Editorial.The World Trade Organisation (WTO See World Trade Organization. ) is carving out a role for itself in the global governance Global governance refers to political interaction and the creation and empowering of international organizations aimed at solving problems that affect more than one state or region, when there is no democratic power of enforcing compliance. of intellectual property. Trade related Intellectual Property Rights, or TRIPs, establishes standards of rights that all WTO members must abide with in seven fields of intellectual property. TRIPs came into effect in 1995 and will soon have to be fully implemented by developing countries; failure to comply will result in trade sanctions. The primary and immediate beneficiaries of the implementation of the TRIPs Agreement are likely to be pharmaceutical companies and technology and information developers in the industrialised Adj. 1. industrialised - made industrial; converted to industrialism; "industrialized areas" industrialized industrial - having highly developed industries; "the industrial revolution"; "an industrial nation" countries. For African countries, and African rural women in particular, the costs of TRIPs will well outweigh the benefits. Transnational corporations, for example, will gain expanded market control, but Africa is not bound to attract investment, technology transfer or experience economic growth. In this issue, FEMNET examines TRIPS with special regard for rural women in Africa and their wealth of biological diversity. The 1995 World Summit on Social Development (WSSD WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development (UN) WSSD World Summit for Social Development WSSD Websphere Studio Site Developer WSSD Work Skills Series Manual Dexterity WSSD Weapon System Support Development ) and the Fourth World Conference on Women The United Nations convened the Fourth World Conference on Women on September 4-15, 1995 in Beijing, China. Delegates had prepared a Platform for Action that aimed at achieving greater equality and opportunity for women. drew attention on the structural causes of poverty and the feminisation Noun 1. feminisation - the process of becoming feminized; the development of female characteristics (loss of facial hair or breast enlargement) in a male because of hormonal disorders or castration feminization of poverty because of the policies of international financial institutions. Governments agreed that that over the past decade, the number of women living in poverty had increased disproportionately in relation to the number of men and committed themselves to address the needs of women living in poverty Yet differences between men's and women's needs have not fully been recognised in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PRSP Penicillin Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae PRSP Program Requirements Support Plan ) and have frequently not been taken into consideration in their design. In December 1999, the International Monetary Fund CIMF CIMF Corellian Intergalactic Mercenary Force (gaming) CIMF Computer-Integrated Manufacturing Framework CIMF Consolidated Intermediate Maintenance Facility ) and the World Bank introduced the Poverty reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) to poor and highly indebted countries. The PRSP is a strategy that links economic growth and poverty reduction priorities to existing financial resources and the national budget. The PRSP is led by national governments, developed by the direct input of national and local institutions, and produced through a participatory process. PRSPs must mainstream gender to achieve their poverty reduction goals. However, most PRSPs in Africa have hardly acknowledged gender' inequalities. This is mainly due to the fact that the macroeconomic mac·ro·ec·o·nom·ics n. (used with a sing. verb) The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors. framework of the PRSPs fails to acknowledge women's triple work burden (productive, community, and reproductive) in national production. Subsequently, they not recognise approaches to reduce this burden, economic rights commensurate with this burden, or measures to secure access to and control over economic resources for women. Civil society institutions, including women's NGOs, were poorly equipped to analyse the macroeconomic framework particularly in the context of structural adjustment and trade and investment agreements aimed at facilitating globalisation. FEMNET has been monitoring the PRSP process from a gender perspective through documenthing the experiences of gender lobbies in the PRSP process in Kenya. The objective of FEMNET's PRSP project is to provide an analysis of women's poverty in direct relationship to the national macroeconomic policy that will be used to develop gender awareness among economists and economic planners in African countries and encourage the creation of national gender networks that influence the national budget through economic literacy among civil society organisations. Following the United Nations Conference on Human Rights in Vienna that affirmed that women's rights The effort to secure equal rights for women and to remove gender discrimination from laws, institutions, and behavioral patterns. The women's rights movement began in the nineteenth century with the demand by some women reformers for the right to vote, known as suffrage, and are human rights, The African Commission on Human and People's Rights (ACHPR ACHPR African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights ) was mandated to elaborate a protocol on the women's rights in Africa to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (also known as the Banjul Charter) is an international human rights instrument that seeks to promote and protect human rights and basic freedoms in the African continent. (African Charter). ACHPR established a group including human rights activists, its members that met in Banjul 1998, Dakar 1999, and Kigali 1999. The Draft Protocol on the Rights of women in Africa to the African Charter elaborated by the group was presented by the ACHPR to General Secretariat of the then OAU OAU abbr. Organization of African Unity OAU n abbr (= Organization of African Unity) → OUA f OAU n abbr (= Organization of African Unity . The African Union organised the First Experts Group meeting in November 2001. During the meeting agreement was reached on most articles. Some articles not agreed on and were to be discussed in the Second Experts/Ministerial meeting initially scheduled for April 2002 but 'later postponed to May 2002 and now to December 2002 as the Secretariat of the OAU had not received the minimum confirmations required from ministers to adopt a treaty before it is presented to the Summit of Heads of State and Government. FEMNET has been working on the Draft Protocol on the Rights of Women in the African Charter. FEMNET aims at initiating a cohesive regional response by African women to Africa's regional legal protection mechanisms around the Draft Protocol. FEMNET set up an e-mail discussion list that led to the consolidation of African women's position on the Draft Protocol that is being used by women's organisations to lobby governments at national level before the Second Experts and Ministerial Groups meeting scheduled for December 2002 to adopt the Draft Protocol before it is presented to African Union Summit in Maputo in July 2003. Discussions revealed that most of the text' that had been adopted during the last experts group meeting 'contradicted provisions made under other international human rights instruments International human rights instruments can be classified into two categories: declarations, adopted by bodies such as the United Nations General Assembly, which are not legally binding although they may be politically so; and conventions on women s and human rights and thus a need to reopen them during the next meeting. It was also agreed that the Protocol as it is does not recognise/affirm women's human rights and gives the impression that it is the governments that give those rights and thus a need for a clause to affirm rights. Editorial L'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC OMC Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (French: WTO) OMC Organización Mundial del Comercio (Spanish: World Trade Organization) OMC Organização Mundial do Comércio ) est en vole vole, name for a large number of mouselike rodents, related to the lemmings. Most range in length from 3 1-2 to 7 in. (9–18 cm) and have rounded bodies with gray or brown coats, blunt muzzles, small ears concealed in the long fur, and short tails. de s'attribuer un role dans la gouvernance de la propriete intellectuelle. Les Droits de la Propriete Intellectuelle relative au Commerce ou DPIC DPIC Death Penalty Information Center DPIC Drug and Poison Information Center DPIC Design Professionals Insurance Company DPIC Double Pole Iron Clad Switch etablissent des criteres de droits dans sept domaines que tous les membres de I'OMC doivent respecter. Les DPIC sont entres en vigueur en 1995 et devront bientot etre pleinement mis en oeuvre par des pays en voie de developpement; tout pays qui manquera de respecter ces dispositions sera frappe frappe n. Rhode Island & Southeastern Massachusetts See milk shake. See Regional Note at milk shake. [Alteration of frappé.] Noun 1. de sanctions commerciales. Les premiers beneficiaires immediats des DPIC pourraient etre des compagnies pharmaceutiques et celles engagees dans l'elaboration des technologies de l'information dans les pays industrialises. Pour les pays africains et les femmes rurales africaines en particulier, les couts des DPIC seront de loin loin (loin) the part of the back between the thorax and pelvis. loin n. The part of the body on either side of the spinal column between the ribs and the pelvis. superieurs aux benefices. A titre titre titer. d'exemple. les corporations transnationales beneficieront d'un controle plus etendu sur le marche, mais l'Afrique n'enregistrera necessairement pas de croissance sur le plan economique, des investissements, ou de transfert technologique. Dans cette edition, FEMNET examine les DPIC en portant une attention particuliere aux femmes africaines rurales et leur riche diversite biologique. En 1995, Le Sommet Mondial Mondial can refer to:
En Decembre 1999, le Fonds Monetaire International (FMI FMI Fondo Monetario Internacional (Spanish: International Monetary Fund) FMI Fonds Monétaire International FMI For More Information FMI Food Marketing Institute FMI Fundo Monetário Internacional ) et la Banque Mondiale ont introduit les Documents Strategiques sur la Reduction de la Pauvrete pour les pays pauvres et les pays tres endettes. Les DSRP DSRP Document de Stratégie de Réduction de la Pauvreté (French: Document of Strategies to Reduce Poverty) DSRP Defense Space Reconnaissance Program DSRP Dynamic Survivable Resource Pooling constituent une strategie qui relie les priorites de la croissance economique et celle Celle (tsĕl`ə), city (1994 pop. 73,670), Lower Saxony, N Germany, on the Aller River. Its manufactures include food products, electronic components, chemicals, and textiles. Wax processing and horse breeding are important locally. de la reduction de la pauvrete aux ressources financieres actuelles et au budget national. Les DSRP sont diriges par les gouvernements nationaux, elabores par l'apport direct des institutions nationales et locales, et produites a travers un processus participatif. Les DSRP devraient integrer le genre pour realiser leurs objectifs de reduction de Ia pauvrete. Mais en Afrique, la plupart des DSRP ont a peine reconnu la realite des inegalites fondees sur le sexe. Ceci se justifie surtout Sur`tout´ n. 1. A man's coat to be worn over his other garments; an overcoat, especially when long, and fitting closely like a body coat. Noun 1. par le fait que le cadre macro-economique des DSRP ne reconnait pas le fardeau de travail TRAVAIL. The act of child-bearing. 2. A woman is said to be in her travail from the time the pains of child-bearing commence until her delivery. 5 Pick. 63; 6 Greenl. R. 460. 3. a triple dimension des femmes (productif, communautaire, et reproductif), dans la production nationale. En consequence, elles ne reconnaissent pas des approches permettant de reduire ce fardeau ni les droits economiques lui correspondant, encore moins des mesures permettant d'assurer aux femmes l'acces et le controle sur les ressources economiques. Les institutions de la societe civile, y comprises les ONG ONG Organisation Non Gouvernementale ONG Organización No Gubernamental ONG Organização Não-Governamental (Brazil) ONG Organizzazione Non Governativa (Italian) feminines, n'etaient pas bien preparees pour se lancer dans l'analysedu cadre macro - economique, particulierement dans le contexte des accords relatifs a l'ajustement structurel, au commerce et aux investissements visant a faciliter la mondialisation. FEMNET surveille le processus des DSRP a partir d'une perspective de genre en assurant la documentation des experiences des militantes de genre engagees dans le processus des DSRP au Kenya. L'objectif du projet DSRP de FEMNET est, dune part, de fournir une analyse de la pauvrete des femmes en relation directe avec la politique macro-economique qui sera utilisee pour elaborer la conscientisation sur le genre parmi les economistes et les planificateurs des economies des pays africains, et d'autre part d'influencer le budget national par le moyen de l'education economique parmi les organisations de la societe civile. Suite a la Conference des Nations Unies de Vienne sur les Droits Humains qui affirme que les droits des femmes sont des droits humains, la Commission Africaine sur les Droits Humains et des Peuples (CADHP) a ete mandatee pour elaborer un protocole sur les droits des femmes en Afrique dans la Charte Africaine sur les Droits humains et des Peuples (Charte Africaine). La CADHP a etablit un groupe d'activistes de droits humains, dont les membres se sont rencontres a Banjul en 1998, a Dakar en 1999, et a Kigali en 1999. La CADHP a presente la Version Preliminaire du Protocole des Droits de la Femme Africaine que le groupe charge de la Charte Africaine a elabore au Secretariat General de la defunte QUA [Latin, Considered as; in the character or capacity of.] For example, "the trustee qua trustee [that is, in his or her role as trustee] is not liable." . L'Union Africaine a organise la premiere reunion des experts en novembre 2001 au cours de laquelle plusieurs articles ont fait l'objet d'accords. Il n'y a pas eu accord sur certains articles qui devaient faire l'objet de discussions lors de la [2.sup.eme] reunion de ministres et des experts: celle-ci a initialement ete prevue pour avril 2002, mais a ete plus tard reportee a mai 2002 et est actuellement prevue pour decembre 2002. En effet, le Secretariat de l'OUA n'avait pas encore recu le minimum de confirmations requis de la part des ministres pour adopter un traite avant qu'il ne soit presente au Sommet des Chefs d'etat et de gouvernements. FEMNET travaille sur le Projet de Protocole sur les Droits de la Femme dans la Charte Africaine. FEMNET cherche a initier une reponse harmonieuse de femmes africaines aux mecanismes de protection juridique sur le Projet de Protocole. FEMNET a mis en place une discussion electronique qui a entraine la consolidation de la position de femmes africaines sur le projet de Protocole que les organisations de femmes africaines utilisent pour faire pression sur leurs gouvernements au niveau national avant les deuxiemes reunions prevues en Decembre 2002 dans le but d'adopter le Projet de Protocole avant sa presentation au Sommet de L'Union Africaine a Maputo en Juillet 2003. Des discussions ont revele que plusieurs textes adoptes lors de la derniere reunion du groupe des experts contredisaient las provisions faites dans d'autres instruments internationaux de droits humains sur las femmes et las droits humains ; il est donc necessaire qu'ils soient re-examines durant la prochaine reunion. Il a aussi ete convenu que le Protocole tel qu'il est ne reconnait pas et n'affirme pas les droits humains de la femme mais donne plutot l'impression qu'il revient aux gouvernements d'attribuer ces droits; il convient alors d'elaborer une clause les affirmant. |
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