Economic development prospects for a small island economy: the case of Guam.INTRODUCTIONGuam is an unincorporated Adj. 1. unincorporated - not organized and maintained as a legal corporation unorganised, unorganized - not having or belonging to a structured whole; "unorganized territories lack a formal government" territory of the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. . It is an island located in Western Pacific and provides the U.S. with a strategic advantage to secure the defense and stability of the Asia-Pacific region. As an economy, Guam is small and undiversified but is endowed en·dow tr.v. en·dowed, en·dow·ing, en·dows 1. To provide with property, income, or a source of income. 2. a. with natural resources and a multicultural labor force. After World War II, Guam proved itself to be a resilient economy. However, in the more recent past which was, and still is, characterized by increased globalization globalization Process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world. Factors that have contributed to globalization include increasingly sophisticated communications and transportation , Guam faced many factors that were beyond its control, which when combined with having to deal with natural disasters, took a toll on the well-being of its people. Of course, globalization and natural disasters are among many other challenges that Guam continues to face. The key is to find a balance between the positive and negative aspects of the economy and society and to transform these challenges into opportunities that will improve the current situation. Doing so will put Guam in a position of strength as it forges ahead in its pursuit of economic development. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS An analysis of the environmental factors or conditions that are relevant to Guam's prospects for economic development is a good starting point Noun 1. starting point - earliest limiting point terminus a quo commencement, get-go, offset, outset, showtime, starting time, beginning, start, kickoff, first - the time at which something is supposed to begin; "they got an early start"; "she knew from the for evaluating the challenges and opportunities that are available to Guam. In this regard, several descriptors have been identified to describe key characteristics of the Guam economy, with this paper focusing on the following six: (1) a small island economy that is relatively open that is (2) currently lacking economic diversification but (3) endowed with natural resources and a (4) multicultural society. It is (5) an unincorporated U.S. territory (6) located strategically in Asia-Pacific. Each descriptor (1) A word or phrase that identifies a document in an indexed information retrieval system. (2) A category name used to identify data. (operating system) descriptor presents Guam with challenges and at the same time opportunities. These descriptors and their implications for challenges and opportunities in economic development are discussed in the next section in turn. SMALL ISLAND OPEN ECONOMY Small Domestic Economy Guam's smallness can be measured in several ways. First is in terms of its small population, which is estimated to be around 175,000 people and, consequently, a small labor force of around 74,950, of which 64,970 (86.7%) are employed and 9,970 (13.3%) are unemployed based on the latest unemployment report in March 2011(Guam Bureau of Labor Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) A research agency of the U.S. Department of Labor; it compiles statistics on hours of work, average hourly earnings, employment and unemployment, consumer prices and many other variables. ). During stronger economic periods when labor demand exceeds the available labor force, Guam has supplemented its local labor force with those from the U.S., neighboring neigh·bor n. 1. One who lives near or next to another. 2. A person, place, or thing adjacent to or located near another. 3. A fellow human. 4. Used as a form of familiar address. v. island that are freely associated with the U.S. ((i.e. the Commonwealth of Northern Marianas, Federated Connected and treated as one. See federated database and federated directories. States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands Marshall Islands, officially Republic of the Marshall Islands, independent nation (2005 est. pop. 59,000), in the central Pacific. The Marshalls extend over a 700-mi (1,130-km) area and comprise two major groups: the Ratak Chain in the east, and the Ralik Chain in and Palau) and the use of foreign workers foreign workers Those who work in a foreign country without initially intending to settle there and without the benefits of citizenship in the host country. Some are recruited to supplement the workforce of a host country for a limited term or to provide skills on a . Guam is also small in terms of economic size. The latest estimate of its overall economy, its Gross Domestic Product, GDP GDP (guanosine diphosphate): see guanine. (also referred to as Gross Island Product, GIP GIP - 1. General Interpretive Programme. A 1956 interpreted language for the English Electric DEUCE, with array operations and an extensive library of numerical methods. ) is for the year 2007 and valued at around $4 billion (U.S. Department of Commerce-Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2010). Combining estimates of GIP and population gives rise to per capita income Noun 1. per capita income - the total national income divided by the number of people in the nation income - the financial gain (earned or unearned) accruing over a given period of time , which is a measure of purchasing power Purchasing Power 1. The value of a currency expressed in terms of the amount of goods or services that one unit of money can buy. Purchasing power is important because, all else being equal, inflation decreases the amount of goods or services you'd be able to purchase. 2. , of around $23,000. Guam's small population and relatively lower per capita income have prevented many businesses from achieving economies of scale and producing goods and services In economics, economic output is divided into physical goods and intangible services. Consumption of goods and services is assumed to produce utility (unless the "good" is a "bad"). It is often used when referring to a Goods and Services Tax. to local residents at lower prices. Not surprisingly, the cost of living on Guam is high but not different from other small island economies, including Hawaii. Guam's lack of economies of scale also presents challenges to autonomous government agencies that provide utilities and is also an obstacle from current efforts toward recycling, which have required recyclable re·cy·cle tr.v. re·cy·cled, re·cy·cling, re·cy·cles 1. To put or pass through a cycle again, as for further treatment. 2. To start a different cycle in. 3. a. materials to be gathered and then shipped off-island for recycling. Guam's smallness also manifests itself in terms of its limited productive resources. The prospects of significant economic growth from the pending expansion of the U.S. military presence on the island have created expectations of shortage in available resources, including labor of different skills (including construction-related) as well as physical, social and institutional infrastructure. In addition, the limited productive resources available to Guam can be viewed as both cause and consequence for the island's lack of economic diversification (More on this later; see also Duncan and Nakagawa, 2006). Open Economy Like many small economies, Guam is a relatively open economy, especially in trade of goods and services. Guam imports around 36% of its GIP, showing a high dependence on imported supply but not quite uncommon among small island economies in the Pacific. Guam's exports have primarily come from services to tourists, which account for 16.5% of its GIP (U.S. Department of Commerce-Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2010). The heavy reliance on tourism makes Guam vulnerable to external shocks that affect its main tourist markets, primarily Japan, including most recently the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami that devastated dev·as·tate tr.v. dev·as·tat·ed, dev·as·tat·ing, dev·as·tates 1. To lay waste; destroy. 2. To overwhelm; confound; stun: was devastated by the rude remark. the northeastern part of Japan and led to a significant decline in tourist arrivals from Japan. These external shocks could also be positive for Guam such as the appreciation of the Japanese yen and Korean won
To some extent, Guam's openness applies to its labor market labor market A place where labor is exchanged for wages; an LM is defined by geography, education and technical expertise, occupation, licensure or certification requirements, and job experience and migration, allowing from a free movement of labor among other island economies in Western Pacific which have free association with the U.S. and the fifty states of the U.S. As already noted, this labor market arrangement has supplemented Guam's small labor force during times of high labor demand but has caused high unemployment during slower economic times as would explain the high unemployment rate of 13.3% reported in March 2011 (Guam Department of Labor, 2011). Island Economy Guam is the largest island in the Micronesian region and is located in the Western Pacific Region. Being an island is significant in that it implies some level of geographic isolation and distance from larger markets. It also suggests exposure to natural disasters such as typhoon typhoon: see hurricane. , earthquakes and tsunamis. Guam's smallness, openness and island-setting suggest benefits from attracting more resources, including foreign investments, to supplement its limited productive resources and also balance out the island's high imports. This descriptor of Guam, especially its implication for the lack of economies of scale, points to the absence of mass production of many products but suggests opportunities for niche markets and for small business participation. Although the government sector (a combination of U.S. Federal government agencies and local government agencies) continue to make up a significant share of the economy (48% of Gross Island Product in 2007, U.S. Department of Commerce-Bureau of Economic Analysis), the economy has made a notable shift toward a larger role of the private sector, including small businesses. Recent employment estimates show that 75% of jobs are provided by private businesses, 19% by the local government and 6% by the U.S. Federal government (Guam Department of Labor-Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 2010). In terms of numbers, the private sector is comprised of 3,143 business establishments (U.S. Bureau of Census Bureau of Census A division of the federal government of the United States Bureau of Commerce that is responsible for conducting the national census at least once every 10 years, in which the population of the United States is counted. , 2007), with more than 90% of them classified as "small businesses" using the U.S. Small Business Administration definition. LACK OF ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION Guam's limited productive resources and lack of economies of scale prevent it from achieving the type of economic diversification that larger economies are able to enjoy. It would not be much of an over-simplification to view Guam's economy as a triad, comprised of three industries (tourism, military and local economy) or serving three groups of customers (tourists, military personnel and families, and local residents). Tourism Tourism was very strong in 2010, with approximately 1.2 million tourists who visited Guam (Guam Visitors Bureau, December 2010). As already noted, tourism decreased this year, largely due to the lower number of Japanese visitors. Prospects for tourism-related economic activities are not optimistic op·ti·mist n. 1. One who usually expects a favorable outcome. 2. A believer in philosophical optimism. op for the remainder of the year. It is too bad that Guam's comparative advantage as an island is in tourism, which happens to be very unstable because it is hostage to factors outside of Guam's control and to external shocks. Tourism is an industry that is very sensitive to the income of tourists and tourist activities would be one of the first to be reduced when times are tough) as well as health and safety threats that affect travel (9-11, SARS, H1N1, etc.). It is in many economies, not only on Guam, a relatively low-paying, low-productivity service sector with little opportunity for innovation. It also puts Guam in direct competition with neighboring islands, including Hawaii. Guam's tourism agency, the Guam Visitors Bureau, has not fallen short of exploring ways to further develop and diversify our tourism sector. While these efforts must be recognized and encouraged, we must consider other viable economic activities that can provide the island with an alternative source of income, especially during times when our tourism sector is on a decline. Military The military market is also significant in Guam. Expectedly, it claimed a larger share of the economy in the aftermath of World War II and has since decreased, although still notable. It usually reflects itself in construction and engineering services industries, although there are opportunities to get involved in military bases' maintenance and operation. The concern here is that decisions affecting the military presence on Guam are made externally, in this case, by the U.S. Federal Government, in consultation with foreign government(s). For instance, the U.S. and Japan entered an agreement in 2006 to realign U.S. military forces in Asia. Of particular interest to Guam is the proposal to relocate 8,000 military personnel and their families from Okinawa, Japan to Guam. Such military build-up on Guam was originally valued in excess of $10 billion (2.5 times the size of the current Guam economy) and was originally planned to take place over a short four-year period, after which the military-related construction boom would be expected to decline. More recently, there has been uncertainty regarding the terms, magnitude and timing of this military build-up, in part due to the recent natural disasters in Japan as well as to new developments in the U.S. Congress. Much depends on the fiscal health of both the U.S. Federal Government and the Government of Japan, which initially agreed to share the cost of the military buildup build·up also build-up n. 1. The act or process of amassing or increasing: a military buildup; a buildup of tension during the strike. 2. on a 40-60 basis (approximately). That delays likely increase earlier estimates of costs worsens this fiscal concern. Local Economy The instability of tourism, the unpredictability of the military build-up and the inability of Guam to significantly influence both economic sectors have made the third sector, which caters to the local residents, the more attractive sector. This sector provides strong support for retail trade and many different services including health, education, financial, legal, etc. This is also the most promising area for the strong majority of local businesses, which are small businesses. All of the above brings to light the importance of self-reliance: the need to rely on the local economy, to develop it by identifying new industries, to enhance its purchasing power so that it will be the engine of growth that propels the entire economy into a sustainable and participatory development path that improves Guam residents' standard of living. Opportunities for economic diversification would include those products that have potential to be exported but Guam's territorial status and the high transaction costs (including shipping) have presented challenges in this area. The more realistic option appears to be on the import side of trade where a search for ways to produce goods and services locally to reduce the current dependence on imported supply offers more promise. As discussions continue regarding the prospects of new industries on Guam, it would be helpful for these discussions to be guided by what emerged to be truly important to the island community * Increase in the standard of living and ability to provide materially for families * Smart management of the environment to ensure sustainability * Resurgence of pride in our indigenous culture and resources and pursue those new industries that are not economically viable but also encourage * High productivity and value-added, intensive use of human capital and technology * Use of "green" technology and practices, non-carbon printing and, if possible, carbon-reducing * Intensive use of indigenous resources including human talents and local materials. Efforts to replace imports in a cost-effective manner will provide a boost to the local economy. Assuming a spending multiplier of 1.5, one is able to illustrate how significant the economic impact would be of shifting 10% of what is currently imported to a local source in terms of an increase in GIP by 25% (or $1 billion), an increase in the local government's revenue in terms of Gross Receipts Tax A gross receipts tax, sometimes referred to as a gross excise tax, is a tax on the total gross revenues of a company, regardless of their source. It is similar to a sales tax, but it is levied on the seller of goods or services rather than the consumer. by 4% of $1 billion (or $40 million), and an increase in local jobs by 23% (or 14,000 jobs). NATURAL RESOURCE ENDOWMENT Guam's abundance in beaches, beautiful scenery, natural forests and marine life has made it an attractive site for tourism, military operations This is a list of missions, operations, and projects. Missions in support of other missions are not listed independently. World War I ''See also List of military engagements of World War I
n. Tourism involving travel to areas of natural or ecological interest, typically under the guidance of a naturalist, for the purpose of observing wildlife and learning about the environment. that caters to all three segments of consumers, tourist, military and local residents. The availability of land, along with government incentives to use them productively, points to a continuous evaluation of prospects for expanding the agricultural sector. Of course, as natural resources are used to support economic activities, there is a need for effective management of natural resources in order to preserve their quality and sustain their usefulness. Guam has a long history of community activism to ensure that uses of natural resources are kept in check. MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY Guam's population is composed of with 37% Chamorro (Guam's native culture), 27% Filipino, 7% other Pacific Islander Pacific Islander n. 1. A native or inhabitant of any of the Polynesian, Micronesian, or Melanesian islands of Oceania. 2. A person of Polynesian, Micronesian, or Melanesian descent. See Usage Note at Asian. , 6% non-Filipino Asians, 7% Caucasian, 2.2% all others (Guam Bureau of Statistics and Plans, 2010). One advantage of having a multicultural society is that the island becomes a melting pot melting pot America as the home of many races and cultures. [Am. Pop. Culture: Misc.] See : America of different ideas and talents. It also possesses a richness in culture, which provides opportunities to incorporate "experience" in tourism, and a greater understanding and appreciation for diversity. All of these create flexibility, creativity and economic resilience. On the other hand, challenges arise as they are many differing opinions, perspectives and approaches, thus making reaching a consensus more difficult and time-consuming. UNINCORPORATED U.S. TERRITORY Guam's status as an unincorporated U.S. territory is both a blessing and a curse. On the positive side, it provides an attraction for both tourists and foreign investors, who benefit from having a English-speaking population, the presence of U.S. legal infrastructure, an economically free environment to do business, a democratic political structure and the presence of labor protection (e.g., minimum wage laws). As a territory, Guam receives funds from the U.S. Federal government that finances a significant portion of its physical infrastructure that are conducive for business. Guam also uses the U.S. tax system and is able to keep taxes collected from local residents as well as from U.S. military personnel who are stationed on Guam. The downside Downside The dollar amount by which the market or a stock has the potential to fall. Notes: You might hear someone say that the downside on stock XYZ is $10. What that means is that the stock could fall by this amount if things got bad. of being a U.S. territory includes limits on the economic policy tools available to local policymakers and economic planners. As regards fiscal policy, Guam has its own elected legislatures that make budget decisions, with a lot of flexibility on spending decisions but have less flexibility on making revenue decisions because the primary source of revenue (income taxes) are set to follow the U.S. Federal system. Unlike politically-independent economies, Guam has no monetary policy to use to effectively manage the local economy and is subject to decisions made by the Washington, D.C.-based central bank, the Federal Reserve. This policy limitation extends to currency matters and exchange rate determination. In addition, being a U.S. territory has made Guam ineligible in·el·i·gi·ble adj. 1. Disqualified by law, rule, or provision: ineligible to run for office; ineligible for health benefits. 2. to access financial and technical assistance from international organizations, resources that other countries have used to support their economic development. For better or worse, Guam's minimum wage laws have priced it out of the of many labor-intensive industries in nearby Asian economies, effectively limiting the number of possible industries it could develop and, to some extent, forcing it to look at higher-paying industries that often require higher levels of human capital. STRATEGIC LOCATION IN ASIA-PACIFIC Guam's location in the Asia-Pacific region has been described to be strategic, thus making it an attractive site for military operations. In fact, the 2006 military forces agreement between the U.S. and Japan is motivated largely by Guam's strategic location. This attractiveness to military operations brings with it both benefits and costs and hence requires a careful balance of these two effects. For example, the proposed military build-up on Guam has received numerous scrutiny from those in favor of it as well as those opposed to it that achieving the balance has called for a need for strategically pacing the resulting economic development (e.g., adaptive program management) in order to match up the required resources (infrastructure, human capital) with their availability. Evaluating the benefits and costs of the military build-up (as well as other proposals for economic changes) have brought to light the need for current, reliable and relevant socio-economic data and models that can be used to accurately estimates the benefits and costs of military (as well as non-military) proposals/projects and to serve as evidence for effective policymaking pol·i·cy·mak·ing or pol·i·cy-mak·ing n. High-level development of policy, especially official government policy. adj. Of, relating to, or involving the making of high-level policy: . Guam's location puts it in close proximity to the dynamic Asian markets, with several of them within a 3-5 hour direct flight distance. These point to opportunities to enhance travel infrastructure, for example, to explore additional air routes between Guam and important regional markets, thus having the effect of increasing competition among air carriers and potentially making travel more affordable to local residents as well as to tourists. On the other hand, proximity to Asia brings with to Guam the challenge of competing with other tourist destination A tourist destination is a city, town or other area the economy of which is dependent to a significant extent on the revenues accruing from tourism. It may contain one or more tourist attractions or visitor attractions and possibly some "tourist traps". in Asia. It also causes a leakage from the local economy as local residents travel to the neighboring Asian destination to shop at much lower prices and enjoy a wider variety of goods and services. Table 1 summarizes the challenges and opportunities associated with each characteristic/descriptor of Guam's economy. CONCLUSION This paper presented an in-depth evaluation of the environmental factors that affect Guam's economy and its future development prospects. Challenges and current realities were presented to see what might be obstacles to transforming Guam's economy but opportunities for future economic development were also highlighted to see what Guam's economy could be and where options to develop it are available. One thing is clear: the island community needs to make the choice to be willing to work collectively toward addressing the challenges in developing its economy and moving forward. Perhaps an obvious point but one that is worth stating: Guam is not unique in as far as having to face challenges. However, its population can distinguish itself from those in many economies facing similar challenges in the way that it collectively responds to these challenges and to bring about improvements in economic and social conditions for the people of Guam. REFERENCES Duncan, Ron & Haruo Nakagawa (2006). Obstacles to Economic Growth in Six Pacific Island Countries. World Bank. Retrieved on July 10, 2011, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTDEBTDEPT/Resources/ 468980-1206974166266/4833916-1206989877225/DuncanNakagawaObstacles.pdf Guam Bureau of Statistics and Plans (2010). 2008 Guam Statistical Yearbook. Guam Department of Labor-Bureau of Labor Statistics (2011, June). The Unemployment Situation on Guam: March 2011. Guam Visitors Bureau (2011). Visitors Arrival Statistics. Retrieved June 30, 2011, from http:///www.visitguam.org. Ruane, Maria Claret claret: see wine. M. (2009, December). White Paper on the Guam Story: Focus on the Economy. Unpublished. Ruane, Maria Claret M., Anita Borja Enriquez & Vanessa Lee Williams For the football player of the same name see Lee Williams (football player). Lee Williams (born April 3, 1974) is an English actor and former model. Williams was the face of French Connection TV, and has worked as a model for designers such as Vivienne Westwood and (2010). The Making of the Pacific Tiger: Lessons from the Celtic Tiger For the Irish dance show, see . Celtic Tiger (Irish: Tíogar Ceilteach) is a name for the period of rapid economic growth in the Republic of Ireland that began in the 1990s and slowed in 2001, only to pick up pace again in 2003 . Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, 11(1), 75-99. University of Guam-Pacific Center for Economic Initiatives (2011, July). Guam Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy. U.S. Census Bureau Noun 1. Census Bureau - the bureau of the Commerce Department responsible for taking the census; provides demographic information and analyses about the population of the United States Bureau of the Census (2009, May). 2007 Economic Census of Island Areas-Guam. U.S. Department of Commerce-Bureau of Economic Analysis (2010, June). Guam GDP Estimates. Retrieved July 1, 2010, from http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/general/terr/2010/pdf/guam_061310.pdf Maria Claret M. Ruane, University of Guam UOG's motto: to enlighten, to discover, to serve... The University of Guam, located in Mangilao, Guam, is a land-grant institution accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.
Table 1: Summary of Challenges and Opportunities in Guam's
Economic Development
Characteristics/Descriptors of Challenges Faced by Guam
Guam
(1) Small, island, open economy * Economic instability/
vulnerability or exposure to
external factors and external
shocks
* Small labor force and limited
productive resources
* Inability to engage in mass
production has led to higher
cost to operate business,
provide utilities, recycle
(2) Lack of economic * Heavy reliance on three
diversification sectors: tourism, military and
local economy and increase
exposure to shocks that
negatively affect at least one
sector
(3) Endowed with natural * Need for effective management
resources of natural resources
(4) Multicultural society * Many different opinions and
difficulty to reach consensus
(5) An unincorporated U.S. * Limited economic policy tools
territory
* Ineligibility for international
development assistance
* Inability to compete directly
with low-waged Asian countries
in many labor-intensive
industries
(6) Located strategically in * Need for strategically pacing
Asia-Pacific economic development
* Need for current, reliable and
relevant socio-economic data
and models to accurately
evaluate impacts of military
and other economic changes
* Direct competition with Asian
markets
Characteristics/Descriptors of Opportunities Available to
Guam Guam
(1) Small, island, open economy * Increased outward orientation
with regards to tourism,
imported goods and services,
foreign investment and military
hosting
* Opportunity for niche markets
and greater small business
participation
(2) Lack of economic * Opportunity to explore new
diversification industries to supplement,
complement and/or substitute
existing industries
* Opportunity to incorporate
island community values to
"designing" new industries
(3) Endowed with natural * Opportunity for more
resources eco-tourism
* Opportunity to further develop
the agricultural sector and
other natural resources
(4) Multicultural society * Different ideas and talents, a
richness in culture, an
understanding and appreciation
of diversity, economic
flexibility/resilience
(5) An unincorporated U.S. * Opportunity to strengthen
territory Guam's image as an attractive
business/investment site and
tourist destination
(6) Located strategically in * Opportunity to benefit from
Asia-Pacific hosting existing and increased
military operations
* Opportunity to access nearby
Asian markets and to enhance
travel infrastructure
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