Effect of monospecific and mixed benthic diatom cultures on the growth of red abalone postlarvae Haliotis rufescens (Swainson 1822).ABSTRACT Benthic ben·thos n. 1. The collection of organisms living on or in sea or lake bottoms. 2. The bottom of a sea or lake. [Greek. diatoms diatoms a series of unicellular algae, microscopic in size, with cell walls containing silica. Members of the family Diatomaceae. Their remains accumulate as geological deposits and are mined. See diatomaceous earth. are the main food source for abalone abalone (ăbəlō`nē), popular name in the United States for a univalve gastropod mollusk of the genus Haliotis, members of which are also called ear shells, or sea ears, as their shape resembles the human ear. postlarvae and juveniles. To feed abalone postlarvae, seawater seawater Water that makes up the oceans and seas. Seawater is a complex mixture of 96.5% water, 2.5% salts, and small amounts of other substances. Much of the world's magnesium is recovered from seawater, as are large quantities of bromine. is enriched with nutrients to increase natural microalgae populations. Another common method is to feed abalone with a monospecific monospecific /mono·spe·cif·ic/ (mon?o-spe-sif´ik) having an effect only on a particular kind of cell or tissue or reacting with a single antigen, as a monospecific antiserum. culture of benthic diatoms. The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth of red abalone The red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, is a large brick colored mollusk that feeds on kelp and other algae along the coast of Oregon to Baja California. Being the largest, and most common abalone in the state it is the only species of abalone still commonly harvested in postlarvae (Haliotis rufescens) (2.85 [+ or -] 0.89 mm shell length; 3.93 [+ or -] 2.95 mg weight), fed with Navicula incerta, Amphiprora paludosa var. hyalina and a mixture of both species (1:1 dry weight). Cultures of benthic diatoms were maintained monospecific or mixed in 18-L plastic buckets with f/2 medium. Monospecific and mixed cultures were used to feed abalone postlarvae. The highest protein content (44.87 [micro]g [10.sup.6] [cells.sup.-1]) was obtained for the monospecific culture of N. incerta. The highest growth rate (89.71 [micro]m [d.sup.-1) was found in the abalone postlarvae fed with N. incerta. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in the growth rate of abalone postlarvae fed with A. paludosa var. hyalina (52.94 [micro]m [d.sup.-1]) or with the mixed culture (53.22 [micro]m [d.sup.-1]). Postlarvae fed with the mixed culture had greater preference for A. paludosa var. hyalina than N. incerta and the lower nutritional value of A. paludosa var. hyalina explained the low growth rate for postlarvae. KEY WORDS: abalone, postlarvae, Haliotis rufescens, benthic diatoms, Navicula incerta, Amphiprora paludosa var. hyalina, mixed benthic diatom diatom (dī`ətŏm', -tōm'), unicellular organism of the kingdom Protista, characterized by a silica shell of often intricate and beautiful sculpturing. Most diatoms exist singly, although some join to form colonies. cultures INTRODUCTION The main abalone species cultured in farms throughout California and Mexico are red abalone Haliotis rufescens (Swainson) and blue abalone H. fulgens (Philippi) (McBride 1998). Under culture conditions, benthic diatoms are the main food source for abalone postlarvae (Hahn 1989). Abalone postlarvae grown in hatcheries are usually fed with natural populations of benthic diatoms or cultured monospecific species (Kawamura et al. 1995, Hillebrand & Sommer Sommer is a surname, from the German and Danish word for the season "summer". It may refer to:
Biochemical composition, size and extracellular compounds release from benthic diatoms depend on the culture conditions such as nutrient availability, light and temperature (Correa-Reyes et al. 2001, Simental-Trinidad et al. 2001, Searcy-Bernal et al. 2003). Growth rate and survival of abalone postlarvae are influenced by the quantity, quality, digestibility digestibility the proportion of a feed or diet which can be digested by the normal animal of the subject species. digestibility coefficient see digestibility coefficient. and nutritional composition of the diatoms supplied as food (Kawamura et al. 1998, Roberts et al. 1999, Daume et al. 2000). Biofilms of mixed benthic diatoms have been used traditionally as settlement substrata for abalone postlarvae in hatcheries worldwide (Hahn 1989, Daume et al. 1997, Roberts 2001, Gallardo & Buen 2003). Mixed cultures of benthic diatoms have been used for inducing settlement of H. rubra, where higher larval larval 1. pertaining to larvae. 2. larvate. larval migrans see cutaneous and visceral larva migrans. settlement was found by using mixed films of Navicula sp. and Amphora sp. than by using monocultures of Amphora sp. (Daume et al. 2000). The effect of benthic diatoms on the growth of abalone postlarvae has been studied by several authors (Kawamura et al. 1995, Kawamura et al. 1998, Roberts et al. 1999, Searcy-Bernal et al. 2001, Searcy-Bernal et al. 2003). However, the effect of mixed cultures of benthic diatoms on abalone postlarval growth needs to be investigated. The benthic diatom Navicula spp. is one of the most used genera in the production of films for abalone culture (Siqueiros-Beltrones & Voltolina 2000). In a feeding trail, monospecific cultures of N. incerta (Grunow ex Van Heurck 1880, 1885) and Amphiprora paludosa var. hyalina (Eulestein ex Van Heurck, Cleve 1894) produced higher growth rates Growth Rates The compounded annualized rate of growth of a company's revenues, earnings, dividends, or other figures. Notes: Remember, historically high growth rates don't always mean a high rate of growth looking into the future. and higher survival in red abalone postlarvae compared with other benthic diatom strains (Correa-Reyes 2001). Consequently, the mixture of these strains could have a high potential to be used as food for abalone postlarvae, thus, obtain higher growth rates than when used as monospecific benthic diatom cultures. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of monospecific and mixed cultures of Navicula incerta and Amphiprora paludosa var. hyalina on the growth of red abalone postlarvae Haliotis rufescens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Benthic Diatom Cultures The benthic diatom Navicula incerta (11.07 x 4.72 [micro]m) was isolated from coastal waters of Bahia Todos Santos Todos Santos can refer to:
Baja California (Span.: bä`hä kälēfōr`nyä), state (1990 pop. 1,660,855), 27,628 sq mi (71,576 sq km), NW Mexico, on the Baja California peninsula. Mexicali is the capital. , Mexico (31[degrees]51'30"N, 116[degrees]38'38"W). The strain of Amphiprora paludosa var. hyalina (5.94 x 2.7 [micro]m) was isolated from Isla de Cedros, Baja California, Mexico (27[degrees]47'30"N, 114[degrees]32'20"W). Monospecific non-axenic batch cultures of N. incerta and A. paludosa var. hyalina were maintained in "f/2" medium (Guillard & Ryther 1962). The inoculum inoculum /in·oc·u·lum/ (-ok´u-lum) pl. inoc´ula material used in inoculation. in·oc·u·lum n. pl. production was obtained in progressive volumes of 10 mL, 150 mL, 900 mL and 10 L. Each strain was harvested at the exponential growth Extremely fast growth. On a chart, the line curves up rather than being straight. Contrast with linear. phase. The cultures were kept in 18-L white plastic buckets as described by Simental and Sanchez-Saavedra (2003), and were maintained under controlled conditions of temperature (20 [+ or -] 1[degrees]C), continuous light intensity (150 [micro][Em.sup.-2] [s.sup.-1]), salinity (33 [+ or -] 1 [per thousand]) and pH (7.8-8.6). The mixed culture was maintained in 18-L plastic buckets by mixing monospecific cultures of N. incerta and A. paludosa var. hyalina in a 1:1 proportion based on organic dry weight. The dry weight of the benthic diatoms was determined according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. Correa-Reyes (2001). The cell concentration of each type of culture was determined every 48 h by direct counts using an hemocytometer hemocytometer /he·mo·cy·tom·e·ter/ (-si-tom´e-ter) hemacytometer. he·mo·cy·tom·e·ter n. An instrument for counting the blood cells in a measured volume of blood. . To avoid possible cell aggregations, ultrasound (1 or 3 min) was applied to the samples prior to evaluation of cell concentration. The evaluation of cell concentration per area ([mm.sup.2]) was obtained by determining the relationship among cell concentration, culture volume and area of the bucket (34.7 x [10.sup.4] [mm.sup.2]) that was in contact with the culture. The biochemical composition of benthic diatom cultures was determined at the culture's exponential phase by triplicate. Each sample was filtered through 24 mm Whatman GF/C filters. The soluble protein content was extracted with 0.2 N NaOH at 100[degrees]C during 30 min. Protein content was determined by the method of Lowry et al. (1951) and Malara and Charra (1972a). Carbohydrates were determined with phenol-sulphuric acid by the method of Dubois et al. (1956) as described in Malara and Charra (1972b), the procedure following pretreatment pretreatment, n the protocols required before beginning therapy, usually of a diagnostic nature; before treatment. pretreatment estimate, n See predetermination. was performed as described by Whyte (1987). Lipids were extracted following the recommendations described by Bligh and Dyer (1959) and Chiaverini (1972) and quantified with the colorimetric col·or·im·e·ter n. 1. Any of various instruments used to determine or specify colors, as by comparison with spectroscopic or visual standards. 2. method of Pande et al. (1963). Abalone Maintenance A set of 94-day-old red abalone postlarvae Haliotis rufescens was obtained in February 2002, from the abalone farm "Abulones Cultivados" located in Ejido ejido (āhē`thō) [Span.,=common land], in Mexico, agricultural land expropriated from large private holdings and redistributed to communal farms. Erendira, Baja California, Mexico. For acclimation acclimation /ac·cli·ma·tion/ (ak?li-ma´shun) the process of becoming accustomed to a new environment. ac·cli·ma·tion n. 1. , the postlarvae were maintained for 4 days in a 100-L plastic container. The seawater used to maintain the postlarvae was filtered through 10 [micro]m and 5 [micro]m sand filters and irradiated with ultraviolet light Ultraviolet light A portion of the light spectrum not visible to the eye. Two bands of the UV spectrum, UVA and UVB, are used to treat psoriasis and other skin diseases. . The temperature was controlled at 15 [+ or -] 1[degrees]C. In the system where the postlarvae were acclimated the seawater was aerated aer·ate tr.v. aer·at·ed, aer·at·ing, aer·ates 1. To supply with air or expose to the circulation of air: aerate soil. 2. , and daily water exchange was done at 200%. Postlarvae bioassay Bioassay A method for the quantitation of the effects on a biological system by its exposure to a substance, as well as the quantitation of the concentration of a substance by some observable effect on a biological system. An initial density of 500 red abalone postlarvae was placed in 18-L plastic buckets containing 10-L of seawater, which was replaced each week. Low light (5 [micro][Em.sup.-2] [s.sup.-1]) and controlled temperature (20 [+ or -] 1[degrees]C) were used as culture conditions. Three treatments were performed: (1) monospecific culture of N. incerta, 2) monospecific culture of A. paludosa var. hyalina, and (3) mixed culture of N. incerta and A. paludosa var. hyalina. All treatments were performed by triplicate. The postlarvae were fed at libitum. Every 5 days, each plastic bucket was reinoculated with ~7191 cells [mm.sup.-2] for the monospecific culture of N. incerta, ~34520 cells [mm.sup.-2] for the monospecific culture of A. paludosa var. hyalina; and ~3595 cells [mm.sup.-2] of N. incerta and ~17260 cells [mm.sup.-2] of A. paludosa var. hyalina for the mixed culture. Every week, 30 postlarvae per treatment were harvested. At the end of the experiment the remaining postlarvae were counted and survival was determined. Shell length (SL), shell width (SW) and weight were measured. Specific growth rate (SGR SGR Sustainable Growth Rate SGR Societa' di Gestione del Risparmio (Italian: Investment Management Company) SGR Specific Growth Rate SGR Surgeon General's Report SGR Soft Gamma-ray Repeater ) was determined as follows: SGR (% by day) = 100 [Ln ([P.sub.final]) - Ln ([P.sub.initial])] / time where Ln ([P.sub.initial]) is the initial size of the postlarvae, and Ln ([P.sub.final]) is the final size of the postlarvae at a determined time. Statistical Analysis A covariance Covariance A measure of the degree to which returns on two risky assets move in tandem. A positive covariance means that asset returns move together. A negative covariance means returns vary inversely. statistical analysis was performed to determine differences in cell concentration of benthic diatom cultures. The same analysis was performed to determine differences in postlarvae growth. An analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA anova see analysis of variance. ANOVA Analysis of variance, see there ) was performed to determine differences in the biochemical composition. Significant differences were compared using a Tukey a posteriori [Latin, From the effect to the cause.] A posteriori describes a method of reasoning from given, express observations or experiments to reach and formulate general principles from them. This is also called inductive reasoning. test. All differences were evaluated at [alpha] = 0.05. The statistical analyses were performed using Statistica 5.0 software. RESULTS Benthic Diatom Cultures Significant differences (P < 0.05, F = 170.07) were found among the cell concentration of monospecific cultures and the mixed culture. The highest cell concentration (1.18 x [10.sup.6] cells [mL.sup.-1]) was obtained for the monospecific culture of A. paludosa var. hyalina. Mean cell concentration showed an exponential growth for N. incerta during the first 4 days, whereas A, paludosa var. hyalina showed an exponential growth during the first 6 days. Moreover, for mixed cultures, the exponential growth phase was obtained only on the first 4 days of culture (Fig. 1). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] The biochemical composition was significantly different (P < 0.05) among the monospecific and mixed benthic diatom cultures. The highest protein content (44.87 [micro]g [10.sup.6] [cell.sup.-1]) was found in the monospecific culture of N. incerta, followed by the mixed culture; and the lowest content (11.00 g [10.sup.6] [cell.sup.-1]) was found in the monospecific culture of A. paludosa var. hyalina (Table 1). Lipids showed a similar trend. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in the content of carbohydrates for the monospecific culture of N. incerta and for the mixed culture (Table 1). Postlarvae Growth Abalone postlarvae fed with the monospecific culture of N. incerta showed the highest growth rate (89.71 [micro]m [d.sup.-1]). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in the growth rate of abalone postlarvae fed with the monospecific culture of A. paludosa var. hyalina (52.94 [micro]m [d.sup.-1]) and the mixed culture (53.22 [micro]m [d.sup.-1]) (Table 2). Mean SL, SW and weight increased over time for all treatments (Fig. 2), The highest final growth in SL (4.88 [+ or -] 0.93 mm) and weight (16.19 [+ or -] 8.75 mg) were obtained for postlarvae fed with the N. incerta culture. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in SL and weight of abalone postlarvae fed with the monospecific culture of A. paludosa var. hyalina (SL = 4.12 [+ or -] 0.76 mm, weight = 9.23 [+ or -] 4.84 mg), and the mixed culture (SL = 4.20 [+ or -] 0.96 mm, weight = 9.99 [+ or -] 6.83 mg). [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] The highest survival was found in postlarvae fed with the mixed culture (52%), followed by postlarvae fed with A. paludosa var. hyalina (35%). Finally, the lowest survival was found in post-larvae fed with N. incerta (26%), DISCUSSION Benthic Diatom Cultures The cell concentration of the monospecific N. incerta and A. paludosa var. hyalina cultures was significantly different. Such differences in cell concentration may be due to differences in cell size. Small size phytoplankton phytoplankton Flora of freely floating, often minute organisms that drift with water currents. Like land vegetation, phytoplankton uses carbon dioxide, releases oxygen, and converts minerals to a form animals can use. cells showed a higher growth rate than larger ones. This is because a higher area to volume ratio of smaller cells facilitates nutrient assimilation (Richmond 1986). In the mixed culture both strains could coexist, however the cell concentration changed compared with monospecific cultures. The cell concentration of A. paludosa var. hyalina was lower in the mixed culture than in the monospecific culture, probably due to extracellular substances secreted by N. incerta. For example, some benthic diatoms (Amphiprora cf. paludosa and Nitzschia closterium) have allelopathic interactions due to accumulation of excreted substances. These substances can have an effect on the growth rate of one of the two species (Jong & Admiral 1984). Likewise, bacterial association affects the attachment and growth of benthic diatoms. For instance, strains of the bacteria Alcaligenes sp. showed a significant growth promoting effect on Nitzschia sp., although the detailed mechanism of stimulation by the bacteria was not yet clarified (Fukami et al. 1997), Postlarvae Growth The average growth rate of red abalone postlarvae fed with the monospecific culture of N. incerta was higher than those reported by Martinez-Ponce & Searcy-Bernal (1998) (37 [micro]m [d.sup.-1]) and Correa-Reyes (2001) (50.24 [micro]m [d.sup.-1]) for postlarvae fed with the same microalgae, These differences on growth rate may be due to variations in culture conditions, and age of the postlarvae. The abalone postlarvae fed with the monospecific culture of A. paludosa var. hyalina showed a lower growth rate (52.94 [micro]m [d.sup.-1]) than that reported by Correa-Reyes (2001) (64.21 [micro]m [d.sup.-1]). These differences in growth rate may be due to cell concentration, cell size and the age of the abalone postlarvae. The radula rad·u·la n. pl. rad·u·lae A flexible tonguelike organ in certain mollusks, having rows of horny teeth on the surface. [Latin r development and ability to ingest in·gest tr.v. in·gest·ed, in·gest·ing, in·gests 1. To take into the body by the mouth for digestion or absorption. See Synonyms at eat. 2. benthic diatoms and juvenile macroalgae of abalone H. discus hannai are ready when the organisms reach 2-4 mm in shell length (Kawamura et al. 2001). Diatom cell size can affect the efficiency at which the radula passes food into the mouth, therefore, small cells are generally handled more efficiently. The postlarvae of H. rufescens used in this experiment had an initial size of 2.85 [+ or -] 0.89 mm and were fully capable of using and breaking cells of N. incerta and A. paludosa var. hyalina. The best growth rate in length and weight of H. rufescens postlarvae was obtained with the use of the monospecific culture of N. incerta. This higher growth rate on abalone postlarvae was related to the higher nutritional value of N. incerta. There were no differences in growth of abalone postlarvae fed with the mixed culture and the monospecific culture of A. paludosa var. hyalina, which can be explained through differences in their ingestion ingestion /in·ges·tion/ (-chun) the taking of food, drugs, etc., into the body by mouth. in·ges·tion n. 1. The act of taking food and drink into the body by the mouth. 2. . There were no differences between the growth rates of abalone postlarvae fed with the mixed culture and the monospecific culture of A. paludosa var. hyalina. In the mixed culture, the postlarvae possibly had a greater preference for A. paludosa var. hyalina, consequently, its lower protein, lipid and carbohydrate content was reflected on the low growth rate of the postlarvae. The later is supported by Siqueiros-Beltrones & Voltolina (2000), who reported that H. rufescens postlarvae feed selectively from a natural assemblage rather than from an array of cultured microalgae. In conclusion, this work has shown that monospecific cultures of N. incerta promote higher growth of red abalone postlarvae, yet, the initial consideration of this work was that mixed cultures of benthic diatoms could increase the growth of abalone. Further studies are needed for determining the best strain selection and culture conditions for a higher growth rate and survival of red abalone postlarvae. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank CONACyT for the M.Sc. scholarship for the first author; N. Flores-Acevedo for technical assistance; L. Salinas-Flores, C. Paniagua-Chavez and M. Segovia-Quintero for manuscript revision. This work was supported by Centro de Investigacion y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada (CICESE CICESE Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada (Spanish) , Project 6554) and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Mexico (CONACyT, Project 33016-B and SAGARPA SAGARPA Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación (México) 239). LITERATURE CITED Bligh, E. G. & W. J. Dyer. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:911-917. Correa-Reyes, J. G. 2001. Seleccion de especies de diatomeas bentonicas para el cultivo del abulon. Thesis. Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California
Ensenada is the third-largest city in the Mexican state of Baja California. It is located 116 km (about 70 miles) south of Tijuana, at . , Mexico. 135 pp. Correa-Reyes, J. G., M. P. Sanchez-Saavedra, D. A. Siqueiros-Beltrones & N. Flores-Acevedo. 2001. Isolation and growth of eight strains of benthic diatoms, cultured under two light conditions. J. Shellfish Res. 20(2):603-610. Chiaverini, J. 1972. Techniques D'extraction et'analyse des lipides. Universite de Paris. Station Zoologique. Villefrenche-Sur-Mer. Notes de Travail TRAVAIL. The act of child-bearing. 2. A woman is said to be in her travail from the time the pains of child-bearing commence until her delivery. 5 Pick. 63; 6 Greenl. R. 460. 3. . 6:12. Daume, S., S. Brand & W. J. Woelkerling. 1997. Effects of postlarval abalone (Haliotis rubra) grazing grazing, n See irregular feeding. grazing 1. actions of herbivorous animals eating growing pasture or cereal crop. 2. area of pasture or cereal crop to be used as standing feed. See also pasture. on the ephiphytic diatom assemblage of coralline cor·al·line adj. 1. Of, consisting of, or producing coral. 2. Resembling coral, especially in color. n. 1. red algae red algae: see seaweed; Rhodophyta. . Moll. Res. 18:119-130. Daume, S., A. Krsinich, S. Farrell & M. Gervis. 2000. Settlement, early growth and survival of Haliotis rubra in response to different algal algal pertaining to or caused by algae. algal infection is very rare but systemic and udder infections are recorded. See protothecosis. algal mastitis the algae Prototheca trispora and P. species. J. Appl. Phycol. 12:479-488. Dubois, M., K. A. Gilles, J. K. Hamilton, P. A. Rebers & F. Smith. 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analyt. Chem. 28:350-356. Fukami, K., T. Nishijima & Y. Ishida. 1997. Stimulative and inhibitory effects of bacteria on growth on microalgae. Hydrobiologia 358:185-191. Gallardo, W. & S. M. A. Buen. 2003. Evaluation of mucus, Navicula, and mixed diatoms as larval settlement inducers for the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina. Aquaculture aquaculture, the raising and harvesting of fresh- and saltwater plants and animals. The most economically important form of aquaculture is fish farming, an industry that accounts for an ever increasing share of world fisheries production. 221:357-364. Guillard, R. L. L. & J. H. Ryther. 1962. Studies on marine planktonic plank·ton n. The collection of small or microscopic organisms, including algae and protozoans, that float or drift in great numbers in fresh or salt water, especially at or near the surface, and serve as food for fish and other larger organisms. diatoms I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Can. J. Microbiol. 8:229-239. Hahn, K. O. 1989. Nutrition and growth of abalone. In: K. O. Hahn, editor. Handbook of culture of abalone and other marine gastropods. Boca Raton Boca Raton (bō`kə rətōn`), city (1990 pop. 61,492), Palm Beach co., SE Fla., on the Atlantic; inc. 1925. Boca Raton is a popular resort and retirement community that experienced significant industrial development in the 1970s and 80s. , FL: CRC (Cyclical Redundancy Checking) An error checking technique used to ensure the accuracy of transmitting digital data. The transmitted messages are divided into predetermined lengths which, used as dividends, are divided by a fixed divisor. Press. pp. 135-156. Hillebrand, H. & U. Sommer. 2000. Diversity of benthic microalgae in response to colonization time and eutrophication eutrophication (y  trō'fĭkā`shən), aging of a lake by biological enrichment of its water. In a young lake the water is cold and clear, supporting little life. . Aquat.
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Jong, L. & W. Admiral. 1984. Competition between three estuarine es·tu·a·rine adj. 1. Of, relating to, or found in an estuary. 2. Geology Formed or deposited in an estuary. Adj. 1. estuarine - of or relating to or found in estuaries estuarial benthic diatom species in mixed cultures. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 18:269-275. Kawamura, T., T. Saido, H. Takami & Y. Yamashita. 1995. Dietary value of benthic diatoms for the growth of post-larval abalone Haliotis discus hannai. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 194:189-199. Kawamura, T., R. D. Roberts & Ch. M. Nicholson. 1998. Factors affecting the food value of diatom strains for post-larval abalone Haliotis iris. Aquaculture 160:81-88. Kawamura, T., H. Takami, R. D. Roberts & Y. Yamashita. 2001. Radula development in abalone Haliotis discus hannai from larva larva, in zoology larva, independent, immature animal that undergoes a profound change, or metamorphosis, to assume the typical adult form. Larvae occur in almost all of the animal phyla; because most are tiny or microscopic, they are rarely seen. to adult in relation to feeding transitions. Fish. Sci. 67:596-605. Lowry, O. H., N. J. Rosebrought, A. L. Farr & R. J. Randall. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol phenol (fē`nōl), C6H5OH, a colorless, crystalline solid that melts at about 41°C;, boils at 182°C;, and is soluble in ethanol and ether and somewhat soluble in water. reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193:265-275. Malara, G. & R. Charra. 1972a. Dosage des proteines particulaires selon la methode de Lowry. Universite de Paris. Station Zoologigue. Villefranche-Sur-Mer. Notes de Travail. No. 5. 11 pp. Malara, G. & R. Charra. 1972b. Dosage des glucides particulaires de phytoplancton selon la methode de Dubois. Universite de Paris. Station Zoologique.Villefranche-Sur-Mer. Notes de Travail. No. 6. 12 pp. Martinez-Ponce, D. R. & R. Searcy-Bernal. 1998. Grazing rates of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) postlarvae feeding on the benthic diatom Navicula incerta. J. Shellfish Res. 17(3):627-630. McBride, S. C. 1998. Current status of abalone aquaculture in the California. J. Shellfish Res. 3:596-600. Pande, S. V., R. P. Khan & T. A. Venkitasubramanian. 1963. Microdetermination of lipids and serum total fatty acid fatty acid, any of the organic carboxylic acids present in fats and oils as esters of glycerol. Molecular weights of fatty acids vary over a wide range. The carbon skeleton of any fatty acid is unbranched. Some fatty acids are saturated, i.e. . Analyt. Biochem. 6:415-423. Richmond, A. 1986. Handbook of microalgal mass culture. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 528 pp. Roberts, R. 2001. A review of settlement cues for larval abalone (Haliotis spp.). J. Shellfish Res. 20:571-586. Roberts, R. D., T. Kawamura & C. M. Nicholson. 1999. Growth and survival of post-larval abalone (Haliotis iris) in relation to development and diatom diet; J. Shellfish Res. 18:243-250. Searcy-Bernal, R., L. A. Velez-Espino & C. Angulano-Beltran, 2001. Effect of biofilm Biofilm An adhesive substance, the glycocalyx, and the bacterial community which it envelops at the interface of a liquid and a surface. When a liquid is in contact with an inert surface, any bacteria within the liquid are attracted to the surface and adhere density on grazing and growth rates of Haliotis fulgens postlarvae. J. Shellfish Res. 20(2):587-591. Searcy-Bernal, R., C. Anguiano-Beltran & A. Esparza-Hernandez 2003. The effect of irradiance ir·ra·di·ant adj. Sending forth radiant light. [Latin irradi of the survival and growth of abalone postlarvae Haliotis fulgens fed Navicula incerta, Aquaculture 228:237-248. Simental-Trinidad, J. A., M. P. Sanchez-Saavedra & J. G. Correa-Reyes. 2001, Biochemical composition of benthic marine diatoms using as culture medium a common agricultural fertilizer. J. Shellfish Res. 20(2):611-617. Simental, J. A. & M, P. Sanchez-Saavedra. 2003. The effect of agricultural fertilizer on growth rate of benthic diatoms; Aquacult. Eng, 27:265-272, Siqueiros-Beltrones, D. & D. Voltolina. 2000, Grazing selectivity of red abalone Haliotis rufescens postlarvae on benthic diatom films under culture conditions. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 31 (2):239-246. Whyte, J, N; C, 1987. Biochemical composition and energy content of six species of phytoplankton used in mariculture mariculture marine aquaculture. of bivalves. Aquaculture 60:231-241. MIRIAM JAZMIN CARBAJAL-MIRANDA, (1) M. DEL PILAR Pilar strong-minded female leader of a group of guerrillas in the Spanish Civil War. [Am. Lit.: Hemingway For Whom the Bell Tolls] See : Female Power Pilar SANCHEZ-SAAVEDRA (1) * AND JORGE ARTURO SIMENTAL (1) (1) Laboratorio de Biologia y Cultivo de Microalgas. Departamento de Acuicultura. Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada. Apartado Postal 2732, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico * Corresponding author. E-mail: psanchez@cicese.mx
TABLE 1.
Biochemical composition of benthic diatoms Navicula incerta,
Amphiprora paludosa var. hyalina maintained in monospecific and
mixed cultures.
Proteins Lipids
Diatoms ([micro]g [10.sup.6] ([micro]g [10.sup.6]
Culture [cells.sup.-1]) [cells.sup.-1])
N. incerta [44.87 [+ or -] 5.07.sup.c] [28.27 [+ or -] 3.34.sup.c]
A. paludosa
var.
hyalina [11.00 [+ or -] 0.45.sup.a] [4.24 [+ or -] 0.20.sup.a]
N. incerta
+ A.
paludosa [32.12 [+ or -] 0.24.sup.b] [15.08 [+ or -] 1.13.sup.b]
var.
hyalina
Carbohydrates
Diatoms ([micro]g [10.sup.6]
Culture [cells.sup.-1])
N. incerta [19.60 [+ or -] 1.54.sup.b]
A. paludosa
var.
hyalina [5.84 [+ or -] 0.11.sup.a]
N. incerta
+ A.
paludosa [17.59 [+ or -] 0.84.sup.b]
var.
hyalina
Values with different superscripts indicate significant differences
(1-way ANOVA and a Tukey a posteriori test, [alpha] = 0.05): a < b < c.
TABLE 2.
Mean values of initial and final shell length (mm), growth rate
([micro]m [d.sup.-1]) and specific growth rate (SGR) of red abalone
postlarvae (Haliotis rufescens) fed with Navicula incerta or
Amphiprora paludosa var. hyalina maintained in monospecific and mixed
cultures.
Initial Shell Final Shell
Diatoms Culture Length (mm) Length (mm)
N. incerta 2.85 [+ or -] 0.89 4.88 [+ or -] 0.93
A. paludosa var. hyalina 2.85 [+ or -] 0.89 4.12 [+ or -] 0.76
N. incerta + A. paludosa
var. hyalina 2.85 [+ or -] 0.89 4.20 [+ or -] 0.96
Growth Rate
([micro]m
Diatoms Culture [d.sup.-1]) SGR (%/day)
N. incerta [89.71.sup.b] 1.25
A. paludosa var. hyalina [52.94.sup.a] 0.86
N. incerta + A. paludosa
var. hyalina [53.22.sup.a] 0.90
Values with different superscripts indicate significant differences
(ANCOVA and a Tukey a posteriori test, [alpha] = 0.05): a < b.
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