Effects of BIMS structure on the properties of a tire black sidewall compound.The tire black sidewall side·wall n. 1. A wall that forms the side of something. 2. A side surface of an automobile tire, between the edge of the tread and the wheel rim. Noun 1. is the outer surface of the tire between its bead bead Small object, usually pierced for stringing. It may be made of virtually any material—wood, shell, bone, seed, nut, metal, stone, glass, or plastic—and is worn or affixed to another object for decorative or, in some cultures, magical purposes. and tread tread injury to the coronet of the horse's hoof by treading on it by the opposite hoof, or by another horse when they are being worked in a team. If the coronary matrix is injured there may be a subsequent crack or deformity. that protects the casing against weathering. It is formulated for·mu·late tr.v. for·mu·lat·ed, for·mu·lat·ing, for·mu·lates 1. a. To state as or reduce to a formula. b. To express in systematic terms or concepts. c. for resistance to weathering, ozone, abrasion abrasion /abra·sion/ (ah-bra´zhun) 1. a rubbing or scraping off through unusual or abnormal action; see also planing. 2. a rubbed or scraped area on skin or mucous membrane. and tear, radial radial /ra·di·al/ (ra´de-al) 1. pertaining to the radius of the arm or to the radial (lateral) aspect of the arm as opposed to the ulnar (medial) aspect; pertaining to a radius. 2. and circumferential circumferential /cir·cum·fer·en·tial/ (-fer-en´shal) pertaining to a circumference; encircling; peripheral. cracking cracking - cracker , and for good fatigue fatigue, in engineering fatigue, in engineering, microscopic cracking of materials, especially metals, after repeated applications of stress. Fissures may be formed within pieces of metal during their manufacture when, while cooling from the molten state, life. A blend of natural rubber and butadiene butadiene (by  t'ədī`ēn), colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon. There are two structural isomers of butadiene; they differ in the location of the two carbon-carbon double bonds in the rubber is generally used in the sidewall
along with carbon black, curatives and a high concentration of
antidegradants to provide weather resistance (refs. 1 and 2). Secondary
characteristics of tires, such as black sidewall appearance, have become
increasingly important, particularly for passenger tires. The in situ In place. When something is "in situ," it is in its original location. surface discoloration dis·col·or·a·tion n. 1. a. The act of discoloring. b. The condition of being discolored. 2. A discolored spot, smudge, or area; a stain. Noun 1. of black sidewalls is a particular problem of using N, N'-disubstituted-para-phenylenediamine antiozonants as protectants (ref. 3). An approach to achieving a high-gloss black sidewall over the life of a tire is to use an inherently ozone-resistant, saturated-backbone polymer such as ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers (EPDM EPDM Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Monomer EPDM Enterprise Product Data Management EPDM Ethylene Propylene Dimonomer (industrial/commercial piping/plumbing components) EPDM Engineering Product Data Management ), halogenated halogenated pertaining to a substance to which a halogen is added. halogenated salicylanilides see rafoxanide, clioxanide. butyl rubbers butyl rubber: see rubber. (HIIR) or brominated isobutylene-copara-methylstyrene (BIMS BIMS Biomedical Science (educational course/major) BIMS Biobank Information Management System BIMS Butterflies In My Stomach BIMS Branson Interactive Multimedia Services (Branson, MO) ) elastomers in conjunction with natural rubber and/or butadiene rubber (ref. 3). Brominated isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene elastomers (figure 1), was developed to combine the beneficial attributes of HIIR and of EPDM rubber EPDM rubber (ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber) is an elastomer which is characterized by wide range of applications. EPDM rubber is used in vibrators and seals; glass-run channel; radiator, garden and appliance hose; tubing; washers; belts; and electrical insulation. into a single polymer. BIMS, which has the excellent air impermeability im·per·me·a·ble adj. Impossible to permeate: an impermeable membrane; an impermeable border. im·per and dynamic properties of butyl butyl /bu·tyl/ (bu´t'l) a hydrocarbon radical, C4H9. bu·tyl n. A hydrocarbon radical, C4H9. butyl a hydrocarbon radical, C4H9. polymers, the ozone, aging and heat resistance of EPDM polymers and improved flex and crack growth resistance compared to halobutyl rubbers Halobutyl rubber is mainly used for tire inner liner compounds, because of its low air permeability. Bromobutyl is superior to Chlorobutyl, but is more expensive. The halogen radical permits the rubber to bond to the other elastomers in the carcass compound (ref. 4), has been evaluated for use in tire black sidewalls (refs. 4-12). [Figure 1 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Flowers, Fusco and coworkers (refs. 4-9) replaced HIIR and/or EPDM rubber with BIMS in tire sidewall formulations to improve static and dynamic ozone resistance and fatigue crack growth (ref. 5). They showed that at least 40 phr of BIMS rubber was required to protect the NR phase from ozone attack. The bromine bromine (brō`mēn, –mĭn) [Gr.,=stench], volatile, liquid chemical element; symbol Br; at. no. 35; at. wt. 79.904; m.p. –7.2°C;; b.p. 58.78°C;; sp. gr. of liquid 3.12 at 20°C;; density of vapor 7. and para-methylstyrene contents of the BIMS elastomers were found to be important factors for ozone resistance (table 1). McElrath, Tisler and coworkers (refs. 10 and 11) showed that use of a B1MS polymer having a lower bromine level improved sidewall compound crack growth resistance, but decreased ozone resistance and ply (mathematics, data) ply - 1. Of a node in a tree, the number of branches between that node and the root. 2. Of a tree, the maximum ply of any of its nodes. adhesion adhesion /ad·he·sion/ (ad-he´zhun) 1. the property of remaining in close proximity. 2. the stable joining of parts to one another, which may occur abnormally. 3. . Alternatively, use of a BIMS elastomer elastomer (ĭlăs`təmər), substance having to some extent the elastic properties of natural rubber. The term is sometimes used technically to distinguish synthetic rubbers and rubberlike plastics from natural rubber. having a lower bromine level in conjunction with an increased para-methylstyrene comonomer co·mon·o·mer n. One of the compounds that constitute a copolymer. content resulted in generally improved properties (table 2, ref. 10). Tires built with sidewalls containing BIMS elastomers having 10 and 12.5 weight-% para-methylstyrene performed equal to or better on the tire ozone wheel test than the control tire with a NR/BR sidewall containing antidegradants (ref. 11). Table 1 - effect of BIMS comonomer and bromine content (ref. 5)
1 2 3
Comonomer (PMS), wt-% 5 5 10
Bromine, wt-% 1 2 2
Mooney viscosity
ML-1+4 @ 100 [degrees] C 36 37 38
Mooney scorch @ 135 [degrees] C
min. to 5 pt. rise 9.1 7.9 7.9
Rheometer (160 [degrees] C,
3 [degrees] arc)
ML, dN-M 9.0 9.2 10.2
MH, dN-M 64.9 66.7 66.4
Ts2, min. 2.6 2.7 2.6
T90, min. 12.5 12.5 12.4
Physical properties
(cured T90 @ 160 [degrees] C)
Tensile, MPa 13.6 12.8 13.7
300% Modulus, MPa 8.3 9.0 8.8
Elongation, % 450 400 440
Aged physical properties
(2 weeks @ 70 [degrees] C)
Tensile, MPa 13.8 12.2 14.0
300% Modulus, MPa) 10.0 10.4 10.1
Elongation, % 140 120 150
Tan delta, 60 [degrees] C/100
Hz [+ or -] 5%
Strain, cured, T90+5' @ 160 [degrees] C 0.096 0.100 0.098
Dynamic ozone, 100 pphm, 40 [degrees] C
20% exten., hrs. to crack 72 120 216+
Static ozone, 100 pphm, 40 [degrees] C
20% exten., hrs. to crack 72 120 216+
Adhesion to carcass @ 100 [degrees] C 10.7 9.5 9.8
kN/m P/T T T
Formulation formulation /for·mu·la·tion/ (for?mu-la´shun) the act or product of formulating. American Law Institute Formulation : BR (Budene 1207), 30; NR (SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio) The communications services used by police, ambulances, taxicabs, trucks and other delivery vehicles. Throughout the U.S., approximately 3,000 independent operators are licensed by the FCC to offer this service, which provides always-on 5), 30; BIMS, 40; N660 black, 50; Flexon 641, 12; stearic acid stearic acid /ste·a·ric ac·id/ (ste-ar´ik) a saturated 18-carbon fatty acid occurring in most fats and oils, particularly of tropical plants and land animals; used pharmaceutically as a tablet and capsule lubricant and as an emulsifying , 2: Escorez 1102 resin resin, any of a class of amorphous solids or semisolids. Resins are found in nature and are chiefly of vegetable origin. They are typically light yellow to dark brown in color; tasteless; odorless or faintly aromatic; translucent or transparent; brittle, fracturing , 5; zinc oxide zinc oxide, chemical compound, ZnO, that is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in acids or alkalies. It occurs as white hexagonal crystals or a white powder commonly known as zinc white. , 3; sulfur sulfur or sulphur (sŭl`fər), nonmetallic chemical element; symbol S; at. no. 16; at. wt. 32.06; m.p. 112.8°C; (rhombic), 119.0°C; (monoclinic), about 120°C; (amorphous); b.p. 444.674°C;; sp. gr. at 20°C;, 2. , 0.4; Vulltac 5, 1.5; MBTS MBTS 2-Mercaptobenzothiazyl Disulfide MBTS Missile Bit Test Set MBTS Missile Bench Test Set , 1.7 Table 2 - BIMS elastomer black sidewall compound(a) properties (ref. 10)
MDX EDU
93-4(b) 043(c)
Mooney scorch @ 135 [degrees] C
(min. to 5 pt. rise) 9.1 11.2
ODR @ 160 [degrees] C (1 [degrees] arc)
MH, dNm 23 21
Ts2, min. 4.0 4.1
T90, min. 22.3 18.3
Stress-strain
Modulus @ 200%, MPa 3.2 2.8
Stress @ break, MPa 12.6 13.3
Strain @ break, % 556 618
Shore A hardness 45 45
Fatigue-to-failure
(101% elongation, 100 c/min.) 307,314 594,024
DeMattia flex
(pierced, 60 degree bend, 300 c/min.)
Crack length, mm @ 4,500 cycles 4.5 3.6
mm @ 90,000 cycles 8.9 6.0
mm @ 2,200,000 cycles 10.7 6.7
1" strip adhesion
(avg. peel @ 100 [degrees] C, #/in.)
to self 115 >200
to carcass 131 146
Ozone test (40 [degrees] C, 25 pphm
[O.sub.3], 33 days)
Static No cracks No cracks
Dynamic No cracks No cracks
Outdoor flex (27 days) 1 minor No cracks
edge crack
after 14
days
(a) - Formulation: BR, 50 phr; NR, 10; BIMS, 40; N351 black, 40; oil, 12; tackifying resin, 5; Struktol, 4; SP 1068, 2; stearic acid, 0.5; sulfur, 0.4; zinc oxide, 0.75; Rylex 3011, 0.6; MBTS, 0.8. (b) - 7.5 wt-% PMS (Pantone Matching System) A color matching system that has a unique number assigned to more than 500 different colors and shades. This standard for the printing industry has been built into many graphics and desktop publishing programs to ensure color accuracy. , 1.2 mole-% BrPMS (c) - 9.5 wt-% PMS, 1.0 mole-% BrPMS To understand the impact of brominated isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene structural modifications tin the performance of a non-staining passenger tire black sidewall compound, a systematic evaluation was made of the effects of bromine functionality and para-methylstyrene content of BIMS elastomers on individual cure, physical and aging properties. Statistical design and analyses were used to establish the BIMS polymer bromine functionality and para-methylstyrene levels and to explain compound property data in order to maximize the information obtained. Experimental Three isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene polymers that differed in weight-% para-methylstyrene comonomer (wt-% PMS) content, which had been made in the manufacturing plant, were used in this study. Polymers were selected to have approximately the same molecular weight values based on having comparable Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4 @ 125 [degrees] C) values. BIMS elastomers were prepared in the laboratory by free-radical bromination of the copolymers (ref. 13) in order to afford a two factor, three-level statistical design of structural properties. The para-methylstyrene comonomer contents were approximately 5.0, 9.6 and 13.6 weight-percent, and the bromine functionality on the methyl group Noun 1. methyl group - the univalent radical CH3- derived from methane methyl, methyl radical alkyl, alkyl group, alkyl radical - any of a series of univalent groups of the general formula CnH2n+1 derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons of the para-methylstyrene were approximately 0.25, 0.75 and 1.25 mole-percent (mole-% BrPMS). These nine polymers and the commercial Exxpro 3745 specialty elastomer (7.5 wt-% PMS, 1.2 mole-% BrPMS) were evaluated in the model passenger tire black sidewall compound whose formulation is shown in table 3. Studies of three of the experimental polymers were duplicated to increase the statistical confidence in the test results.
Table 3 - tire black sidewall formulation
Mixer # 1
0 seconds Exxpro polymer 50 phr
cis-butadiene, Budene 1207 50
120 Carbon black, N660 50
225 Processing oil, Flexon 641 17
Tackifying resin, SP 1068 2
Stearic acid 1
335 Dump @ 150 [degrees] C
Mixer #2
0 Masterbatch #1
135 Dump @ 130 [degrees] C
Mixer #3
0 Masterbatch #2
30 Zinc oxide, Kadox 930C 0.5
Sulfur 0.4
Accelerator, MBTS 0.8
Accelerator, TBBS 0.85
180 Dump @ 110 [degrees] C
Compounds were mixed in three-stages using a BR internal mixer mixer, either of two electronic devices in which two or more signals are combined. In the type of mixer used in radio receivers, radar receivers, and similar systems, a signal is translated upward or downward in frequency. with the ingredients added in the order shown in table 3. All 13 compounds were prepared in one day in a random mixing order, eliminating the need for using a block factor. Cure properties were measured using a MDR MDR, n See multidrug resistance. MDR, n the abbreviation for minimum daily requirement, specifically the Minimum Daily Requirements for Specific Nutrients compiled by the United States Food and Drug Administration. 2000 at a temperature of 160 [degrees] C and 0.5 degree arc. Test specimens were cured at 160 [degrees] C for a time corresponding to T90 + appropriate mold mold, name for certain multicellular organisms of the various classes of the kingdom Fungi, characteristically having bodies composed of a cottony mycelium. The colors of molds are caused by the spores, which are borne on the mycelium. lag. Filler fill·er 1 n. One that fills, as: a. Something added to augment weight or size or fill space. b. A composition, especially a semisolid that hardens on drying, used to fill pores, cracks, or holes in wood, plaster, dispersion dispersion, in chemistry dispersion, in chemistry, mixture in which fine particles of one substance are scattered throughout another substance. A dispersion is classed as a suspension, colloid, or solution. was measured using a DisperGrader 1000, which is based tin ISO/DIS 11345 method B, using the Carbon Blacks scale. When possible, standard ASTM ASTM abbr. American Society for Testing and Materials tests were used to determine the cured compound physical properties. Stress/strain properties (tensile strength tensile strength Ratio of the maximum load a material can support without fracture when being stretched to the original area of a cross section of the material. When stresses less than the tensile strength are removed, a material completely or partially returns to its , elongation elongation, in astronomy, the angular distance between two points in the sky as measured from a third point. The elongation of a planet is usually measured as the angular distance from the sun to the planet as measured from the earth. at break, modulus See modulo. values, energy to break) were measured at room temperature using an Instron 4202. Shore A hardness was measured at room temperature by using a Zwick Duromatic. Abrasion loss was determined at room temperature by weight difference by using an APH-40 abrasion tester with rotating ro·tate v. ro·tat·ed, ro·tat·ing, ro·tates v.intr. 1. To turn around on an axis or center. 2. sample and rotating drum. Cut growth was determined at ambient temperature Outside temperature at any given altitude, preferably expressed in degrees centigrade. for DeMattia flex fatigue (pierced pierced adj. 1. Cut through with a sharp instrument; perforated. 2. Of or relating to a body part that has been perforated for the purpose of attaching a piece of jewelry. 3. ) specimens. Ozone aging of dumbbell Dumbbell An investment strategy, used mainly for bonds, where holdings are heavily concentrated in both very short and long term maturities. Notes: This is also known as a barbell, charting on a timeline gives the appearance of a barbell or dumbbell. specimens was accomplished according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. ASTM D 3395-86 by using an Orec Environmental Chamber at 40 [degrees] C with samples undergoing cyclic cyclic /cyc·lic/ (sik´lik) pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; applied to chemical compounds containing a ring of atoms in the nucleus. cy·clic or cy·cli·cal adj. 1. deformation deformation /de·for·ma·tion/ (de?for-ma´shun) 1. in dysmorphology, a type of structural defect characterized by the abnormal form or position of a body part, caused by a nondisruptive mechanical force. 2. to 25% elongation while being exposed to 50 pphm of ozone. Dynamic properties (G*, G', G" and tangent tangent, in mathematics. 1 In geometry, the tangent to a circle or sphere is a straight line that intersects the circle or sphere in one and only one point. delta) were determined using a MTS (1) See Microsoft Transaction Server. (2) (Modular TV System) The stereo channel added to the NTSC standard, which includes the SAP audio channel for special use. 1. MTS - Message Transport System. 2. 831 mechanical spectrometer spectrometer Device for detecting and analyzing wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, commonly used for molecular spectroscopy; more broadly, any of various instruments in which an emission (as of electromagnetic radiation or particles) is spread out according to some for pure shear shear: see strength of materials. Shear A straining action wherein applied forces produce a sliding or skewing type of deformation. specimens (double lap shear sample geometry geometry [Gr.,=earth measuring], branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of and relationships between points, lines, planes, and figures and with generalizations of these concepts. ) at temperatures of 0 [degrees] C and 60 [degrees] C using a 1 Hz frequency and 0. 1, 2 and 10% strains. Data were analyzed an·a·lyze tr.v. an·a·lyzed, an·a·lyz·ing, an·a·lyz·es 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of. 3. using the fit model routine of SAS Institute SAS Institute Inc., headquartered in Cary, North Carolina, USA, has been a major producer of software since it was founded in 1976 by Anthony Barr, James Goodnight, John Sall and Jane Helwig. JMP JMP Jump JMP Java Memory Profiler JMP Joint Manpower Program JMP Joint Management Plan JMP Joint Marketing Program JMP JCL Manipulation Program JMP Joint Mission Planning (US DoD) JMP Joint Military Program software by correlating to the BIMS elastomer structural modifications of bromine functionality and paramethylstyrene content by using the response surface effect macro with a stepwise regression In statistics, stepwise regression includes regression models in which the choice of predictive variables is carried out by an automatic procedure.[1][2][3] to build models for the individual cure, physical, aging and dynamic properties. Two models were evaluated. The first model is a response surface model using the two main effects terms of weight-% paramethylstyrene (wt-% PMS) and mole-% bromine (mole-% BrPMS), and the three second order (two pair effects) terms [two quadratic quadratic, mathematical expression of the second degree in one or more unknowns (see polynomial). The general quadratic in one unknown has the form ax2+bx+c, where a, b, and c are constants and x is the variable. terms [(wt-% PMS).sup.2] and [(mole-% BrPMS).sup.2], and the interaction term (wt-% PMS)(mole-% BrPMS)]. A more complex model also incorporated terms corresponding to the weight-% para-methylstyrene divided by the mole-% bromine (wt-% PMS/mole-% BrPMS ratio) and to the percentage of the para-methylstyrene sites that contain a bromine functionality (%PMS-Br). Results and discussion Cure properties The levels of the four ingredients (sulfur, zinc oxide, MTBS MTBS Modern Times Bookstore MTBS Mobile Television Broadcast System MTBS Mean Time Between Sorties MTBS Magnetic Tape Back Space , TBBS TBBS The Bread Board System TBBS The Big Blue Sky (website) ) used to cure the BIMS non-staining black sidewall compound were established via statistically designed experiments in order to afford a compound with a T90 cure time at 160 [degrees] C of 10-12 minutes, good scorch safety and no reversion reversion: see atavism. . Figure 2 is an example cure curve. The cure properly data of the BIMS elastomers evaluated in this study are shown in table 4. Inspection of the data shows that there are small variations in these cure properties. Maximum torque values are the highest and scorch values are the lowest for those sidewall compounds having BIMS elastomers with the highest bromine functionalities, see compounds 4, 5, 8, 9 and 13. There do not appear to be any correlations of MH and Ts2 data to the para-methylstyrene content of BIMS. [Figure 2 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Table 4 - sidewall compound cure properties Compound 1 2 3 4 5 6 wt-% PMS 5 5 5 5 7.5 9.6 mole-% BrPMS 0.25 0.25 0.75 1.26 1.2 0.25 ML, dN.m 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.3 MH, dN.m 8.3 8.1 7.8 10.5 9.0 7.4 MH-ML 6.8 6.6 6.5 9.0 7.6 6.1 Ts2, min. 5.35 5.43 5.08 4.35 4.68 5.15 T25, min. 5.07 5.12 4.71 4.59 4.56 4.74 T50, min. 6.23 6.32 6.07 5.84 6.13 5.80 T75, min. 7.81 7.99 8.05 7.25 8.05 7.20 T90, min. 9.93 10.34 10.83 9.56 12.01 9.03 Compound 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 wt-% PMS 9.6 9.6 9.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 mole-% BrPMS 0.75 1.26 1.26 0.23 0.23 0.81 1.25 ML, dN.m 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 MH, dN.m 7.7 9.5 9.4 7.6 7.4 8.1 9.5 MH-ML 6.5 8.2 8.1 6.2 6.0 6.8 8.1 Ts2, min. 5.56 4.76 4.74 5.61 5.61 5.10 4.90 T25, min. 5.09 4.80 4.76 5.11 5.07 4.81 4.92 T50, min. 6.67 6.38 6.33 6.37 6.34 6.15 6.57 T75, min. 8.73 8.44 8.26 7.84 7.85 7.98 8.71 T90, min. 11.44 12.34 12.04 9.77 9.85 10.38 12.04 SAS (1) (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, www.sas.com) A software company that specializes in data warehousing and decision support software based on the SAS System. Founded in 1976, SAS is one of the world's largest privately held software companies. See SAS System. JMP regression analysis In statistics, a mathematical method of modeling the relationships among three or more variables. It is used to predict the value of one variable given the values of the others. For example, a model might estimate sales based on age and gender. was used to identify statistically significant relationships between the properties of the non-staining passenger tire black sidewall compound and the BIMS polymer structural modifications of bromine functionality and para-methylstyrene content. The general statistical approach is to test a hypothesis by determining, at a desired significance level, the probability that the hypothesis would be true based on analysis of the measured data. For example, a hypothesis is that the compound maximum torque values do not depend on BIMS structural features. Regression analysis of MH data using the response surface model reveals that the variance The discrepancy between what a party to a lawsuit alleges will be proved in pleadings and what the party actually proves at trial. In Zoning law, an official permit to use property in a manner that departs from the way in which other property in the same locality observed between the calculated mean and individual MH values can be quantitatively accounted for ([r.sup.2] = 0.946) by the structural changes made to the BIMS elastomer based on the response surface model. At the 95% confidence interval confidence interval, n a statistical device used to determine the range within which an acceptable datum would fall. Confidence intervals are usually expressed in percentages, typically 95% or 99%. (alpha: 0.05), the calculated Prob [is greater than] F = 0.0001. This is the probability that the response observed for the MH values could occur if the hypothesis that compound maximum torque does not depend on BIMS structure were to be true. Based on this extremely low probability, the hypothesis is rejected and it is concluded that the changes in the BIMS elastomer structure are statistically significant. The main effects of bromine functionality and para-methylstyrene content, and their quadratic terms are statistically significant factors since Prob [is greater than] ltl [is less than] 0.05 for each term. The interaction term (wt-% PMS)(mole-% BrPMS) is not significant (table 5).
Table 5 - statistical results using response surface model
Property [r.sup.2] Prob>F
ML 0.854 0.0020
MH 0.946 <0.0001
Ts2 0.840 0.0006
Tensile strength 0.982 <0.0001
Elongation at break 0.991 <0.0001
100% modulus 0.797 0.0071
300% modulus 0.891 0.0006
Energy at break 0.979 <0.0001
SW-SW adhesion 0.880 <0.0001
SW-ply adhesion 0.770 0.0032
Cut growth 0.731 0.0014
Abrasion 0.940 <0.0001
Outdoor flex fatigue 0.961 <0.0001
Tan delta @ -30 [degrees] C 0.921 0.0002
Tan delta @ 0 [degrees] C 0.907 0.0003
G* @ 0 [degrees] C 0.840 0.0001
G" @ 0 [degrees] C 0.908 0.0016
G* @ 30 [degrees] C 0.888 <0.0001
G" @ 30 [degrees] C 0.764 0.0035
Tan delta @ 60 [degrees] C 0.781 0.0290
G* @ 60 [degrees] C 0.798 0.0003
G" @ 60 [degrees] C 0.0008
Property Prob>ltl
wt-% mole-% [(wt-%
PMS BrPMS PMS).sup.2]
ML 0.0007 0.0079 0.0011
MH 0.0206 0.0193 0.0337
Ts2 0.0698 0.5553
Tensile strength <0.0001
Elongation at break 0.6110 <0.0001
100% modulus 0.4931 0.0412
300% modulus 0.4730 0.8244
Energy at break 0.0285 <0.0001
SW-SW adhesion 0.0749
SW-ply adhesion 0.0220 0.0060 0.0228
Cut growth 0.0074
Abrasion 0.9994
Outdoor flex fatigue 0.0036 0.3034 0.0106
Tan delta @ -30 [degrees] C 0.0034 0.6070 0.0008
Tan delta @ 0 [degrees] C 0.0021 0.0047 0.0063
G* @ 0 [degrees] C 0.0940 <0.0001
G" @ 0 [degrees] C 0.0332 0.2930 0.1311
G* @ 30 [degrees] C 0.0166
G" @ 30 [degrees] C 0.0853 0.0005 0.1046
Tan delta @ 60 [degrees] C 0.0386 0.4130 0.0285
G* @ 60 [degrees] C 0.2116 0.0001
G" @ 60 [degrees] C 0.0411 0.8185 0.0290
Property Prob>ltl
[(mole-% (wt-%PMS)*
BrPMS).sup.2] (mole-% BrPMS)
ML 0.0061
MH 0.0014
Ts2 0.1334
Tensile strength 0.0002
Elongation at break <0.0001 0.0006
100% modulus 0.0110 0.1252
300% modulus 0.0289 0.0142
Energy at break <0.0001
SW-SW adhesion 0.0080
SW-ply adhesion
Cut growth 0.0028
Abrasion 0.0711
Outdoor flex fatigue 0.0595 0.0039
Tan delta @ -30 [degrees] C 0.0939
Tan delta @ 0 [degrees] C 0.0074
G* @ 0 [degrees] C
G" @ 0 [degrees] C 0.1295 0.3346
G* @ 30 [degrees] C 0.1705
G" @ 30 [degrees] C
Tan delta @ 60 [degrees] C 0.0493 0.1167
G* @ 60 [degrees] C
G" @ 60 [degrees] C 0.1051 0.2457
Minimum torque (ML) and scorch (Ts2) values are qualitatively accounted for ([r.sup.2] [is greater than] 0.8) by the BIMS structural changes. Table 5 is a summary of the statistical analyses for the significant responses. T90 cure time data are qualitatively fit ([r.sup.2] = 0.83) only when using the more complex model, with the %PMS-Br term significant (Prob [is greater than] ltl = 0.0036). T25, T50 and T75 cure data show no statistically significant trends with BIMS polymer structural modification. These latter results are indicative that sulfur vulcanization vulcanization (vŭl'kənəzā`shən), treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities, e.g., strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents, and to render it impervious to moderate heat and cold. of the cis-polybutadiene phase is important at these stages of compound curing. Physical properties * Tensile tensile, adj having a degree of elasticity; having the ability to be extended or stretched. properties. Cured BIMS black sidewall compound physical property data are shown in table 6. Inspection of the data shows large variations in many of the properties. In particular, tensile strength (6.5-11.9 MPa), elongation at break (373-582%) and energy to break (3.91-9.87 MPa) values vary widely. Tensile strength values are highest for those compounds having BIMS elastomers with the highest bromine functionality of 1.25 mole-%, see compounds 4, 5, 8, 9 and 13. However, elongation at break values are highest for those BIMS elastomer compounds with moderate bromine functionality, see compounds 3, 7 and 12. Table 6 - sidewall compound physical properties Compound 1 2 3 4 wt-% PMS 5 5 5 5 mole-% BrPMS 0.25 0.25 0.75 1.26 Dispersion rating 6.7 6.6 7.4 7.0 Hardness, Shore A 55 56 56 54 Elongation @ break, % 373 383 526 414 Tensile strength, MPa 6.6 6.7 10.1 11.7 20% modulus, MPa 0.66 0.70 0.58 0.70 100% modulus, MPa 1.83 1.78 1.57 1.95 200% modulus, MPa 3.95 3.83 3.59 4.73 300% modulus, MPa 5.73 5.70 5.79 8.06 Energy at break, J 4.11 4.22 8.09 7.25 SW-SW adhesion, kPa 2.8 5.5 35.2 248.3 SW-ply adhesion, kPa 0.7 7.6 32.4 37.9 Cut growth, mm @ 2,220 kc 7.1 16.8 1.0 25.4 Outdoor flex, hr. to major crack 168 168 336 700 Abrasion index 60 77 107 216 Compound 5 6 7 8 wt-% PMS 7.5 9.6 9.6 9.6 mole-% BrPMS 1.2 0.25 0.75 1.26 Dispersion rating 7.0 7.5 6.9 7.2 Hardness, Shore A 55 54 54 55 Elongation @ break, % 489 378 561 479 Tensile strength, MPa 11.2 6.5 10.1 11.5 20% modulus, MPa 0.59 0.69 0.60 0.62 100% modulus, MPa 1.56 1.74 1.46 1.60 200% modulus, MPa 3.77 3.77 3.40 3.82 300% modulus, MPa 6.45 5.53 5.57 6.61 Energy at break, J 8.85 4.05 9.21 7.85 SW-SW adhesion, kPa 540.7 3.5 42.1 509.0 SW-ply adhesion, kPa 327.6 7.6 93.8 290.3 Cut growth, mm @ 2,220 kc 21.9 22.0 1.2 19.2 Outdoor flex, hr. to major crack 700 168 360 700 Abrasion index 184 76 156 217 Compound 9 10 11 12 wt-% PMS 9.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 mole-% BrPMS 1.26 0.23 0.23 0.81 Dispersion rating 7.6 6.9 7.9 7.9 Hardness, Shore A 58 53 56 56 Elongation @ break, % 484 388 373 582 Tensile strength, MPa 11.9 6.9 6.5 11.3 20% modulus, MPa 0.63 0.67 0.63 0.59 100% modulus, MPa 1.70 1.66 1.63 1.48 200% modulus, MPa 4.05 3.64 3.59 3.37 300% modulus, MPa 6.88 5.54 5.43 5.63 Energy at break, J 8.14 4.25 3.91 9.87 SW-SW adhesion, kPa 433.8 26.2 6.9 35.2 SW-ply adhesion, kPa 288.3 4.1 7.6 71.7 Cut growth, mm @ 2,220 kc 25.4 3.7 3.7 1.0 Outdoor flex, hr. to major crack 700 168 168 168 Abrasion index 203 70 81 99 Compound 13 wt-% PMS 13.6 mole-% BrPMS 1.25 Dispersion rating 7.7 Hardness, Shore A 54 Elongation @ break, % 520 Tensile strength, MPa 11.2 20% modulus, MPa 0.59 100% modulus, MPa 1.42 200% modulus, MPa 3.30 300% modulus, MPa 5.79 Energy at break, J 8.33 SW-SW adhesion, kPa 479.3 SW-ply adhesion, kPa 111.0 Cut growth, mm @ 2,220 kc 24.8 Outdoor flex, hr. to major crack 240 Abrasion index 206 The large variation in tensile strength, elongation at break and energy to break values can be quantitatively ([r.sup.2] [is greater than] 0.95) accounted for based upon the BIMS polymer structural modifications. The contributions due to the two bromine functionality terms dominate these physical properties (table 5). Figure 3 shows the relationship between compound tensile strength and the BIMS elastomer weight-% para-methyl-styrene and mole-% bromine contents. For elongation at break values, the (wt-% PMS)(mole-% BrPMS) interaction term is statistically significant (Prob [is greater than] ltl = 0.0006), but makes a minor contribution to the measured values compared to the mole-% BrPMS and its quadratic term (Prob [is greater than] ltl <0.0001), as indicated in figure 4. For energy to break values, the wt-% PMS term is significant, but again the two bromine functionality terms are dominant with the surface resembling that of elongation at break. [Figures 3-4 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The correlation coefficients Correlation Coefficient A measure that determines the degree to which two variable's movements are associated. The correlation coefficient is calculated as: for the 100% and 300% modulus values can be qualitatively fit ([r.sup.2] [is greater than] 0.8) with the bromine functionality terms significant. The interaction term is significant for 300% modulus data. Hardness and dispersion data cannot be satisfactorily explained using the BIMS elastomer structural changes as models. Table 5 is a summary. * Adhesion and fatigue properties. Compound adhesion and fatigue data are also shown in table 6. Note that results of dynamic ozone aging are not included since each of the 13 BIMS sidewall compounds survived 28 days of exposure without formation of a single crack in any of the duplicated sample before terminating the experiment. The specimens containing the BIMS elastomers retained a shiny black surface appearance, whereas the NR/BR control compounds displayed a brown surface discoloration due to the presence of the reacted para-phenylenediamine antiozonants (ref. 3). In a follow -up study, compound 5 was subjected to 133 days of dynamic ozone testing without formation of a single crack before termination of that experiment. Again, the surface appearance was black. Large variations are observed lot compound adhesion [sidewall-to-sidewall (2.8-540 kPa) and sidewall-to-ply coat (0.7-327 kPa)], cut growth (1-25.4 mm @ 2.22 million cycles), outdoor flex life (168-700 hours to the appearance of the first major crack) and abrasion index (60-217) values. Adhesion, outdoor flex fatigue and abrasion index values are highest for those compounds having BIMS elastomers with the highest bromine functionality, see compounds 4, 5, 8, 9 and 13. Alternatively, cut growth values are lowest for those black sidewall compounds prepared with BIMS elastomers having moderate bromine functionality. For example, compounds 3, 7 and 12 have approximately 0.75 mole-% brominated para-methylstyrene and cut growth values of only 1 mm after 2,220,000 cycles. Abrasion index ([r.sup.2] = 0.94) and outdoor flex fatigue ([r.sup.2] = 0.96) data are quantitatively accounted for by the BIMS elastomer structural changes using the simple response surface model. Abrasion index is only dependent upon the bromine functionality (figure 5). Outdoor flex life is a complex function dependent upon all first and second order terms, including the (wt-% PMS)(mole-% BrPMS) interaction term (figure 6). The adhesion values of the sidewall compound to itself and to a SBR/NR ply coat compound are qualitatively fit ([r.sup.2] [is greater than] 0.77) to the response surface model. SW-SW adhesion is only dependent upon the bromine functionality, whereas SW-Ply coat adhesion is dependent upon the paramethylstyrene terms. Use of the complex model shows that the %PMS-Br term is significant affording decreased adhesion values with increasing extent of bromination of the available para-methylstyrene sites. Cut growth resistance is qualitatively accounted for ([r.sup.2] = 0.73) and is dependent upon the two bromine functionality terms (figure 8). Table 5 is a summary of the statistical analyses. [Figures 5-6 and 8 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Dynamic properties Dynamic property data of the BIMS black sidewall compounds are shown in table 7. Data vary widely with few obvious correlations to BIMS structure. Regression regression, in psychology: see defense mechanism. regression In statistics, a process for determining a line or curve that best represents the general trend of a data set. analyses show that the variations in many of the dynamic properties of the non-staining black sidewall compound can be accounted for ([r.sup.2] [is greater than] 0.75, Prob [is greater than] F [is less than] 0.05) using the response surface model of BIMS structural changes. Complex equations depending upon bromine functionality and para-methyl-styrene content are required to model the data. For example, tangent delta values at -30 [degrees] C and 0 [degrees] C, and the G" values at 0 [degrees] C and 60 [degrees] C have [r.sup.2] [is greater than] 0.9, but are dependent upon first and second order terms of the model. For example, for tangent delta @ -30 [degrees] C values the para-methylstyrene terms and the interaction term are significant. For tangent delta @ 0 [degrees] C values, both first order and quadratic terms are significant, but not the interaction term. For tangent delta @ 6 [degrees] C values the para-methylstyrene main effect and the three second order terms are significant (figure 7). Variations in G* values at 0 [degrees] C, 30 [degrees] C and 60 [degrees] C can be qualitatively accounted for based on the BIMS structural change of bromine functionality. Table 5 is a summary of the statistical analyses. [Figure 7 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Table 7 - sidewall compound dynamic properties Compound 1 2 3 4 wt-% PMS 5 5 5 5 mole-% BrPMS 0.25 0.25 0.75 1.26 G* @ -30 [degrees] C, MPa 2.776 3.043 4.687 5.297 G" @ -30 [degrees] C, MPa 1.316 1.489 2.131 2.486 Tangent delta @ -30 [degrees] C 0.538 0.561 0.532 0.561 G* @ 0 [degrees] C, MPa 1.512 1.423 1.348 1.315 G" @ 0 [degrees] C, MPa 0.309 0.296 0.319 0.275 Tangent delta @ 0 [degrees] C 0.209 0.212 0.244 0.214 G* @ 30 [degrees] C, MPa 1.256 1.215 1.094 1.070 G" @ 30 [degrees] C, MPa 0.185 0.177 0.181 0.137 Tangent delta @ 30 [degrees] C 0.149 0.147 0.168 0.130 G* @ 60 [degrees] C, MPa 1.056 0.991 0.950 0.947 G" @ 60 [degrees] C, MPa 0.158 0.153 0.152 0.107 Tangent delta @ 60 [degrees] C 0.152 0.156 0.163 0.114 Compound 5 6 7 8 wt-% PMS 7.5 9.6 9.6 9.6 mole-% BrPMS 1.2 0.25 0.75 1.26 G* @ -30 [degrees] C, MPa 4.977 3.203 5.977 10.43 G" @ -30 [degrees] C, MPa 2.001 1.583 2.679 4.331 Tangent delta @ -30 [degrees] C 0.439 0.569 0.501 0.460 G* @ 0 [degrees] C, MPa 1.182 1.605 1.396 1.189 G" @ 0 [degrees] C, MPa 0.284 0.385 0.349 0.308 Tangent delta @ 0 [degrees] C 0.247 0.247 0.259 0.269 G* @ 30 [degrees] C, MPa 0.924 1.296 1.072 0.980 G" @ 30 [degrees] C, MPa 0.153 0.222 0.188 0.155 Tangent delta @ 30 [degrees] C 0.168 0.174 0.178 0.160 G* @ 60 [degrees] C, MPa 0.804 1.074 0.897 0.837 G" @ 60 [degrees] C, MPa 0.125 0.178 0.154 0.124 Tangent delta @ 60 [degrees] C 0.158 0.168 0.174 0.150 Compound 9 10 11 12 wt-% PMS 9.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 mole-% BrPMS 1.26 0.23 0.23 0.81 G* @ -30 [degrees] C, MPa 5.661 4.753 4.057 4.882 G" @ -30 [degrees] C, MPa 2.432 2.777 2.257 2.533 Tangent delta @ -30 [degrees] C 0.476 0.717 0.669 0.606 G* @ 0 [degrees] C, MPa 1.252 1.535 1.642 1.368 G" @ 0 [degrees] C, MPa 0.310 0.368 0.390 0.357 Tangent delta @ 0 [degrees] C 0.256 0.247 0.244 0.270 G* @ 30 [degrees] C, MPa 1.000 1.187 1.264 1.062 G" @ 30 [degrees] C, MPa 0.151 0.181 0.200 0.165 Tangent delta @ 30 [degrees] C 0.153 0.155 0.160 0.157 G* @ 60 [degrees] C, MPa 0.865 0.983 1.026 0.912 G" @ 60 [degrees] C, MPa 0.125 0.151 0.160 0.140 Tangent delta @ 60 [degrees] C 0.146 0.156 0.158 0.153 Compound 13 wt-% PMS 13.6 mole-% BrPMS 1.25 G* @ -30 [degrees] C, MPa 6.608 G" @ -30 [degrees] C, MPa 3.439 Tangent delta @ -30 [degrees] C 0.610 G* @ 0 [degrees] C, MPa 1.353 G" @ 0 [degrees] C, MPa 0.327 Tangent delta @ 0 [degrees] C 0.251 G* @ 30 [degrees] C, MPa 1.002 G" @ 30 [degrees] C, MPa 0.170 Tangent delta @ 30 [degrees] C 0.172 G* @ 60 [degrees] C, MPa 0.831 G" @ 60 [degrees] C, MPa 0.127 Tangent delta @ 60 [degrees] C 0.155 Black sidewall properties Tire black sidewall compounds are formulated to resist weathering by heat, oxygen, ozone and ultraviolet light Ultraviolet light A portion of the light spectrum not visible to the eye. Two bands of the UV spectrum, UVA and UVB, are used to treat psoriasis and other skin diseases. , to resist abrasion, tearing tear·ing n. Epiphora. , and radial and circumferential cracking, and for good fatigue life (refs. 1 and 2). Laboratory tests used here to specifically evaluate these compound performance properties are dynamic ozone, DIN abrasion, DeMattia cut growth and outdoor flex fatigue. Tangent delta @ 60 [degrees] C can also be used to evaluate the heat build-up build·up also build-up n. 1. The act or process of amassing or increasing: a military buildup; a buildup of tension during the strike. 2. in the compound. Compound cure, tensile and adhesion properties must also be appropriately optimized to be compatible with the other rubbery components comprising the tire composite. As shown in table 4 and figure 2, the BIMS non-staining model passenger tire black sidewall compounds have cure properties consistent with those required for compatibility with the other components of a passenger tire, independent of the percent of para-methylstyrene comonomer content and bromine functionality designed into the BIMS elastomer. However, for physical, adhesion and fatigue properties, these two polymer structural characteristics need to be carefully selected in order to attain a balance of the most desirable properties. For example, the 1.25 mole-% bromine level desirably affords BIMS black sidewall compounds with the highest tensile strength, adhesion to both the sidewall and ply coat compounds, outdoor flex fatigue life and abrasion index properties. Alternatively, elongation at break, energy to break and cut growth resistance values are optimal when using a BIMS elastomer with 0.75 mole-% bromine content. Thus, a value intermediate these two values of mole-% bromine is required to achieve a balance of all of these desirable properties. Dynamic ozone resistance is not considered here since all of the BIMS rubber compounds had excellent performance displaying no cracking over the 28-day testing period. The 13.6 weight-% para-methylstyrene contents beneficially affect tensile strength, elongation at break and tangent delta values at 0 [degrees] C and 60 [degrees] C. Use of the desirability function of the prediction profiler of SAS JMP software allows an estimation estimation In mathematics, use of a function or formula to derive a solution or make a prediction. Unlike approximation, it has precise connotations. In statistics, for example, it connotes the careful selection and testing of a function called an estimator. of desirable BIMS polymer structural features for a non-staining black sidewall compound. Selecting high values for tensile strength, elongation at break, sidewall to ply coat adhesion and abrasion index, and a low value of cut growth as desirable affords a BIMS polymer with 11.5 weight-% paramethylstyrene content and 1.0 mole-% bromine functionality as the best candidate (desirability = 0.71), as indicated in figure 8. Alternatively, by changing the input properties a different BIMS polymer structure may be calculated to be more desirable. For example, by eliminating the tensile strength and including a high value for outdoor flex fatigue and low value for tangent delta @ 60 [degrees] C, a BIMS elastomer with 7.2 weight-% para-methylstyrene content and 1.0 mole-% bromine functionality is selected (figure 9). This information is useful in designing follow-up experiments. [Figure 9 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Tisler, McElrath and coworkers (ref. 11) showed that use of a BIMS polymer having moderate bromine and high paramethylstyrene contents resulted in improved black sidewall properties (table 2, ref. 10). On the tire ozone wheel test, equal or better performance versus a NR/BR sidewall containing antidegradants was obtained for the non-staining black sidewalls having 50 phr of BIMS elastomers with 10 weight-% para-methylstyrene and 0.98 mole-% bromine, and with 12.5 weight-% para-methylstyrene and 0.84 mole-% bromine. Summary The use of inherently ozone-resistant polymers to protect the natural rubber and butadiene rubber of black sidewall compounds has been a successful technique. Brominated-isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene elastomers have been developed to combine the beneficial attributes of halobutyl robber and of EPDM rubber into a single polymer. At the 50-phr level, all BIMS black sidewall compounds survived 28 days of dynamic ozone aging without formation of a single crack before terminating the experiment. These specimens retained a shiny black surface appearance, whereas the NR/BR control compounds displayed a brown surface discoloration. Variations in physical, adhesion and fatigue properties correlated cor·re·late v. cor·re·lat·ed, cor·re·lat·ing, cor·re·lates v.tr. 1. To put or bring into causal, complementary, parallel, or reciprocal relation. 2. to BIMS polymer structural characteristics. Using regression analysis, it is shown that high bromine functionality desirably affords compounds with the highest tensile strength, adhesion to both the sidewall and ply coat compounds, outdoor flex fatigue life and abrasion index properties. Elongation at break, energy to break and cut growth resistance values are optimal when using a lower bromine functionality. An intermediate value is required to achieve a balance of all desirable properties. High weight-% paramethylstyrene contents in BIMS polymers beneficially affect tensile strength, elongation at break and tangent delta values at 0 [degrees] C and 6 [degrees] C. References (1.) R.S. Bhakuni, S.K. Mowdood, W.H. Waddell, I.S. Rai and D.L. Knight, "Tires" in "Encyclopedia encyclopedia, compendium of knowledge, either general (attempting to cover all fields) or specialized (aiming to be comprehensive in a particular field). Encyclopedias and Other Reference Books of Polymer Science Polymer science or macromolecular science is the subfield of materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics. The field of polymer science includes researchers in multiple disciplines including chemistry, physics, and engineering. and Engineering," Second Edition, J.I. Kroschwitz, Editor, John Wiley John Wiley may refer to:
New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , 1989, v. 16, p. 834. (2.) W.H. Waddell, R.S. Bhakuni, W.W. Barbin and P.H. Sandstrom, "Pneumatic tire Noun 1. pneumatic tire - a tire made of reinforced rubber and filled with compressed air; used on motor vehicles and bicycles etc pneumatic tyre bicycle wheel - the wheel of a bicycle compounding" in "The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook," R.F. Ohm, Editor, R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc., Norwalk, CT, 1990, p. 595. (3.) W.H. Waddell, "Tire black sidewall surface discoloration: A review," paper no. 62 presented at a meeting of the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a learned society (professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. Founded in 1876 at New York University, the ACS currently has over 160,000 members at all degree-levels and in , Cleveland, OH, October 21-24,1997. (4.) D. Kruse and J.V. Fusco, Rubber & Plastics News 1993 Technical Yearbook, May, 1994, p. 10. (5.) D.D. Flowers, J.V. Fusco, L.J. Gursky and D.G. Young, Rubber World 204 (5), 26 (1991). (6.) D.D. Flowers, J.V. Fusco and D.S D.S Drainage Structure (flood protection) . Tracey, "Advancements in new tire sidewalls with a new isobutylene Noun 1. isobutylene - used also in making gasoline components butene, butylene - any of three isomeric hydrocarbons C4H8; all used in making synthetic rubbers butyl - a hydrocarbon radical (C4H9) based copolymer copolymer: see polymer. ," paper no. 50 presented at a meeting of the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Orlando, FL, October 26-29, 1993. (7.) D.D. Flowers, J.V. Fusco and D.S. Tracey, Rubber World 209 (6),32 (1994). (8.) B. Costemalle, D.D. Flowers, J.V. Fusco and M. Steurs (to Exxon Chemical Patents, Inc.), U.S. 5,376,438 (Dec. 27, 1994). (9.) L.J. Gursky, J.V. Fusco and D.D. Flowers (to Exxon Chemical Patents, Inc.), U.S. 5,532312 (July 2, 1996). (10.) K.O. McElrath and A.L. Tisler, "Improved elastomer blend for tire sidewalls," presented at a meeting of the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Anaheim, CA, May 6-9, 1997. (11.) A.L. Tisler, K.O. McElrath, D.S. Tracey and M.F. Tse, "New grades of BIMS for non-stain tire sidewalls," paper no. 66 presented at a meeting of the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Cleveland, OH, October 21-24, 1997. (12.) H. Mouri and Y. Tonosaki, "Improvement of tire sidewall appearance using highly saturated saturated /sat·u·rat·ed/ (sach´ah-rat?ed) 1. denoting a chemical compound that has only single bonds and no double or triple bonds between atoms. 2. unable to hold in solution any more of a given substance. polymers - origin of sidewall cracking," presented at a meeting of the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Cleveland, OH, October 21-24,1997. (13.) H.C. Wang and K.W. Powers, Elastomerics, January/February, 1992. (14.) G.E.P. Box, W.G. Hunter and J.S. Hunter, "Statistics for experimenters," John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978, Chapter 5.3 |
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