Doctrine for Fire Support: What Comes After AirLand Battle?If you only look at the title of this article and read no further, you will probably think this article got lost about 10 years ago, and the Editor, having just found it, printed it. After all, AirLand Battle AirLand Battle was first adopted by the US Army in 1982 as Field Manual 100-5, and drove military doctrine until the late 1990s. The AirLand Battle doctrine describes a combined Air and Land force, with emphasis on inter-service cooperation. was the Army's operational doctrine in the mid-1980s. AirLand Battle was how the Army was supposed to beat the USSR USSR: see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. in central Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. In addition, Northern, Southern and Southeastern Europe may variously delimit or overlap into Central Europe. and how it beat the Iraqis as part of a joint and combined task force in Operation Desert Storm Noun 1. Operation Desert Storm - the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991) Gulf War, Persian Gulf War - a war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; . In 1993, FM 100-5 Operations was published, replacing AirLand Battle doctrine. The trouble was, our 13-year-old FM 6-20 Fire Support for AirLand Battle capstone doctrine was never revised. This article discusses what is happening in fire support and FA doctrine development. Within the past three years, the Years, The the seven decades of Eleanor Pargiter’s life. [Br. Lit.: Benét, 1109] See : Time FA School has begun revisions on almost one-half of its FMs: 12 of 25. Accordingly, I share three key pieces of information in this article: a brief summary of the most significant principles and tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP TTP (thymidine triphosphate): see thymine. ) today's doctrine espouses; the process by which doctrinal manuals are developed; and the status of our various field manuals under revision. For our doctrine to be effective, the FA School needs input from the field about changes that could trigger revisions to manuals and input from the field during the manual's development process. The most critical point at which the FA School needs field input is during the first staffing of the initial draft--the field's first look at potential new doctrine. Our branch manuals are only as good and useful as we make them. What Comes After AirLand Battle? Our doctrine has changed significantly in five areas. Changes are due to revisions to FM 3-0(100-5) Operations; the establishment of the essential fire support task (EFST EFST Essential Fire Support Task ) methodology per a 1998 FA School White Paper; requirements for common terminology; making fire planning, targeting and the military decision-making process (MDMP MDMP Military Decision-Making Process MDMP Million Dollar Mouthpiece MDMP Mediterranean Dialogue Military Program ) seamless; and the FA-focused approach to the MDMP for FA staffs. FM 3-0 Operations. This manual changes our doctrine quite substantially in certain respects. The manual emphasizes full-spectrum operations in war and military operations-other-than-war. In terms of a battlefield framework, FM 3-0 introduces "decisive," "shaping" and "sustaining" operations as the more common approach when framing an operational concept. It still retains "deep," "close" and "rear" terminology for a spatial arrangement Noun 1. spatial arrangement - the property possessed by an array of things that have space between them spacing placement, arrangement - the spatial property of the way in which something is placed; "the arrangement of the furniture"; "the placement of the of actions, but these terms are not emphasized. Our emerging fire support doctrine, therefore, delineates principles and TTP for fires in support of decisive, shaping and sustaining operations almost exclusively. 1998 White Paper "Fire Support Planning for the Brigade and Below." A landmark change in fire support planning and execution methodology was captured in this white paper. All emerging field manuals are incorporating the EFST and essential FA task (EFAT) approach to fire support planning. FM 3-09 will slightly redefine EFST (task, purpose, method and effects) to clarify the term "task" and provide the doctrinal basis for this methodology. The other fire support TTP manuals address EFST development at their respective levels as well--thus EFSTs now work above the brigade-level. The two FA headquarters TTP manuals (FM 3-09.21 (6-20-1) TTP for the Field Artillery Battalion and FM 3-09.22 (6-20-2) TTP for Corps Artillery, Division Artillery Artillery that is permanently an integral part of a division. For tactical purposes, all artillery placed under the command of a division commander is considered division artillery. and Field Artillery Brigade An artillery brigade is a specialised form of military brigade dedicated to providing artillery support. Other brigades might have an artillery component, but an artillery brigade is a brigade dedicated to artillery and relying on other units for infantry support, especially when Headquarters) address developing EFATs from EFSTs. Common Terminology. The manuals also clarify fire support terminology. "Destroy" doctrinally should not mean one thing to the maneuver commander ("render an enemy force combat ineffective until it is reconstituted") and another to his fire support coordinator (FSCOORD FSCOORD Fire Support Coordinator ) ("render a target so damaged that it cannot function as intended nor be restored to a usable condition without being entirely rebuilt"). "Destroy" means "30 percent incapacitation in·ca·pac·i·tate tr.v. in·ca·pac·i·tat·ed, in·ca·pac·i·tat·ing, in·ca·pac·i·tates 1. To deprive of strength or ability; disable. 2. To make legally ineligible; disqualify. or destruction of the enemy force" to the artilleryman and "70 percent destruction" to his aviation liaison officer (LNO LNO Liaison Officer LNO Liaison Office LNO Linuxnewbie.org (a website about Linux for newbies) LNO Like No Other LNO Last Ninja Online (forum) LNO Lawndale Neighborhood Organization LNO Late Night Option ). FA doctrine is being written so fire supporters use the exact terms and definitions as maneuver and combined arms Combined arms is an approach to warfare which seeks to integrate different arms of a military to achieve mutually complementary effects. Though the lower-echelon units of a combined arms team may be of homogeneous types, a balanced mixture of such units are combined into an manuals--not the old FA 6-series of manuals. We no longer will have to differentiate among the definitions of effects, targeting objectives, attack guidance, etc. The maneuver commander will give us a task and purpose, and we will determine how to execute the task based on common terminology. The FSCOORD still will to have clarify guidance or intent with the maneuver commander to ensure he understands what has to be accomplished. But their terminology start point will be identical. There will be only one set of doctrinal terms that our TTP manuals will reference--those in FM 101-5-1 Operational Terms and Symbols, FM 3-100.40 (100-40) Tactics and FM 3-13 (100-6) Information Operations Actions taken to affect adversary information and information systems while defending one's own information and information systems. Also called IO. See also defensive information operations; information; offensive information operations; operation. . Seamless Fires-MDMP. Another longstanding chasm our emerging doctrine will bridge is defining the relationship among fire planning, targeting and the MDMP. FM 3.09 Doctrine for Fire Support defines the overarching principles of fire support planning and depicts how the larger process of fire planning has sub-processes; it also shows that, at different times, these sub-processes both support and are supported by fire planning. These sub-processes are the MDMP and the targeting actions within it. The manual also shows targeting supporting fire Noun 1. supporting fire - fire delivered by supporting units to protect or assist a unit in combat firing, fire - the act of firing weapons or artillery at an enemy; "hold your fire until you can see the whites of their eyes"; "they retreated in the face of planning outside of the MDMP. Other fire support TTP manuals address targeting within the MDMP at that particular organizational level. As with doctrinal terms, we will have to trigger changes to combined arms doctrinal manuals to ensure these initiatives are not just "by fire supporters for fire supporters." Similarly, we have made strides in the past 10 years in taking the MDMP and "artillerizing" it. That is, we have learned a lot about FA-focused intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB IPB Invision Power Board (forum) IPB International Peace Bureau IPB Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield IPB International Personal Banking IPB Illustrated Parts Breakdown IPB Institute of Plant Breeding ) and FA-specific course-of-action (COA (Certificate Of Authenticity) A document that accompanies software which states that it is an original package from the manufacturer. It generally includes a seal with a difficult-to-copy emblem such as a holographic image. ) development and analysis. MDMP Tailored for the FA Staff Our key TTP manuals for FA headquarters, FM 3-09.21 (6-20-1) and FM 3-09.22 (6-20-2), have expanded chapters on how to conduct fire planning using an MDMP tailored for an FA organization. This offers FA staffs TTP to produce the best possible FA support plan (FASP FASP Federal Agency Security Practices (NIST) FASP Florida Association of School Psychologists FASP Florida Aviation System Plan FASP Florida Association of Aging Services Providers FASP Field Ammunition Supply Point ) in the shortest time, regardless of the unit's tactical mission: direct support, (DS), reinforcing (R), general support reinforcing (GSR See Gigabit Switch Router. ), general support (GS). Additionally, we have brought back the concept of the dedicated battery (see FM 3-09.21 (6-20-1) for the specifics) to present units with various TTP to improve responsiveness. Manual Development Process. Of the 25 FMs for which the FA School is the proponent, we have two "doctrine" manuals that focus primarily on principles: FM 6-20 and FM 100-13 The Battlefield Coordination Detachment An Army liaison provided by the Army component or force commander to the air operations center (AOC) and/or to the component designated by the joint force commander to plan, coordinate, and deconflict air operations. . The majority (18) are "TTP" manuals that focus on section functions, key-individual responsibilities and the TTP of FA and fire support organizations across all operations. The remaining field manuals are "reference" FMs that contain relatively unchanging tabular data concerning meteorology meteorology, branch of science that deals with the atmosphere of a planet, particularly that of the earth, the most important application of which is the analysis and prediction of weather. and celestial bodies. During the initial step in doctrine development, we assess the validity of a manual's contents when new information triggers the possible need for revision--such as a new National Military Strategy, results of training exercises, deployment lessons, higher level doctrinal changes (also for us, any changes in maneuver doctrine), senior leader guidance, force changes, organizational modernization, etc. Once the decision is made to revise or develop an FM, the assessment phase is complete and the process continues with development, preparation, production and distribution, implementation and eventually, back to assessment. (See Figure 1 for milestones in manual development.) Once we receive all the review comments, we assemble the working group and review each comment. Time permitting, we notify any reviewer if his comments were rejected. The author then is given the accepted comments and prepares the next draft of the manual. The remaining drafts are prepared and staffed in the same manner as the initial draft. Therefore, although many FM revisions are contracted out, most of the contents are decided by the FA School and field "green-suiters." Upon approval of the manual, the preparation phase is accomplished. During this phase, the final approved draft is edited and a "camera-ready copy" is produced. In the production and distribution phase, the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC TRADOC Training & Doctrine Command (US Army) ) prints and forwards the publication to central distribution sites, and it is posted electronically with the Reimer Digital Library and on the WIDD WIDD Warfighting Integration and Development Directorate (US Army, Fort Sill, OK) home page. During implementation and evaluation, proponents integrate the new doctrine into lesson plans, field units implement the changes and provide feedback and recommended changes to the proponent (by emailing to the point of contact or submitting DA Form 2028 Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms). The Combat Training Centers (CTCs), Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) and other Armywide observers also provide evaluations of doctrine implementation. Figure 2 gives the current status of our doctrinal publications under revision and those to be assessed or revised in FY02. Note the new numbering system used to align Army publications with the joint numbering system. Conclusion. Doctrine development is the business of providing a body of thought on how the military fights in the present to near-term with current force structure and material. Doctrinal principles provide an authoritative guide for leaders and soldiers but still provide freedom to adapt to circumstances. Moreover, doctrine provides a common understanding of how to think about conducting operations and a common language for discussion and warfighting. The sheer scope of FA doctrine developments should serve as a warning order (WARNO WARNO Warning Order ) to other schoolhouses and the field that a "new" way of doing business is about to be promulgated prom·ul·gate tr.v. prom·ul·gat·ed, prom·ul·gat·ing, prom·ul·gates 1. To make known (a decree, for example) by public declaration; announce officially. See Synonyms at announce. 2. . Some have already begun using the draft doctrine, some are not even aware our doctrine is changing. This article briefly discusses the general topics of the changes--you can go to the WIDD home page to see the specifics of the changes for yourself: http://155.2 19.39.98/. Lieutenant Colonel (P) Peter J. Zielinski, until recently, was the Chief of Training and Doctrine Development, Warfighting Integration and Development Directorate in the Field Artillery School at Fort Sill Fort Sill, U.S. military reservation, Comanche co., SW Okla., 4 mi (6.4 km) N of Lawton; est. 1869 by Gen. Philip Sheridan. A 95,000-acre (38,445-hectare) field artillery and missile base, it is the home of the U.S. Army Artillery and Missile Center. , Oklahoma. Currently, he is the Director of the Joint and Army Concepts Directorate in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Doctrine, Headquarters, Training and Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe Fort Monroe, SE Va., commanding the entrance to Chesapeake Bay and Hampton Roads; named for President James Monroe. The fortress (80 acres/32 hectares) was built (1819–34) by the U.S. government on the site of English fortifications erected in 1609 and 1727. , Virginia. He commanded a 3-174 (FA) Training Support Battalion at Fort Drum, New York This article is about the U.S. Army base in New York State. For other places with a similar name, see Fort Drum. Fort Drum is a census-designated place and U.S. Army military reservation in Jefferson County, New York, United States. ; taught tactics to Command and General Staff College The Command and General Staff College (C&GSC) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas is a United States Army facility that functions as a graduate school for U.S. military leaders. It was originally established in 1881 as a school for infantry and cavalry. students at Fort. Leavenworth, Kansas “Leavenworth” redirects here. For other uses, see Leavenworth (disambiguation). Leavenworth is the largest city and county seat of Leavenworth County, in the U.S. state of Kansas and is located near (about 30 miles from) Kansas City, Missouri. ; fought in three rotations at the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California, as a Battalion S3 with 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery, part of the 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized mech·a·nize tr.v. mech·a·nized, mech·a·niz·ing, mech·a·niz·es 1. To equip with machinery: mechanize a factory. 2. ), Fort Riley, Kansas; and served as the division main command post Assistant Fire Support Coordinator for the 2d Infantry Division in Korea. He holds a Master of Arts Master of Arts Noun a degree, usually postgraduate in a nonscientific subject, or a person holding this degree Noun 1. Master of Arts - a master's degree in arts and sciences Artium Magister, MA, AM in International Relations from the University of Akron Enrollment in fall 2006 was 23,539 students.[1] The school offers more than 200 undergraduate degrees [2] and 100 graduate degrees [3]. The University's best-known program is its College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, which is located in a in Ohio and is a graduate of the Army War College at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Figure 1: Typical Milestones for Developing Doctrinal Manuals. The process takes from 18 to 24 months. Unless otherwise stated, the work is done by the Warfighting Integration and Development Directorate (WIDD) in the FA School, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, or by the directorate's contractors. 1. Event(s) triggers the need to revise the manual (change in Army doctrine, FA equipment, etc.). 2. Write program directive justifying the need for revisions for Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) review and funding. 3. Develop the statement of work (SOW) in conjunction with the contracting office (if the work is to be contracted out). 4. Review the contractor's detailed management plan and time line (if contracted out). 5. Working group reviews the manual's topic outline. [Each working group is unique and usually gets field input from additional subject matter experts (SMEs).] 6. Council of Colonels from the FA School reviews and approves the topic outline. 7. Develop the initial draft and staff it to the field electronically by posting it on the WIDO home page for 90 days. 8. Working group reviews and approves the comments on the initial draft. 9. Develop the final draft and staff it to the field electronically on the WIDD home page for 90 days. 10. Working group reviews and approves comments on the final draft. 11. Develop the approved final draft to present to the FA School Council of Colonels for approval. 12. Assistant Commandant and Commandant of the FA School approve the approved final draft. 13. As required, convene a doctrinal review and approval group (DRAG) to approve the final draft before it goes to print. (The DRAG's composition varies with the subject. DRAGs approve all fire support manuals while the Commandant of the FA School approves FA manuals. DRAGs must resolve nonconcurrences with drafts.) 14. The final approved draft is edited, and the manual is laid out electronically in print format, posted on the WIDD home page (http://155.219.39.98/) and transferred to the Reimer Digital Library. 15. The TRADOC Army Training Support Center (ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) An international digital television (DTV) standard adopted by the U.S., Canada, South Korea, Taiwan and Argentina. ) at Fort Eustis, Virginia, prints hard copies of the manual and forwards them to central distribution sites.
Figure 2
Field Artillery Manuals Being Revised, Now and in the Future
Manual Comments
Manual Revisions Ongoing
FM 3-09 (6-20) Doctrine for Final draft currently being
Fire Support staffed with the field.
FM 3-09.4 (6-20-40) Tactics, Final draft completed and
Techniques and Procedures staffed May 2000. Developing
[TTP] for Fire Support for approved final draft.
Brigade Operations
FM 3-09.5 (6-20-30) TTP for Draft prepared for the
Fire Support for Division doctrinal review and approval
Operations group (DRAG), November 1999.
Coordinating for DRAG.
FM 3-09.6 (6-20-60) TTP for Final draft currently being
Fire Support for Corps staffed with the field.
Operations
FM 3-09.12 (6-121) TTP for Final draft currently being
Field Artillery Target staffed with the field.
Acquisition
FM 3-09.21 (6-20-1) TTP for Development phase completed
the Field Artillery Battalion April 2001. As of June 01,
being prepared for printing.
FM 3-09.22 (6-20-2) TTP for Development phase completed
Corps Artillery, Division April 2001. As of June 01,
Artillery and Field Artillery being prepared for printing.
Brigade Headquarters
FM 3-09.30 (6-30) TTP for Final draft comments currently
Observed Fire and Fire Support being worked into the approved
at Battalion Task Force and final draft.
Below
FM 3-09.31 (6-71) TTP for Fire Approved final draft completed
Support for the Combined Arms July 2001. Coordinating for
Commander DRAG.
FM 3-09.60 (6-60) TTP for Developing approved final
Multiple-Launch Rocket System draft.
(MLRS) Operations
FM 3-09.70 (6-70) TTP for Produced and distributed
M109A6 Howitzer (Paladin) 1 August 2000.
Operations
FM 6-300 Army Ephemeris Produced and distributed
electronically 1 January 2001.
The data will be updated each
calendar year.
Future Manual Revisions
(Starting in FY02)
FM 3-60 (FM 6-20-10) TTP for Triggers: Lessons from
the Targeting Process digitized unit exercises,
deployments, trends at Combat
Training Centers (CTCs), need
for common terminology, etc.
FM 6-2 Field Artillery Survey Assess for possible revision.
FM 100-13 The Battlefield Assess for possible revision.
Coordination Detachment (BCD)
FM 100-13-1 TTP for the BCD Assess for possible revision.
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