Effect of temperature on the early development of Haliotis diversicolor Reeve.ABSTRACT The effect of temperature on the early development of Haliotis diversicolor Reeve REEVE. The name of an ancient English officer of justice, inferior in rank to an alderman. 2. He was a ministerial officer, appointed to execute process, keep the king's peace, and put the laws in execution. was studied as a strategy to define the optimum temperature range for experiments on early developmental conditions of this species. The survival rate of Haliotis diversicolor Reeve of different stages of early development varied significantly at different temperatures (17[degrees]C, 21[degrees]C, 24[degrees]C, 27[degrees]C, 31[degrees]C, and 33.5[degrees]C) (P < 0.01). In the cleavage cleavage, tendency of many minerals to split along definite smooth planar surfaces determined by their crystal structure. The directions of these surfaces are related to weaknesses in the atomic structure of the mineral and are always parallel to a possible crystal period, the survival rate was 1.7% at 17[degrees]C and 99.4% at 27[degrees]C. When the water temperature was 33.5[degrees]C the survival rate was 17.9%, much lower than 97.9% at 31[degrees]C. The other 3 embryonic periods embryonic period (em″breon´ik pe´reod), n the stage between the second and eighth week of embryonic development, during which differentiation of organs and organ systems occurs. , including embryonic development, postembryonic post·em·bry·on·ic adj. Following the embryonic stage of development. development, and emergence stage of the 1st breathing pore pore (por) a small opening or empty space. alveolar pores openings between adjacent pulmonary alveoli that permit passage of air from one to another. , also showed the similar trends with variations in temperature. When temperature increased between 18[degrees]C and 30[degrees]C, the early developmental rate accelerated, the developmental time shortened and survival increased. The relationship between the developmental rate or the developmental time and water temperature can be expressed by the following formula: Y = 0.0541/(1 + 5.8381[e.sup.-0.2532t]) (r = [absolute value of -0.7014], P < 0.05). The first trochophore troch·o·phore n. The small, free-swimming, ciliated aquatic larva of various invertebrates, including certain mollusks and annelids. [Greek trokhos, wheel (from trekhein, needed 20 h to hatch out with an instantaneous hatching rate of 0.2% at 17[degrees]C and the total hatching rate reached 2.5% at 28 h. When temperature was maintained at 27[degrees]C the time of first trochophore hatching was at 8 h postfertilization (h.p.f.) with an instantaneous hatching rate of 10.3% and the highest total hatching rate was 96.4% at 22 h.p.f. when the incubation ended. The total hatching rate declined to 85.3% at 33.5[degrees]C. The settlement of trochophore was also affected by temperature. The trochophores started to settle at 65 h.p.f. with a low settlement rate of 0.5% only at 17[degrees]C and started to settle at 55 h.p.f. with the highest settlement rate of 53.2% at 27[degrees]C and only 1.2% at 33.5[degrees]C. The results showed that the optimum water temperature for artificial reproduction Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism. Examples include artificial insemination, in vitro fertilisation, cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage. and seed breeding of H. diversicolor was 24[degrees]C to 28[degrees]C. KEY WORDS: Haliotis diversicolor Reeve, early development, temperature INTRODUCTION Haliotis diversicolor Reeve is a species of abalone abalone (ăbəlō`nē), popular name in the United States for a univalve gastropod mollusk of the genus Haliotis, members of which are also called ear shells, or sea ears, as their shape resembles the human ear. especially popular in South China because of its appropriate size and unique flavor. The reproduction and breeding of abalone is the foundation of commercial culture. The reproductive cycles reproductive cycle n. The cycle of physiological changes that begins with conception and extends through gestation and parturition. of several important abalone species have been studied. The reproductive biology of the Donkey's ear abalone, H. asinina Linne were studied, including the sex ratio, initial size at sexual maturity, spawning period, fecundity fecundity /fe·cun·di·ty/ (fe-kun´dit-e) 1. in demography, the physiological ability to reproduce, as opposed to fertility. 2. ability to produce offspring rapidly and in large numbers. , and so on (Capinpin et al. 1998). Jarayabhand et al. (1995) reported on the embryonic and larval larval 1. pertaining to larvae. 2. larvate. larval migrans see cutaneous and visceral larva migrans. development of H. ovina. Early development showed differences in developmental stages between H. asinina and H. ovina in Thailand, physicochemical physicochemical /phys·i·co·chem·i·cal/ (fiz?i-ko-kem´ik-il) pertaining to both physics and chemistry. phys·i·co·chem·i·cal adj. 1. Relating to both physical and chemical properties. factors having important effects on the growth and survival. (Jarayabhand & Paphavasit 1996). It has been reported that salinity plays an important role in the early development of oysters (Tan & Wong 1996) and the juvenile abalone (Chen & Chen 2000). The hatching, larval growth, survival, and settling of oysters were reported to be affected by salinity (Liu et al. 1992, Madrones-Ladja et al. 2002a, Nell & Holliday 1988, Tan & Wong 1996). Salinity, micro algal algal pertaining to or caused by algae. algal infection is very rare but systemic and udder infections are recorded. See protothecosis. algal mastitis the algae Prototheca trispora and P. diet, and rearing conditions also affected gonad gonad /go·nad/ (go´nad) a gamete-producing gland; an ovary or testis.gonad´algonad´ial indifferent gonad the sexually undifferentiated gonad of the early embryo. maturity and fecundity, early development, and larval growth of the window-pane shell (Madrones-Ladja et al. 2002a, Madrones-Ladja et al. 2002b). Dos Santos Santos (sän`t  s), city (1996 pop. 412,288), São Paulo state, SE Brazil, on the island of São Vicente in the Atlantic just off the mainland. & Nascimento (1985) reported that the normal
early development of the mangrove mangrove, large tropical evergreen tree, genus Rhizophora, that grows on muddy tidal flats and along protected ocean shorelines. Mangroves are most abundant in tropical Asia, Africa, and the islands of the SW Pacific. oyster was influenced by gamete gamete (găm`ēt): see reproduction. density, salinity, and temperature. The early development of H.
diversicolor was suggested to be divided into 4 periods, which were
cleavage, embryonic development, postembryonic development, and
emergence stage of the 1st breathing pore (Lu et al. 2001). This study
investigates the effect of temperature on the early development,
developmental rate, hatching, and settlement of the trochophore.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials and Water Treatment The fertilized fer·til·ize v. fer·til·ized, fer·til·iz·ing, fer·til·iz·es v.tr. 1. To cause the fertilization of (an ovum, for example). 2. eggs used in the incubation experiment were collected by the following procedure: [2.sup.+]-year-old parental abalone (shell length of 50-65 mm and body weight of 41.5-62.5 g) were induced to spawn by temperature stimulation and then the eggs were artificially fertilized (Lu et al. 2001). To test the variance in the embryonic development of H. diversicolor at different water temperatures, we adopted 6 different temperature ranges: 17[degrees]C, 21[degrees]C, 24[degrees]C, 27[degrees]C, 31[degrees]C, and 33.5[degrees]C ([+ or -]0.5[degrees]C). The seawater seawater Water that makes up the oceans and seas. Seawater is a complex mixture of 96.5% water, 2.5% salts, and small amounts of other substances. Much of the world's magnesium is recovered from seawater, as are large quantities of bromine. used in the experiments was treated by double sand-filtration (particle diameter, 0.05-0.10 mm) and bio-filtered at salinities of 28[per thousand] to 35[per thousand] and at pH of 8.2-8.5. Experiments All experiments were conducted in triplicate at six different water temperatures. Embryonic Development The fertilized eggs were incubated in 500 mL glass beakers under different water temperatures. After fertilization fertilization, in biology, process in the reproduction of both plants and animals, involving the union of two unlike sex cells (gametes), the sperm and the ovum, followed by the joining of their nuclei. , 2-mL samples, which were at a density about 10 eggs/mL, were taken every 3-5 min for microscopic examination to observe the cleavage progress. One hour later, samples were taken every 10 min for observation of embryonic development, and larvae Larvae, in Roman religion Larvae: see lemures. were counted every 0.5 h. Trochophore Settlement and Survival One thousand trochophores were stocked in 150-mL glass beakers at a density of 10 individuals/mL at different temperatures. Samples were examined to observe the shaping of larval organs using a binocular binocular, small optical instrument consisting of two similar telescopes mounted on a single frame so that separate images enter each of the viewer's eyes. As with a single telescope, distant objects appear magnified, but the binocular has the additional advantage dissecting dis·sect tr.v. dis·sect·ed, dis·sect·ing, dis·sects 1. To cut apart or separate (tissue), especially for anatomical study. 2. microscope, every 2 h, until all of them metamorphosed to settle or die. Statistical Analysis One-way ANOVA anova see analysis of variance. ANOVA Analysis of variance, see there was used to examine the effects of temperature on survival of different stages in the early development, and regression analysis In statistics, a mathematical method of modeling the relationships among three or more variables. It is used to predict the value of one variable given the values of the others. For example, a model might estimate sales based on age and gender. was used to test the relationship between developmental rate and temperature. When necessary, data were treated and assessed statistically by using 11.5 SPSS A statistical package from SPSS, Inc., Chicago (www.spss.com) that runs on PCs, most mainframes and minis and is used extensively in marketing research. It provides over 50 statistical processes, including regression analysis, correlation and analysis of variance. (Statistical Program for Social Sciences) computer software. RESULTS Effect of Temperature on the Early Development of H. Diversicolor The survival rate of different stages in the early development varied greatly at temperatures of 17[degrees]C, 21[degrees]C, 24[degrees]C, 27[degrees]C, 31[degrees]C, and 33.5[degrees]C (P < 0.01). In the cleavage period the survival rate was 1.7%, 65.1%, 88.5%, 99.4%, and 97.9% at the temperature of 17[degrees]C, 21[degrees]C, 24[degrees]C, 27[degrees]C, and 31[degrees]C, respectively. The results indicated that 27[degrees]C was the optimum temperature for the early development because of its highest survival rate of 99.4%, and the next highest was 97.9% at 31[degrees]C. However, when the water temperature increased 33[degrees]C to 34[degrees]C the survival rate decreased to 17.9%. In addition, the survival rate of other periods such as embryonic development, postembryonic development, and emergence stage of the 1st breathing pore (see Lu et al. 2001) also showed similar trends at water temperature of 17[degrees]C to 34[degrees]C, and temperatures between 24[degrees]C and 27[degrees]C also had higher survival than the others (Table 1). The survival rate at the same temperature among different stages didn't show significant variance (P > 0.05). Effect of Instantaneous Water Temperature on the Early Developmental Rate The early developmental time and its rate were influenced by instantaneous water temperature. The early developmental time shorted when the water temperature increased from 16[degrees]C to 32[degrees]C. When the temperature increased to 34[degrees]C, the developmental rate slowed down and a longer time was needed to develop. The developmental time was directly related to water temperature when temperatures ranged from 16[degrees]C to 30[degrees]C. In contrast, the developmental rate was inversely related to water temperature between 16[degrees]C and 30[degrees]C (Fig. 1). The relationship between the developmental rate or the developmental time and temperature can be expressed by the logistic formula: [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Y = 0.0541 / (1 + 5.8381[e.sup.-0.2532 t]) (r = [absolute value of -0.7014], P < 0.05). Y: developmental rate or the developmental time t: temperature Effect of Temperature on the Hatches of Trochophores Under the artificial breeding conditions, the incubation of the fertilized eggs of H. diversicolor was mainly affected by temperature. The first trochophore required 20 h to hatch out with an instantaneous hatching rate of 0.2%, and the total hatching rate reached 2.5% at 28 h postfertilization (h.p.f.), and the final survival rate was 16.0% at a mean temperature of 17[degrees]C. The trochophores started to hatch out at 10 h. p. f. at 21[degrees]C and 8 h.p.f, at 24[degrees]C. When the temperature was maintained at 27[degrees]C, the time was 8 h with an instantaneous hatching rate of 10.3% for the hatching out of the first trochophore, and this produced the highest total hatching rate of 96.4% and a survival rate of 81.85% at 22 h. p.f. The total hatch rate declined to 94.9% at 31[degrees]C and 85.3% at 33.5[degrees]C with a survival rate of 76.08% and 72.33%, respectively (Table 2, Fig. 2 and Table 3). [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Effect of Temperature on the Settlement of Trochophores Temperature also affected the settlement of trochophores. The trochophores started to settle at 65 h, with a low settlement rate of 0.5%, when the mean temperature was 17[degrees]C. When the water was 21[degrees]C, the trochophores started to settle earlier at 55 h, and the number of settled individuals increased to 17.4%. The settlement rate was 53.2% at 27[degrees]C; 34.9% at 24[degrees]C; 29.1% at 31[degrees]C and 1.2% at 33[degrees]C to 34[degrees]C (Fig. 3). In addition, results showed that the instantaneous settling rates were 5, 30[per thousand], 85[per thousand], 168[per thousand], 87[per thousand], and 5[per thousand] at 17[degrees]C, 21[degrees]C, 24[degrees]C, 27[degrees]C, 31[degrees]C and 33.5[degrees]C, respectively (Table 4). DISCUSSION We found that salinity was relatively steady at 28[per thousand] to 35[per thousand] and pH was 8.2-8.5 whereas temperature varied from 12[degrees]C to 32[degrees]C in the artificial breeding of H. diversicolor (unpublished), and it had also been proven that temperature greatly influenced early development, seed breeding, and growth of H. diversicolor (Chen & Chen 1999). The survival rate of different stages in the early development showed significant difference within different temperature ranges (P < 0.01). Water temperature played an important role in the fertilization of eggs and resulted in the failure of fertilization at lower (16[degrees]C to 22[degrees]C) or higher (33[degrees]C to 34[degrees]C) temperatures, which was at a rate of 33.5% and 45.8%, respectively. According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. the observation, low temperature (17[degrees]C) can also terminate the development of the cleavage stage of the fertilized eggs at a rate of 97%. From Table 1 and Figure 1 we can see that the final survival of juveniles was higher at 24[degrees]C to 31[degrees]C than that at 17[degrees]C and 33.5[degrees]C with shorter developmental time and faster developmental rate. Generally speaking, the shorter time of the incubation and hatching, the shorter time the individuals were exposed to adverse environmental factors such as parasitic fungi or predation predation Form of food getting in which one animal, the predator, eats an animal of another species, the prey, immediately after killing it or, in some cases, while it is still alive. Most predators are generalists; they eat a variety of prey species. by copepods. Within the optimum range of temperature, the higher the temperature, the shorter the developmental time, which was similar to that of fish such as eel eel, common name for any fish of the 10 families constituting the order Anguilliformes, and characterized by a long snakelike body covered with minute scales embedded in the skin. Anguilla japonica japonica (jəpŏn`əkə): see quince; camellia. (Xie et al. 1995), Silurus slodatovi meridionalis Chen (Chen et al. 1998), S. asouts Linnacus (Xiao et al. 1998) and Megalobrama hoffmanni (Ye et al. 1998), and snail snail, name commonly used for a gastropod mollusk with a shell. Included in the thousands of species are terrestrial, freshwater, and marine forms. Some eat both plant and animal matter; others eat only one type of food. Babylonia formosae habei (Zheng et al. 2000). The first trochophore of H. diversicolor hatched out at 20 h.p.f. at 17[degrees]C, 10 h.p.f, at 21[degrees]C, 8 h.p.f, at 24[degrees]C and 27[degrees]C, 6 h.p.f, at 31[degrees]C, and 8 h.p.f, at 33.5[degrees]C (Table 2). Jarayabhand et al. (1995) reported that the trochophores of H. ovina hatched out at 7-8 h and trochophores of H. asinina hatched out at 5 h (Jarayabhand & Paphavasit 1996) at the average temperature of 29[degrees]C. The latter species was a little earlier than the former in hatching out. Planktonic plank·ton n. The collection of small or microscopic organisms, including algae and protozoans, that float or drift in great numbers in fresh or salt water, especially at or near the surface, and serve as food for fish and other larger organisms. marine invertebrate invertebrate (ĭn'vûr`təbrət, –brāt'), any animal lacking a backbone. The invertebrates include the tunicates and lancelets of phylum Chordata, as well as all animal phyla other than Chordata. larvae experience high mortality rates. Processes during these early vulnerable stages of development are an important determinant of the dynamics of marine invertebrate populations (Drent 2002). Those that hatched out at temperatures lower than 18[degrees]C or higher than 32[degrees]C had lower swim-up rates and settling rates. When the temperature exceeded 32[degrees]C the hatching rate was relatively high, but more trochophores were malformed mal·formed adj. Abnormally or faultily formed. and incapable of swimming or settling, and this prolonged the duration of settling and finally the animals died of fatigue. This was similar to results obtained on H. discus discus /dis·cus/ (dis´kus) pl. dis´ci [L.] disk. dis·cus n. pl. dis·ci A flat circular surface; a disk. discus pl. disci [L.] 1. hannai Ino (Chen et al. 1977). According to the results of the experiments, the optimum temperature for incubation and seed production was 24[degrees]C to 28[degrees]C and this proved feasible in large-scale artificial breeding of H. divericolor. We got mass production of juveniles (shell length at 1.8-2.5cm) at densities of 4,806 ind/[m.sup.2] in 2001 (Lu et al. 1999).
TABLE 1.
Arithmetic mean ([+ or -] SD) of the variance of survival rate (%) of
different stages in the early development at 6 temperature levels (17,
21, 24, 27, 31 & 33.5[degrees]C).
Tempe-
rature
([deg- Fertilized Cleavage
rees]C) Eggs Stage Stage
17 0.665 [+ or -] [0.031.sup.d] 0.017 [+ or -] [0.001.sup.e]
21 0.788 [+ or -] [0.041.sup.c] 0.649 [+ or -] [0.125.sup.c]
24 0.915 [+ or -] [0.030.sup.b] 0.885 [+ or -] [0.015.sup.b]
27 0.996 [+ or -] [0.029.sup.a] 0.994 [+ or -] [0.042.sup.a]
31 0.978 [+ or -] [0.076.sup.a] 0.979 [+ or -] [0.070.sup.a]
33.5 0.543 [+ or -] [0.061.sup.e] 0.184 [+ or -] [0.071.sup.d]
Tempe-
rature
([deg- Embryonic Post-embryonic
rees]C) Stage Stage
17 0.727 [+ or -] [0.100.sup.c] 0.250 [+ or -] [0.015.sup.f]
21 0.765 [+ or -] [0.062.sup.c] 0.296 [+ or -] [0.018.sup.e]
24 0.929 [+ or -] [0.012.sup.ab] 0.931 [+ or -] [0.032.sup.b]
27 0.995 [+ or -] [0.042.sup.a] 0.996 [+ or -] [0.015.sup.a]
31 0.858 [+ or -] [0.010.sup.b] 0.743 [+ or -] [0.075.sup.c]
33.5 0.217 [+ or -] [0.067.sup.d] 0.382 [+ or -] [0.086.sup.d]
Tempe-
rature
([deg- Emergence Stage of the
rees]C) 1st Breathing Pore
17 [0.000.sup.d]
21 0.845 [+ or -] [0.037.sup.b]
24 0.928 [+ or -] [0.042.sup.a]
27 0.961 [+ or -] [0.085.sup.a]
31 0.831 [+ or -] [0.020.sup.b]
33.5 0.375 [+ or -] [0.085.sup.c]
TABLE 2.
The time of the first trochophore of hatching out and instantaneous
hatching rate.
Temperature ([degrees]C) 17 21 24 27 31 33.5
Time (h) 20 10 8 8 6 8
Instantaneous hatching rate (%) 0.2 1.5 6.8 10.3 8.1 11.5
TABLE 3.
Arithmetic mean ([+ or -] SD) of the hatching rate and survival rate of
trochophores at six temperature levels.
Temperature ([degrees]C) 17
Hatching rate 2.477 [+ or -] [0.127.sup.e]
Survival rate 15.967 [+ or -] [1.258.sup.e]
Temperature ([degrees]C) 21
Hatching rate 41.033 [+ or -] [1.365.sup.d]
Survival rate 78.105 [+ or -] [1.513.sup.e]
Temperature ([degrees]C) 24
Hatching rate 91.100 [+ or -] [1.778.sup.b]
Survival rate 87.167 [+ or -] [1.405.sup.a]
Temperature ([degrees]C) 27
Hatching rate 96.467 [+ or -] [0.907.sup.a]
Survival rate 81.767 [+ or -] [1.419.aup.b]
Temperature ([degrees]C) 31
Hatching rate 94.867 [+ or -] [1.550.sup.a]
Survival rate 76.033 [+ or -] [1.266.sup.e]
Temperature ([degrees]C) 33.5
Hatching rate 85.267 [+ or -] [2.369.sup.c]
Survival rate 72.200 [+ or -] [1.931.sup.d]
TABLE 4.
The time of the first trochophore to settle and Arithmetic mean
([+ or -] SD) of instantaneous settling rate.
Temperature ([degrees]C) 17
Time (h) 65
Instantaneous settling rate 5.033 [+ or -] [0.862.sup.d]
([per thousand])
Temperature ([degrees]C) 21
Time (h) 55
Instantaneous settling rate 30.067 [+ or -] [1.721.sup.c]
([per thousand])
Temperature ([degrees]C) 24
Time (h) 55
Instantaneous settling rate 84.833 [+ or -] [3.014.sup.a]
([per thousand])
Temperature ([degrees]C) 27
Time (h) 55
Instantaneous settling rate 168.333 [+ or -] [3.786.sup.a]
([per thousand])
Temperature ([degrees]C) 31
Time (h) 60
Instantaneous settling rate 87.667 [+ or -] [3.215.sup.b]
([per thousand])
Temperature ([degrees]C) 33.5
Time (h) 55
Instantaneous settling rate 4.967 [+ or -] [1.050.sup.d]
([per thousand])
Note: Data of instantaneous settling rate ([per thousand]) are
Arithmetic mean and Sample standard deviation.
Figure 3. Variation of the settlement of trochophores at six
temperature levels
Water temperature
([degrees]C) the number of settled
17 5.333 [+ or -] 1.527 e
21 174.667 [+ or -] 7.572 d
24 350.000 [+ or -] 8.849 b
27 532.667 [+ or -] 5.033 a
31 291.667 [+ or -] 38.837 c
33.5 12.667 [+ or -] 2.517 e
Note: Table made from line graph.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study was funded by the National High Technology Research & Development Program of China (863 Program) (2002AA624010) and Key Science & Technology Program of Guangdong Province Noun 1. Guangdong province - a province in southern China Guangdong, Kwangtung of China (99M03201G). LITERATURE CITED Capinpin, E. C., Jr., V. C. Encena II & N. C. Bayona. 1998. Studies on the reproductive biology of the Donkey's ear abalone, Haliotis asinina Linne. Aquaculture aquaculture, the raising and harvesting of fresh- and saltwater plants and animals. The most economically important form of aquaculture is fish farming, an industry that accounts for an ever increasing share of world fisheries production. 166:141 150. Chert chert: see flint. , J. C. & W. C. Chen. 1999. Temperature tolerance of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at different salinity and temperature levels. 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Placuna placenta - marine bivalve common in Philippine coastal waters characterized by a large thin flat translucent shell capiz, window oyster, windowpane oyster Linnaeus. Aquaculture 206(3-4):313-321. Madrones-Ladja, J. A. 2002b. Salinity effect on the embryonic development, larval growth and survival at metamorphosis metamorphosis (mĕt'əmôr`fəsĭs) [Gr.,=transformation], in zoology, term used to describe a form of development from egg to adult in which there is a series of distinct stages. of Placuna placenta Linnaeus (1758). Aquaculture 214:411-418. Nell, J. A. & J. E. Holliday. 1988. Effects of salinity on the growth and survival of Sydney Rock oyster Sydney rock oyster see saccostrea commercialis. (Saccostrea commercialis Saccostrea commercialis farmed bivalve; called also Sydney rock oyster. See Table 23. ) and Pacific Oyster Pacific oyster n. An oyster (Crassostrea gigas) cultured in the United States and Europe, having a scalloped shell and a fruity flavor. Also called Portuguese oyster. (Crassostrea gigas) larvae and spat. Aquaculture 68:39-44. Tan, S. H. & T. M. Wong. 1996. Effect of salinity on hatching, larval growth, survival and settling in the tropical oyster Crassostrea belcheri (Sowerby). Aquaculture 145:129-139. Xiao, Z., W. Zheng & K. Fang. 1998. A study of the embryonic development of Silurus Asotus Linnaecus and the effect of water temperature on it. Journal of South China Normal University 3:9-15. Xie, G., B. Qi, C. Zeng & D. Yu. 1995. Relationship between embryonic development of the eel (Anguilla japonica) and water temperature and salinity. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China 2(4):1-7. Ye. X., D. Pan, S. Xu, Z. Su, G. Xie, S. Pang & B. Qi. 1998. Effects of temperature and salinity on embryonic development of Megalobrama hoffmanni. Journal of Fisheries of China 22(4):322-327. Zheng, H., J. Zhu, C. Ke, S. Zhou & F. Li. 2000. Effect of temperature and salinity on embryonic development of Babylonia formosae habei (Gastropoda: Buccinidae). Journal of Oceanography oceanography, study of the seas and oceans. The major divisions of oceanography include the geological study of the ocean floor (see plate tectonics) and features; physical oceanography, which is concerned with the physical attributes of the ocean water, such as in Taiwan Strait Taiwan Strait, Chinese Taiwan haixia, arm of the Pacific Ocean, between China's Fujian coast and Taiwan, linking the East and South China seas. It contains the Pescadores. It is also called the Formosa Strait. 19(1): 1-5. JUNYI LU, * QIANG LIN, YANYAN SUN, JUNQING SHENG sheng (Chinese; “sage” or “saint”) In Chinese belief, a mortal who attains extraordinary or supernatural powers by self-cultivation and serves as a model for others. Confucius used the term to refer to exemplary rulers of the past. AND QINGXIANG CHEN Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China * Corresponding author. E-mail: ls61@zsu.edu.cn |
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