Effect of recycled dust stop lubricating oil in rubber compounds.In the rubber industry, the internal mixer is very important machinery for carrying out the mixing of different rubber compounds in a very quick time. Dust seals of the mixer act as a bushing to support the rotor shaft Noun 1. rotor shaft - the axis around which the major rotor of a helicopter turns rotor head axis of rotation, axis - the center around which something rotates . The proper sealing of the dust stops is carried out with the use of rubber process oils. The oil acts as a lubricating medium, and it also forms a film to prevent the dusts (mainly carbon black and other powdery pow·der·y adj. 1. Composed of or similar to powder. 2. Dusted or covered with or as if with powder. 3. Easily made into powder; friable. Adj. 1. rubber chemicals) from coming out of the dust stops. Uncontrolled dust leakage takes place when the dust stop oil is not used and, in turn, affects the compound properties. When a tire and tube assembly is mounted on a rim, the flap, which is a cured rubber product, is placed in between the tube and the rim. The flap protects the tube from any damage due to friction against the rim. It also supports the tire bead bead Small object, usually pierced for stringing. It may be made of virtually any material—wood, shell, bone, seed, nut, metal, stone, glass, or plastic—and is worn or affixed to another object for decorative or, in some cultures, magical purposes. area to firmly seat with the rim. In the case of tubeless tires Tubeless tires are pneumatic tires that do not require a separate butyl rubber inner tube. Traditional designs of pneumatic tires required a separate inner tube which could fail for a number of reasons, such as: incorrect tire fitment, or friction between the tire wall and , the flap also supports to prevent air leakage from the juncture junc·ture n. The point, line, or surface of union of two parts. of the bead and the rim. In order to meet all the above requirements, the flap compound needs good tear resistance, resistance to compression set and retention of high temperature aging properties. The rubber industry has implemented a considerable number of arrangements to save the raw and other materials of natural origin and to protect the environment. Even then, the production wastes continue to be a serious threat that demands more and more engineering and scientific forces to resolve (ref. 1). Since the disposal of waste materials is a worldwide environmental problem, immense public and political pressure has been raised to recycle waste materials. This has resulted in the evolution of legislation at the local, state and national level. Currently in the global market, the usage level of the recycled material in tires is about 5%. In India, the level is much less and insignificant. The government of India The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार [3]Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government has not yet decided the future usage target level of recycle materials. As per the legal authority in the U.S. and Europe, the goal is to use around 25% of recycle material in an automotive non-tire component and 10% recycled content in tires (ref. 2). Aromatic aromatic /ar·o·mat·ic/ (ar?o-mat´ik) 1. having a spicy odor. 2. in chemistry, denoting a compound containing a ring system stabilized by a closed circle of conjugated double bonds or nonbonding electron pairs, e.g. oil, which also comes from nature, is a petroleum product containing a higher percentage of aromatics. It is extensively used for carbon black mixing in most of the general purpose unsaturated unsaturated /un·sat·u·rat·ed/ (un-sach´ur-at?ed) 1. not holding all of a solute which can be held in solution by the solvent. 2. denoting compounds in which two or more atoms are united by double or triple bonds. rubbers (such as natural rubber (NR), polybutadiene rubber (BR) and styrene sty·rene n. A colorless oily liquid from which polystyrenes, plastics, and synthetic rubber are produced. Also called vinylbenzene. butadiene butadiene (by  t'ədī`ēn), colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon. There are two structural isomers of butadiene; they differ in the location of the two carbon-carbon double bonds in the rubber (SBR SBR - Spectral Band Replication ). The tire industry (producing about 190 metric
tons of product per day) reports that approximately 30,000 liters of
dust stop lubricating oil is liberated lib·er·ate tr.v. lib·er·at·ed, lib·er·at·ing, lib·er·ates 1. To set free, as from oppression, confinement, or foreign control. 2. Chemistry To release (a gas, for example) from combination. from dust stops of the mixers in a year. The handling of such a huge amount of oil is a great problem. Throwing this oil away will cause immense environmental pollution. Since the oil contains metallic impurity im·pu·ri·ty n. pl. im·pu·ri·ties 1. The quality or condition of being impure, especially: a. Contamination or pollution. b. Lack of consistency or homogeneity; adulteration. c. , using it, as such, in a rubber compound will cause severe degradation of the rubber product (refs. 3-9). A number of reports is available regarding the use of tire recycled material, namely reclaim rubbers and crumb rubbers Crumb rubber is generally manufactured from automotive and truck scrap tires. During the manufacturing process steel and fluff is removed leaving tire rubber with a granular consistency. for the development of different rubber compounds (refs. 10-34). However, no such study is so far available regarding the use of the dust stop lubricating oil in a rubber compound. In the present study, the dust stop lubricating oil was collected as a liberated material from the dust stops of an internal mixer from a tire industry shop floor. The information was received from the shop floor that the initial oil used for dust stop lubrication lubrication, introduction of a substance between the contact surfaces of moving parts to reduce friction and to dissipate heat. A lubricant may be oil, grease, graphite, or any substance—gas, liquid, semisolid, or solid—that permits free action of was an aromatic processing oil type. The collected oil was centrifuged and physico-chemical characterization was carried out. The characterization of the centrifuged oil was also carried out in a natural rubber based flap compound. Experimental Physico-chemical characterization After collection of the dust stop lubricating oil, it was centrifuged in a laboratory centrifuge A laboratory centrifuge is a piece of laboratory equipment, driven by a motor, which spins liquid samples at high speed. There are two main sizes for laboratory centrifuges. machine using 3,000 rpm for 30 minutes. The oil was decanted and characterized for the following parameters: * The specific gravity specific gravity, ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of some reference substance, or, equivalently, the ratio of the masses of equal volumes of the two substances. of the dust stop oil was determined in accordance with ASTM ASTM abbr. American Society for Testing and Materials D1298 using a hydrometer hydrometer (hīdrŏm`ətər), device used to determine directly the specific gravity of a liquid. It usually consists of a thin glass tube closed at both ends, with one end enlarged into a bulb that contains fine lead shot or mercury to . * The Saybolt viscosity (SUS See Single UNIX Specification. ) at 100[degrees]C of the oil was determined as per ASTM D88. The flash point and fire point were determined in accordance with ASTM D92. The pour point pour point n. The lowest temperature at which an oil or other liquid will pour under given conditions. was determined as per ASTM D1513. * The aniline aniline (ăn`əlĭn), C6H5NH2, colorless, oily, basic liquid organic compound; chemically, a primary aromatic amine whose molecule is formed by replacing one hydrogen atom of a benzene molecule with an amino point was estimated in accordance with ASTM D611. Clay gel analysis was carried out as per ASTM D2007 in order to determine the percentage of saturates, polar and asphaltene. Fourier transform Fourier transform In mathematical analysis, an integral transform useful in solving certain types of partial differential equations. A function's Fourier transform is derived by integrating the product of the function and a kernel function (an exponential function raised to infrared spectroscopic spec·tro·scope n. An instrument for producing and observing spectra. spec  tro·scop (FTIR FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared (spectroscopy)FTIR Frustrated Total Internal Reflection FTIR Fourier Transfer Ir ) analysis was carried out in accordance with IS 13155 using an FTIR 2000, in order to determine the aromatic carbon ([C.sub.A]) content. The ash content of the oil both before and after centrifuging was determined using a muffle furnace. The ash determination was performed using a slow heating rate up to 550[degrees]C until a constant weight was obtained. The analysis of the ash was performed to estimate the metals present in the oil using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer spectrophotometer, instrument for measuring and comparing the intensities of common spectral lines in the spectra of two different sources of light. See photometry; spectroscope; spectrum. (AAS 3300) in accordance with ASTM D4004. A side-by-side characterization of a known aromatic oil sample was also performed for all the above tests. The aromatic oil was not centrifuged since it was received from a standard source. Compound mixing and characterization The mixing of rubber compounds was carried out using a two-wing rotor laboratory internal mixer of 1.5 liter capacity in two stages (master batch and final batch), and the formulation is given in table 1. Master batch mixing was done keeping the temperature control unit (TCU (Transmission Control Unit) A communications control unit controlled by the computer that does not execute internally stored programs. Contrast with front end processor, which executes its own instructions. ) at 90[degrees]C and rotor speed at 60 rpm. First, the natural rubber was masticated along with the peptizer (PCTP PCTP Partido Comunista dos Trabalhadores Portugueses PCTP Payload Complement Training Plan PCTP Push Channel Tire Pressure PCTP Private Communication Transport Protocol ) for 30 seconds, followed by the addition of SBR 1502. After about 20 seconds, the black, oil, zinc oxide zinc oxide, chemical compound, ZnO, that is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in acids or alkalies. It occurs as white hexagonal crystals or a white powder commonly known as zinc white. , stearic acid stearic acid /ste·a·ric ac·id/ (ste-ar´ik) a saturated 18-carbon fatty acid occurring in most fats and oils, particularly of tropical plants and land animals; used pharmaceutically as a tablet and capsule lubricant and as an emulsifying and the antidegradants (6PPD (1) (Parallel Presence Detect) The method used by earlier SIMM memory modules to communicate their capacity to the computer. A binary number coming from a parallel set of pins was read by the system, with each pin representing one bit. Contrast with SPD. and TMQ TMQ Terminal-Port Queueing (Cisco) TMQ Talking Message Queue ) were added. The ram was scraped in between and the masterbatch was dumped after an attainment of the power integrator (PI) at 0.32 kWh. The dump temperature of the masterbatches was found to be within 140-150[degrees]C. The masterbatches were sheeted out on a laboratory two-roll mill. The masterbatches were further mixed after a maturation maturation /mat·u·ra·tion/ (mach-u-ra´shun) 1. the process of becoming mature. 2. attainment of emotional and intellectual maturity. 3. period of eight hours. For final batch mixing, the TCU was kept at 60[degrees]C and rotor speed at 30 rpm. The masterbatch along with the curatives (sulfur, accelerators and scorch inhibitor) were added in the internal mixer, and after an attainment of PI of 0.12 kWh, the batch was dumped. The dump temperature of the batches was maintained within 100 +/- 5[degrees]C. The final batches were also sheeted out on a laboratory two-roll mill. Rheological rhe·ol·o·gy n. The study of the deformation and flow of matter. rhe o·log propertiesRheometric properties were determined at 141[degrees]C over a period of 45 minutes using a 0.5[degrees] arc in a MDR MDR, n See multidrug resistance. MDR, n the abbreviation for minimum daily requirement, specifically the Minimum Daily Requirements for Specific Nutrients compiled by the United States Food and Drug Administration. 2000E instrument, in accordance with ASTM D5289. The Mooney viscosity, ML (1+4) at 100[degrees]C and Mooney scorch at 135[degrees]C was determined in a MV 2000E, as per ASTM D1646. Physical properties The rubber compounds were cured in accordance with ASTM D 3182 in an electrically heated hydraulic curing press using a compression molding Compression molding is a method of molding in which the molding material, generally preheated, is first placed in an open, heated mold cavity. The mold is closed with a top force or plug member, pressure is applied to force the material into contact with all mold areas, and heat technique. The molding conditions followed to prepare different samples are given in table 2. The tensile tensile, adj having a degree of elasticity; having the ability to be extended or stretched. and tear properties were measured using a Zwick UTM (Unified Threat Management) Refers to a stand-alone appliance or a software package that combines a firewall, antivirus, spam and content filtering as well as intrusion detection. See firewall, antivirus, antispam and IDS. 1445 instrument in accordance with ASTM D412 and ASTM D624. The hardness was measured with a dead load IRHD IRHD International Rubber Hardness Degree tester in accordance with ASTM D1415. The fatigue to failure properties (FTFT) at 100% extension ratio were measured in a Monsanto FTFT machine as per ASTM D4482. The fatigue life was calculated using the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS JIS Japanese Industrial Standard JIS Jamaica Information Service JIS Juggling Information Service JIS Just in Sequence (automotive industry) JIS Jakarta International School JIS Joint Information System ) number average method. DeMattia cut initiation and cut propagation were tested as per ASTM D 430 and ASTM D813 using a DeMattia Flexon tester. The compression set was determined in accordance with ASTM D395. The tensile specimens were air-aged in a multi-cell aging oven at 100[degrees]C for one, two, three and five days in order to amplify the deterioration of compound properties due to the metals present in the dust seal oil Noun 1. seal oil - a pale yellow to red-brown fatty oil obtained from seal blubber; used in making soap and dressing leather and as a lubricant animal oil - any oil obtained from animal substances . The swelling index of the cured and air aged tensile samples was measured using the following formula in accordance with ASTM D3616. Swelling index = Swollen weight/Initial eight Results and discussions Physico-chemical characterization The physico-chemical characterization of dust stop oil, as well as the aromatic oil, is shown in tables 3 and 4. From the data of table 3, it was clear that the dust stop oil has shown similar characteristics to that of the aromatic oil taken as a reference. This also confirms the fact that, even after use in the mixer dust stop and centrifuging, the oil did not change its own characteristics. It was evident from the table 4 data that the dust stop lubricating oil had higher metal content before it was centrifuged. After the centrifugation Centrifugation A mechanical method of separating immiscible liquids or solids from liquids by the application of centrifugal force. This force can be very great, and separations which proceed slowly by gravity can be speeded up enormously in centrifugal , the metal content was reduced to a large extent. The above result also fulfilled the objective of centrifuging the oil. Rheological properties The rheological properties, including Mooney viscosity and Mooney scorch data, are shown in table 5. The experimental compound has shown similar rheometric properties to that of the control compound. The Mooney viscosity and Mooney scorch data were also found comparable. Physical properties The results of tensile, hardness and swelling index in original, as well as after air aging and tear strength, compression set and FTFT properties are reported in table 6a. The DeMattia cut initiation and cut growth values are reported in table 6b. The original stress-strain properties, tear strength and FTFT values of both the compounds were found comparable. The compression set and swell index of both compounds was similar, and any deviation in the observed values was within experimental error limit. The retention of properties after aging was also found to be similar. The metals present in the recycled dust stop oil did not have much impact on aging. This may be due to centrifugation of the oil taken in to use. In the case of the experimental compound, the cut initiation occurred earlier than the control compound; however, the cut growth properties of both compounds were found comparable. Conclusion The recent rise in raw material prices, particularly crude oil and its derivatives, and the rising environmental issues have forced the rubber industry, especially the tire industry, to explore the possibilities of using recycled material along with the virgin compound or as a replacement of the virgin material. In the present experiment, the experimental compound showed comparable properties with respect to the control compound. This clearly indicates that the centrifuged dust stop oil can be used as a replacement for the aromatic oil in a flap compound. This will give rise to a substantial cost benefit, as well as the evolution of an environmentally friendly Environmentally friendly, also referred to as nature friendly, is a term used to refer to goods and services considered to inflict minimal harm on the environment.[1] technology. References (1.) Myhre, M. and Mackillop, D.A., Rubber Chemistry & Technology, vol. 75, no. 3, p. 429, 2002. (2.) Anon., Rubber and Plastics News, 23 February, 1998. (3.) Encyclopedia of Polymer Science Polymer science or macromolecular science is the subfield of materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics. The field of polymer science includes researchers in multiple disciplines including chemistry, physics, and engineering. and Engineering, 2nd edition, John Wiley John Wiley may refer to:
(4.) Plastics Materials, 5th edition, Ed. J. A. Brydson, Butterworth Scientific publication, London, 135. (5.) Holmstron, A. and Anderson, A., European Polymer Journal, 13, 483, 1977. (6.) Allara, D.L. and White, C.W.. Advanced Chemical Service, 169, 273, 1978. (7.) The Aging and Stabilization of Polymer, Ed. A.S. Kuzminskii, Elsevier publication, 1971. (8.) Ellis, B. and Welding welding, process for joining separate pieces of metal in a continuous metallic bond. Cold-pressure welding is accomplished by the application of high pressure at room temperature; forge welding (forging) is done by means of hammering, with the addition of heat. , G.N., Technique of Polymer Science, Society of Chemical Industries, London, 46, 1964. (9.) Chakraborty, S., Mandot, S.K., Agrawal, S.L., Ameta, R, Bandyopadhyay, S., Dasgupta, S., Deuri, A.S. and Mukhopadhyay, R., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, accepted manuscript. (10.) Klingensmith, W. and Baranwal, K., Rubber World, p. 41, June 1998. (11.) Brown, D.A. and Watson, W.F, Rubber World, p. 26, November 2001. (12.) Manuel, H.J., Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe, p. 101, March 2001 (13.) Dierkes, I.W., Rubber World, Vol. 214, no. 2, p. 25, May 1996. (14.) Hamed, G.R., Gibala, D., Laohapisitpanich, K. and Thomas, D., Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 69, p. 115, 1996. (15.) Deanin, R.D. and Hashemiolya, S.M., Polymer Materials Science and Engineering Materials science and engineering A multidisciplinary field concerned with the generation and application of knowledge relating to the composition, structure, and processing of materials to their properties and uses. , vol. 57, p. 212, 1997. (16.) Naskar, A.K., De, S.K. and Bhowmick A.K., Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 73, p. 902, 2000. (17.) Naskar, A. K., Bhowmick, A.K. and De, S.K., Polymer Engineering and Science, vol. 41, p. 1,087, 2001. (18.) Naskar, A.K., De, S.K., Bhowmick, A.K., Pramanik, P.K. and Mukhopadhyay, R., Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 74, p. 645, 2001. (19.) Naskar, A.K., De, S.K. and Bhowmick, A.K., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 84, p. 370, 2002. (20.) Kumar, C.R., Fuhrmann, I. and Karger-Kocsis, J., Polymer Degradation Polymer degradation is a change in the properties - tensile strength, colour, shape, etc - of a polymer or polymer based product under the influence of one or more environmental factors such as heat, light or chemicals. and Stability, vol. 6, p. 137, 2002. (21.) Jacob, C., De, P.P., Bhowmick, A.K. and De, S.K., Plastics Rubber Composites, vol. 31, p. 4, 2002. (22.) Jacob, C., De, P.P. and De, S.K., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 31, no. 3, p. 293, 2001. (23.) Kale kale, borecole (bôr`kōl), and collards, common names for nonheading, hardy types of cabbage (var. , D.D. and Tipanna, M, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 74, p. 645, 2001. (24.) Grigoryeva, O., Fainleib, A., Starostenko, O., Danilenko, I., Kozak, N. and Dudarenko, G., Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 76, p. 131, 2004. (25.) Bandyopadhyay, S., Dasgupta, S., Mandal, N., Agrawal, S.L., Mandot, S.K., Mukhopadhyay, R., Deuri, A.S. and Ameta, S.C., Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology Recycling technology Methods for reducing solid waste by reusing discarded materials to make new products. The three integral phases of recycling are the collection of recyclable materials, manufacture or reprocessing of these materials into new products, and , vol. 21, no. 4, p. 299, 2005. (26.) Dierkes, W., Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 69, p. 138, 1996. (27.) Dierkes, W., Tire Technology International, p. 170, 1998. (28.) Dierkes, W, Leeuw, H. and Manuel, H.J., Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 72, p. 241, 1999. (29.) Manuel, H.J. and Dierkes, W., Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 73, p. 177, 2000. (30.) Nevatia, P., Banerjee, T.S., Dutta, B., Jha, A., Naskar, A.J. and Bhowmick, A.K., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 83, p. 2,035, 2002. (31.) Bandyopadhyay, S., Agrawal, S.L., Mandot, S.K., Mandal, N., Dasgupta, S., Mukhopadhyay, R., Deuri, A.S. and Ameta, S.C., Tyre Tyre (tīr), ancient city of Phoenicia, S of Sidon. It is the present-day Sur in Lebanon, a small town on a peninsula jutting into the Mediterranean from the mainland of Syria S of Beirut. Technology International, accepted manuscript. (32.) Bandyopadhyay, S., Agrawal, S.L., Mandot, S.K., Mandal, N., Dasgupta, S., Mukhopadhyay, R., Deuri, A.S. and Ameta, S.C., Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, accepted manuscript. (33.) Bandyopadhyay, S., Agrawal, S.L., Mandal, N., Dasgupta, S., Mukhopadhyay, R., Deuri, A.S. and Ameta, S.C., Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, accepted manuscript. (34.) Mandal, N., Dasgupta, S. and Mukhopadhyay, R., Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 55, 2005.
Table 1--flap compound formulations (phr)
Mix Id. > Control Experimental
Ingredients
Centrifuged dust stop -- 10
lubricating oil
Aromatic oil (RPO 701) 10.0 --
Other ingredients used in the above formulation kept constant were: NR
(EBC # 3X)--90.0; SBR 1502--10.0; N330 black--45.0; PCTP (Peptizol
7) - 0.10; zinc oxide--4.0; stearic acid--2.0; 6PPD (Pilflex 13)
--0.5; TMQ (Pilnox TDQ)--2.0; P. wax--1.5; CaC[O.sub.3]--10.0; soluble
sulfur--2.0; NOBS (Pilcure MOR)--0.50; and PVI 100 (Accitard RE)
--0.10.
Table 2--molding conditions for test
sample preparation
Sample Temperature Time Pressure
([degrees]C) (min.) (kg/[cm.sup.2])
Tensile slab having 2.0 mm 141 30 150
thickness
Compression set sample 170 7 150
Fatigue to failure test 141 30 150
(FTFT) sample
DeMattia fatigue test sample 141 60 150
Table 3--physico-chemical characterization
Test parameter Centrifuged
Aromatic dust stop
oil oil
Specific gravity @ 25[degrees]C 0.988 0.993
Saybolt viscosity @ 100[degrees]C 97 105
(SUS)
Flash point ([degrees]C) 235 220
Fire point ([degrees]C) 260 245
Pour point ([degrees]C) +16 +14
Aniline point ([degrees]C) 46 45
Clay gel analysis
Saturates (%) 15.23 16.12
Polar (%) 19.0 19.23
Asphaltene (%) 0.09 --
Aromatic carbon, [C.sub.A] (%) 37.9 37.4
Table 4--ash content and ash analysis
Test parameter Aromatic Dust stop Dust stop
oil oil before oil after
centrifuging centrifuging
Ash content (%) 0.005 0.043 0.007
Copper content (ppm) 2.26 95.98 9.82
Iron content (ppm) 2.69 9.68 1.54
Manganese content (ppm) 0.08 1.03 0.87
Chromium content (ppm) 0.13
Table 5--rheometric properties at 141 [degrees]C/30 min.
Sample Minimum Maximum
torque, torque,
ML, MH,
(dN-m) (dN-m)
Control 1.55 12.04
Experimental 1.59 11.94
Sample Scorch Optimum
time, cure time,
[ts.sub.2], [tc.sub.90],
(min) (min.)
Control 6.97 11.25
Experimental 7.12 11.21
Sample Viscosity Mooney
ML (1+4) scorch,
Q 100[degrees]C MS at
(MU) 135[degrees]C (min.)
Control 34 13.39
Experimental 36 14.31
Table 6a--physical properties of compounds
Test M100% M300%
Parameter (MPa) (MPa)
Sample
Id.
Control--original 1.6 7.4
(1 day/100[degrees]C) (119) (111)
(3 days/100[degrees]C) (113) (-)
(5 days/100[degrees]C) (126) (-)
Experimental--
original 1.5 6.8
(1 day/100[degrees]C) (127) (125)
(3 days/100[degrees]C) (113) (-)
(5 days/100[degrees]C) (120) (-)
Test TS EB
Parameter (MPa) (%)
Sample
Id.
Control--original 20.2 555
(1 day/100[degrees]C) (76) (84)
(3 days/100[degrees]C) (31) (47)
(5 days/100[degrees]C) (16) (30)
Experimental--
original 21.7 617
(1 day/100[degrees]C) (83) (82)
(3 days/100[degrees]C) (31) (48)
(5 days/100[degrees]C) (15) (27)
Test Hardness Swell
Parameter (IRHD) Index
Sample
Id.
Control--original 56 3.07
(1 day/100[degrees]C) (+5) (105)
(3 days/100[degrees]C) (-4) (106)
(5 days/100[degrees]C) (-8) (99)
Experimental--
original 55 3.14
(1 day/100[degrees]C) (+7) (100)
(3 days/100[degrees]C) (-3) (99)
(5 days/100[degrees]C) (-8) (94)
Test Tear Compression
Parameter (Nlmm) set (%)
Sample
Id.
Control--original 62 60.9
(1 day/100[degrees]C)
(3 days/100[degrees]C)
(5 days/100[degrees]C)
Experimental--
original 62 57.9
(1 day/100[degrees]C)
(3 days/100[degrees]C)
(5 days/100[degrees]C)
Test FTFT
Parameter (Kc)
Sample
Id.
Control--original 35
(1 day/100[degrees]C)
(3 days/100[degrees]C)
(5 days/100[degrees]C)
Experimental--
original 36
(1 day/100[degrees]C)
(3 days/100[degrees]C)
(5 days/100[degrees]C)
(Note: Results in the parenthesis () are the percentage retention of
physical properties after air aging at 100[degrees]C for one, three and
five days. In the case of hardness, the '+' values indicate an increase
in hardness after aging and '-'.
Table 6b--DeMattia cut initiation and cut growth properties
Test Cut
Parameter initiation After
(kc) 5 kc
Sample flexing
Id.
Control 70 3.1
Experimental 60 2.9
Test Crack growth (mm)
Parameter After After
10 kc 15 kc
Sample flexing flexing
Id.
Control 4.2 5.0
Experimental 4.9
Test
Parameter After After
20 kc 30 kc
Sample flexing flexing
Id.
Control 5.3 7.9
Experimental 5.6 7.9
Test
Parameter After After
50 kc 70 kc
Sample flexing flexing
Id.
Control 10.4 11.8
Experimental 9.3 11.5
Test
Parameter After
100 kc
Sample flexing
Id.
Control 15.0
Experimental 16.3
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