different treatments is shown in Figure 3. There were no significant differences among all treatments (P > 0.05) (Fig. 3). [FI.sub.p] and [FI.sub.e] exhibited the same pattern. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] Food Conversion Efficiency Figure 4 shows FCE of the test shrimp under different treatments. FCE of the test shrimp in terms of dry weight, protein and energy varied with the different salinity fluctuation patterns and showed a gradient of S4 > S7 > S2 > S10 > S0. [FCE.sub.d] under treatment S4 was significantly higher than those under treatment S0 and S10 (P < 0.05). [FCE.sub.p] and [FCE.sub.e] exhibited the same pattern. [FIGURE 4 OMITTED] Energy Allocation The patterns of energy allocation in the test shrimp revealed significant differences under different salinity fluctuation pattern (Table 2). The test shrimp under treatment S0 and S10 spent much more energy for respiration (R/C R/C Radio Control R/C Reinforced Concrete R/C Rate of Climb ) whereas depositing less energy for growth (G/C G/C Gas-to-Cloth Ratio ) than those under other treatments. In contrast, the shrimp under treatment S4 reserved more energy for growth (G/C) and spent less energy for respiration (R/C) and excretion (U/C U/C Under Construction U/C Upper Case U/C unit cost (US DoD) U/C upconverter (US DoD) U/C Unapplied Cash ). The differences of energy allocation in growth between treatment S4 and treatment S0 or treatment S4 and treatment S10 were significant (P < 0.05). The differences of energy allocation in exuviae (E/C E/C Equipment/Component E/C Erik and Christine (Phantom of the Opera fan-fiction) E/C Engineering/Construction Contractor E/C Environment & Communications ) were not significant among all the treatments (P > 0.05), whereas the differences were significant in excretion (U/C) and feces (F/C F/C See first coupon (F/C). ) (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION Fenneropenaeus chinensis can tolerate a wide range of salinity (3-40 ppt), but the optimum salinity for growth was 15-28 ppt ******** (Rong et al. 2000). The present experiment proved that F. chinensis could tolerate 10 ppt abrupt salinity change, the survival of the test shrimp under the five treatments varied from 81.22% to 93.75%, and mortalities arose from cannibalism cannibalism (kăn`ĭbəlĭzəm) [Span. caníbal, referring to the Carib], eating of human flesh by other humans. after molting. Though salinity fluctuation was especially important during the IP (Parado-Estepa et al. 1987), in the present experiment, there were no significant differences among all treatments in the IP. From the aspect of energy budget, there were no significant differences among the treatments in percentage of energy deposited for exuviae (P > 0.05). Vijayan and Diwan Noun 1. diwan - a Muslim council of state divan privy council - an advisory council to a ruler (especially to the British Crown) 2. diwan - a collection of Persian or Arabic poems (usually by one author) divan (1995) reported that the highest FI and growth for Penaeus indicu occurred at 15 ppt. Venkataramiah et al. (1972) noted that the utilization of nutrients by Penaeus azteaus appeared to vary with salinity; and apparent total dry matter digestibility digestibility the proportion of a feed or diet which can be digested by the normal animal of the subject species. digestibility coefficient see digestibility coefficient. decreased in Litopenaeus vannamei as salinity reached 40 ppt (Coelho 1981). In the present experiment, the FI under different salinity fluctuation patterns was not significantly different (P > 0.05), whereas FCE exhibited significant difference (P < 0.05). FCE under treatment S4 was significantly higher than those under Treatments SO and S10 (P < 0.05), which contributed to a higher SGR. One physiological relationship between salinity and metabolism was the point at which hemolymph hemolymph /he·mo·lymph/ (he´mo-limf?) 1. blood and lymph. 2. the bloodlike fluid of those invertebrates having open blood-vascular systems. he·mo·lymph n. was isosmotic isosmotic /isos·mot·ic/ (i?soz-mot´ik) having the same osmotic pressure. i·sos·mot·ic adj. Of or exhibiting equal osmotic pressure. isosmotic having the same osmotic pressure. with seawater (Bray et al. 1994). Panikkar (1968) revealed that less osmotic osmotic, adj pertaining to osmosis. osmotic pressure, n See pressure, osmotic. osmotic emanating from or pertaining to the pressure of osmosis. energy was spent when shrimps were cultured in water with salinity near the isosmotic point. Dalla (1987) found that the oxygen consumption and the energy of respiration in Palaemonetes antennarius were minimum when the hemolymph reached the isosmotic point; the entire energy consumption for Callinectes similes increased as salinity decreased, and the energy mainly allocated for respiration and excretion (Guerin and Stickle stick·le intr.v. stick·led, stick·ling, stick·les 1. To argue or contend stubbornly, especially about trivial or petty points. 2. To have or raise objections; scruple. 1995). The isoosmotic point for F. chinensis was reported to be 24.7 ppt at 24[degrees] (Chen and Lin 1998), whereas Zhang et al. (2002) noted that F. chinensis spent the lowest percentage of energy on respiration at 20 ppt. Because energy for respiration is the largest component of the energy allocation of decaponds, the accumulation of energy the storing of energy by means of weights lifted or masses put in motion; electricity stored. See also: Accumulation for growth is largely determined by the changes in energy for respiration, (Panikkar 1968, Dong et a1.1994, Shi et a1.1994, Paul & Akira 1989). In the present experiment, although the average salinity was the same in all treatments, the different salinity fluctuation pattern led to different energy allocation in respiration. The salinity fluctuation ranges of the treatments S2, S4 and S7 were smaller than that of treatment S10, and the energy spent in respiration were also smaller than that of treatment S10. Treatment S4 allocated significantly the lowest percentage of energy in respiration, and the highest percentage in growth, so lead to a higher SGR. Molting activity persists in the entire life of shrimp. Compared with the crustaceans with massive carapace carapace (kâr`əpās), shield, or shell covering, found over all or part of the anterior dorsal portion of an animal. In lobsters, shrimps, crayfish, and crabs, the carapace is the part of the exoskeleton that covers the head and thorax , shrimp molt more frequently. Zhu (2002) reported that shrimp gain ladderlike growth of body length through molting, which meant that body length grows rapidly at postmolt stages, but stop growing or just increase a little at IP. However, in the present experiment, the length of intermolt period was not varied significantly under different salinity fluctuation patterns, but the growth did enjoy significant difference, e.g., treatment S4 achieved the best growth. Similar results were obtained for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Brown et al. 1991) and F. indicus (Vijayan and Diwan 1995). So an increase in molting frequency may not necessarily improve growth. Molting is mainly regulated by molting hormone, whereas the growth maybe mainly regulated by FI and FCE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by funds from the National Tenth Five-Year Scientific and Technological Key Project (Grant no. 2004BA526B0402), National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 30571441) and National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant no. 2002AA648010). LITERATURE CITED Bray, W. A., A. L. Lawrence & J. R. Leung-Turgillo. 1994. The effect of salinity on growth and survival of Penaeus vannamei, with observations on the interaction of IHHN IHHN Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis (viral disease) virus and salinity. Aquaculture 122: 133-146. Brown, J. H., J. F. Wickins & M. H. Maclean. 1991. The effect of water hardness on growth and carapace mineralization Mineralization The process by which the body uses minerals to build bone structure. Mentioned in: Rickets mineralization, n the bioprecipitation of an inorganic substance. of juvenile freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture 95:329-345. Boyd, C. 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Zhang, S., S. L. Dong & F. Wang. 2002. Effect of feeding and salinity on energy budget of juvenile Chinese shrimp, Penaeus chinensis. Journal of Dianlian Fisheries University 27(3):227-233. Zhang, F. Y. 2002. The culture way for Litopenaeus vannamei under lower salinity water in North of China. China Fisheries. No. 2. pp. 54-55. Zhu, C. H. 2002. Effect of salinity on the growth of Penaeus vannamei. The Technology and Information of Aquaculture 29(4):166-168. YINGCHUN MU, FANG WANG, * SHUANGLIN DONG, GUOQIANG HUANG AND SHAOSHUAI DONG Mariculture mariculture marine aquaculture. research laboratory, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic People's Republic n. A political organization founded and controlled by a national Communist party. of China * Corresponding author. E-mail: wangfang249@ouc.edu.cn
TABLE 1.
Parameters of initial and final shrimp, weight gain,
survival and intermolt period under different
treatments (mean [+ or -] SE). (1)
Parameters,
weight gain, Treatments (2)
survival and
intermold period S0
Initial shrimp WW(g) (3) 1.449 [+ or -] 0.013 (a)
DW(g) (4) 0.316 [+ or -] 0.003 (a)
P(g) (5) 0.193 [+ or -] 0.002 (a)
E(KJ) (6) 5.776 [+ or -] 0.053 (a)
Final shrimp WW(g) 2.209 [+ or -] 0.123 (a)
DW(g) 0.493 [+ or -] 0.026 (a)
P(g) 0.308 [+ or -] 0.003 (a)
E(KJ) 9.003 [+ or -] 0.470 (a)
Weight gain (%) 52.28 [+ or -] 7.31 (a)
Survival rate (%) 81.25 [+ or -] 11.97 (a)
Intermolt period (d) 10.2 [+ or -] 0.2 (a)
Parameters,
weight gain, Treatments (2)
survival and
intermold period S2
Initial shrimp WW(g) (3) 1.447 [+ or -] 0.010 (a)
DW(g) (4) 0.316 [+ or -] 0.002 (a)
P(g) (5) 0.193 [+ or -] 0.001 (a)
E(KJ) (6) 5.767 [+ or -] 0.038 (a)
Final shrimp WW(g) 2.403 [+ or -] 0. 134 (a)
DW(g) 0.564 [+ or -] 0.035 (ab)
P(g) 0.359 [+ or -] 0.004 (ab)
E(KJ) 10.298 [+ or -] 0.643 (ab)
Weight gain (%) 66.02 [+ or -] 9.28 (ab)
Survival rate (%) 87.50 [+ or -] 7.21 (a)
Intermolt period (d) 9.6 [+ or -] 0.7 (a)
Parameters,
weight gain, Treatments (2)
survival and
intermold period S4
Initial shrimp WW(g) (3) 1.459 [+ or -] 0.005 (a)
DW(g) (4) 0.319 [+ or -] 0.001 (a)
P(g) (5) 0.195 [+ or -] 0.001 (a)
E(KJ) (6) 5.817 [+ or -] 0.021 (a)
Final shrimp WW(g) 2.664 [+ or -] 0.087 (b)
DW(g) 0.643 [+ or -] 0.030 (b)
P(g) 0.412 [+ or -] 0.004 (b)
E(KJ) 11.859 [+ or -] 0.562 (b)
Weight gain (%) 82.51 [+ or -] 5.40 (b)
Survival rate (%) 87.50 [+ or -] 7.21 (a)
Intermolt period (d) 9.5 [+ or -] 0.4 (a)
Parameters,
weight gain, Treatments (2)
survival and
intermold period S7
Initial shrimp WW(g) (3) 1.447 [+ or -] 0.011 (a)
DW(g) (4) 0.316 [+ or -] 0.002 (a)
P(g) (5) 0.194 [+ or -] 0.002 (a)
E(KJ) (6) 5.767 [+ or -] 0.043 (a)
Final shrimp WW(g) 2.451 [+ or -] 0.105 (a)
DW(g) 0.579 [+ or -] 0.025 (ab)
P(g) 0.358 [+ or -] 0.003 (ab)
E(KJ) 10.743 [+ or -] 0.462 (ab)
Weight gain (%) 69.30 [+ or -] 6.26 (ab)
Survival rate (%) 93.75 [+ or -] 6.25 (a)
Intermolt period (d) 9.1 [+ or -] 0.6 (a)
Parameters,
weight gain, Treatments (2)
survival and
intermold period S10
Initial shrimp WW(g) (3) 1.453 [+ or -] 0.005 (a)
DW(g) (4) 0.317 [+ or -] 0.001 (a)
P(g) (5) 0.194 [+ or -] 0.001 (a)
E(KJ) (6) 5.792 [+ or -] 0.023 (a)
Final shrimp WW(g) 2.292 [+ or -] 0.156 (ab)
DW(g) 0.529 [+ or -] 0.027 (a)
P(g) 0.320 [+ or -] O.O01 (a)
E(KJ) 9.534 [+ or -] 0.488 (a)
Weight gain (%) 57.63 [+ or -] 10.14 (ab)
Survival rate (%) 81.22 [+ or -] 11.97 (a)
Intermolt period (d) 9.2 [+ or -] 0.4 (a)
(1) Values (expressed as mean [+ or -] SE, df = 4) with
different letters in the same line are significantly
different from each other (P < 0.05).
(2) The ranges of salinity fluctuation of treatments
SO, S2, S4, R7 and R1O were 0, 2, 4, 7 and 10 ppt,
respectively.
(3) WW-shrimp wet weight
(4) DW-shrimp dry weight
(5) P-shrimp protein content
(6) E-shrimp energy content
TABLE 2. Allocation of the consumed energy in shrimp of
juvenile Fenneropenaeus chinensis under different
treatments (mean [+ or -] SE). (1)
R/[C.sub.2] G/[C.sub.3]
Treatments (%) (%)
SO 72.44 [+ or -] 0.70 (a) 10.11 [+ or -] 0.98 (a)
S2 70.61 [+ or -] 1.80 (ab) 12.85 [+ or -] 1.67 (ab)
S4 68.04 [+ or -] 0.25 (b) 15.04 [+ or -] 0.58 (b)
S7 68.38 [+ or -] 0.74 (a) 13.44 [+ or -] 0.80 (ab)
S10 72.46 [+ or -] 1.47 (a) 10.95 [+ or -] 1.21 (a)
E/[C.sub.4] U/[C.sub.5]
Treatments (%) (%)
SO 1.59 [+ or -] 0.31 (a) 6.91 [+ or -] 0.1 (a)
S2 1.46 [+ or -] 0.06 (a) 6.56 [+ or -] 0.27 (ab)
S4 1.48 [+ or -] 0.09 (a) 6.15 [+ or -] 0.04 (b)
S7 1.94 [+ or -] 0.26 (a) 6.41 [+ or -] 0.08 (b)
S10 1.95 [+ or -] 0.32 (a) 6.89 [+ or -] 0.09 (a)
F/[C.sub.6]
Treatments (%)
SO 8.96 [+ or -] 0.16 (ab)
S2 8.52 [+ or -] 0.81 (ab)
S4 9.28 [+ or -] 0.56 (ab)
S7 9.82 [+ or -] 0.31 (b)
S10 7.74 [+ or -] 0.34 (a)
(1) Values (expressed as mean [+ or -] SE, df = 4) with
different letters in the same column are significantly
different from each other (P < 0.05).
(2) R/C (%) = energy for respiration/energy consumed in food.
(3) G /C (%) = energy for growth/energy consumed in food.
(4) E/C (%) = energy for exuviae/energy consumed in food.
(5) U/C (%) = energy for excretion/energy consumed in food.
(6) F/C (%) = energy for feces/energy consumed in food.
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