Distribution of fish assemblages in the Valparaiso chain of lakes, Porter County, Indiana, with emphasis on lake condition assessment.ABSTRACT. The Valparaiso lakes include a moraine moraine (mərān`), a formation composed of unsorted and unbedded rock and soil debris called till, which was deposited by a glacier. The till that falls on the sides of a valley glacier from the bounding cliffs makes up lateral moraines, chain that separated the high beach ridge A beach ridge is a wave-swept or wave-deposited ridge running parallel to a shoreline. It is commonly composed of sand as well as sediment worked from underlying beach material. The movement of sediment by wave action is called littoral transport. of geological Lake Chicago | Lake Chicago was a prehistoric lake that is the ancestor of what is now known as Lake Michigan, one of North America's five great lakes. Origin What is now the city of Chicago lies in a broad plain which, hundreds of millions of years ago, was a great interior basin from the Kankakee River The Kankakee River is a tributary of the Illinois River, approximately 90 mi (144 km) long, in northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois in the United States. At one time the river drained one of the largest wetlands in North America and furnished a significant portage of the Illinois River Illinois River River, northeastern Illinois, U.S. Formed by the junction of the Des Plaines River and Kankakee River in Illinois, it flows southwest across the state, joining the Mississippi River after a course of 273 mi (440 km). drainage. Only a single historical fish collection was made in any of the Valparaiso lakes prior to 1950, but the Department of Natural Resources Many sub-national governments have a Department of Natural Resources or similarly-named organization:
see goldfish. , Cyprinus carpio Cyprinus carpio farmed finfish in family Cyprinidae. Called also common carp. See Table 23. , and Ctenopharyngodon idella, have invaded the lakes. The most diverse families in the Valparaiso chain of lakes Chain of Lakes is a common name for a series of lakes linked by waterways. Some of these include:
 This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject.Please help recruit one or [ improve this article] yourself. See the talk page for details. increased while biological integrity decreased. The condition of the lakes, based on a lake calibrated cal·i·brate tr.v. cal·i·brat·ed, cal·i·brat·ing, cal·i·brates 1. To check, adjust, or determine by comparison with a standard (the graduations of a quantitative measuring instrument): index of biotic biotic /bi·ot·ic/ (bi-ot´ik) 1. pertaining to life or living matter. 2. pertaining to the biota. bi·ot·ic adj. 1. Relating to life or living organisms. integrity for northern Indiana Northern Indiana is the region of Indiana including 26 counties bordering parts of Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio. The area is generally sub-classified into other regions. The northwest is economically and culturally intertwined with Chicago, and is considered part of the Chicago , showed that biological integrity ranged between "very poor" and "fair" compared to the reference "least disturbed" condition. Keywords: Limnology limnology Subdiscipline of hydrology that concerns the study of fresh waters, specifically lakes and ponds (both natural and manmade), including their biological, physical, and chemical aspects. , Porter County, fish assemblages, biological condition, biological diversity ********** There is limited information concerning the species composition and relative abundance of glacial lake A glacial lake is a lake with origins in a melted glacier. Glacial lakes can be green in color, the result of ground up minerals (rock flour) supporting a large population of algae. fish available for most areas of North America (Frey 1986). The Indiana Lakes and Streams Survey sampled many lakes in northeastern Indiana (Johnson 1945; Ricker 1945a, b; Ricker 1942a, b; Wohlschlag 1950; Gerking 1950a, b), but the Valparaiso moraine lake chain (Porter County) received limited attention during the last century (Gerking 1945). Few lake collections were made prior to 1950, the only exception being Mink Lake, which was sampled in 1941. The species diversity and biological condition of the Valparaiso lake chain has declined over the last century as the watershed has developed. Anthropogenic an·thro·po·gen·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to anthropogenesis. 2. Caused by humans: anthropogenic degradation of the environment. disturbance has resulted in increased eutrophication eutrophication (y  trō'fĭkā`shən), aging of a lake by biological enrichment of its water. In a young lake the water is cold and clear, supporting little life. of the watershed. There is heavy pressure for
recreational angling and boating. Increased residential land use around
the perimeter of most of the lakes has caused even more distrubance. The
available natural habitat has been reduced by the removal and treatment
of aquatic plant beds, which are necessary as spawning and nursery
habitat for fish. The establishment of seawalls and boat docks to extend
residential lands have resulted in the loss of watershed riparian riparian adj. referring to the banks of a river or stream. (See: riparian rights) corridors.
Fisheries management studies of the Valparaiso moraine chain of lakes were done between the mid-1960s and 2002 by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources The Indiana Department of Natural Resources is the agency of the U.S. state of Indiana charged with maintaining natural areas such as state parks, state forests, recreation areas, etc. (R. Robertson unpubl. data). Loomis, Spectacle, and Flint lakes are among the three most frequently sampled lakes; however, Long and Wauhob lakes have also been sampled several times. With an increasing need to provide recreational opportunities for sport anglers, management of largemouth bass largemouth bass see micropterus salmoides. (Micropterus salmoides Micropterus salmoides finfish in family Centrarchidae. Called also largemouth bass. See Table 23. ) and sunfish sunfish, common name for members of the family Centrachidae, comprising numerous species of spiny-finned, freshwater fishes with deep, laterally flattened bodies found in temperate North America. populations have received increasing attention. These species are dominant members of the fish assemblages of the chain of lakes. Recent sampling intensity has increased the total number of moraine lakes surveyed to 12 (T. Simon unpubl, data). Sampling was conducted between 1997-2000 for two projects, including the Advanced Identification of Wetlands (ADID ADID Aircraft Data Interface Device ), a project conducted by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), independent agency of the U.S. government, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It was established in 1970 to reduce and control air and water pollution, noise pollution, and radiation and to ensure the safe handling and and the development of biological reference condition derivation for northern Indiana lakes. The purpose of this study is to document the distribution of the Valparaiso moraine chain of lakes; describe the species richness, structure, and function of fish assemblages; and document invasive species threats. In addition, there are many environmental threats that require further management: sport fishing, water quality, watershed nutrients, and biological pollution of the lakes. METHODS Study area.--As the Wisconsian glacier advanced and piled alluvial sediments, it carved and shaped the land to form a series of pockets and depressions that became the Valparaiso chain of lakes. These lakes drained the Valparaiso moraine, an area in northwest Indiana (central Porter County) that contained glacial melt water, into geological Lake Chicago (now Lake Michigan). Humans have had a devastating dev·as·tate tr.v. dev·as·tat·ed, dev·as·tat·ing, dev·as·tates 1. To lay waste; destroy. 2. To overwhelm; confound; stun: was devastated by the rude remark. effect on the Valparaiso moraine and land use within the watershed. The damming of creeks (e.g., Saeger Lake and Lake of the Four Seasons) and the creation of deepwater wetlands (e.g., Lake Louise) for water storage and recreation have changed the hydrology hydrology, study of water and its properties, including its distribution and movement in and through the land areas of the earth. The hydrologic cycle consists of the passage of water from the oceans into the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration (or of the area. Since these dammed watersheds are not natural components of the landscape, we chose not to include those lakes in our list of Valparaiso moraine lakes, although we did sample them. Besides the changes in water storage capacity, residential development along the shoreline, and septic leachate leach·ate n. A product or solution formed by leaching, especially a solution containing contaminants picked up through the leaching of soil. entering the lakes, other anthropogenic disturbance has had some effects on the chain. Instead of draining into Lake Michigan as they formerly did, the lakes now drain into the Kankakee River (F. Veraldi, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, pers. commun.). In addition, several of the lakes, e.g., Loomis and Long lakes, have been artificially connected by canals to facilitate transport and recreational travel between the lakes. For this paper, we describe the fish assemblages of 12 natural lakes that are part of the Valparaiso moraine chain of lakes (Fig. 1): Bullseye An established reference point from which the position of an object can be referenced. See also reference point. , Canada, Clear, Deep, Flint, Long, Loomis, Mink, Moss, Round, Spectacle, and Wauhob lakes. Many smaller ponds and shallow wetlands within the area were not sampled. We recognize that increased sampling in these small ponds and shallow wetland habitats may result in additional species, but we believe that the majority of species are documented in our studies from the main lakes. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Sample collection and reach selection.--Fish were collected using a representative sampling approach. Species are sampled in their relative abundance and not true abundance. Most fish sampling approaches are generally incomplete since individual fish cannot be seen, and rather rare species are usually under-sampled. Our sampling approach used boat-mounted electrofishing Electrofishing uses electricity to stun fish before they are caught. Two electrodes are used. The boat is the cathode, and the anode is at the front. The stunned fish swim toward the anode, where they are caught alive using a dip net.[1] References 1. equipment capable of applying 250-300 v, pulsed DC current, with 2-3 amps into the water. A single netter was positioned on the bow (Naut.) on that part of the horizon within 45° on either side of the line ahead. - Totten. See also: Bow of the boat and, using a long-handled dip net, attempted to collect every individual fish that was seen. Fish were placed into a live-well until completion of the reach. All fish were identified using Gerking (1955), Smith (1979), or Becker (1983). Fish were counted and the maximum and minimum lengths were recorded (mm TL). Batch weights (g) were recorded for each species and each individual was inspected for deformities, eroded fins, lesions, and tumors (DELT) anomalies. Reach selection was based on natural shoreline features of each water body. For example, intact riparian corridors consisting of wetlands, natural vegetation, or deciduous trees were preferred over boat slips, steel sheet piling, manicured lawns, or rock rip-rap. These natural feature areas were determined to have the greatest diversity and most natural fish assemblage attributes of the water body. The number of lake reaches sampled within a single lake was determined by lake surface area (ha). Each lake reach was 500 m, which in the smallest lakes (e.g., Bullseye Lake) almost covered the entire lake shoreline. The smallest lakes were sampled at a minimum of two reaches. Lakes between 20-100 ha had two natural shoreline sites sampled, those with 100-1000 ha had three sites sampled, and lakes greater than 1000 ha had four sites sampled. This enabled greater sampling intensity in larger lakes without expending too much effort in smaller lakes. Biological integrity.--Lake management benefits from an estimate of condition, so that a reference or standard can be used to determine the waterbody quality. Karr et al. (1986) developed a quality assessment index for streams and flowing waters that relies on 12 attributes of stream fish assemblages. This same approach was instituted to evaluate the quality of lake-fish assemblages in northern Indiana lakes in the Central and Eastern Corn Belt Plains, Huron-Erie Lake Plain, and Northern Indiana Till Plain Ecoregions This is a list of ecoregions as compiled by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). The WWF identifies terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecoregions. The terrestrial scheme divides the Earth's land surface into 8 terrestrial ecozones, containing 867 smaller ecoregions. (Simon 2001). Twelve attributes of lake fish as semblages were tested to develop a reference condition for lakes greater than 20 ha. The index attributes for each fish species occurring in northern Indiana lakes were based on published reproductive guilds (Simon 1999), trophic dynamics (Goldstein & Simon 1999), tolerance (Simon 1991), and habitat specialization characteristics. Each species was classified into the respective guild and species associations. These species memberships were then calibrated to formulate the reference or "least impacted" condition. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Historical changes.--Limited information is available to evaluate changes in the species richness of Valparaiso lakes. Gerking (1945) sampled Mink Lake in 1941, at which time 7 fish species were collected (Table 1). Our unpublished sampling of this lake found 8 species in 1997 and 10 species in 1998. The total combined fish list of species for Mink Lake is 16. However, much of the increased number of species is not "natural," but is a result of stocking. The grass carp grass carp see ctenopharyngodon iedella. (Ctenopharygodon idella), northern pike (Esox lucius), and redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) have all been stocked in Mink Lake. It is possible that other sunfish species have likewise been stocked, but their native presence in other Valparaiso Lakes would make it difficult to separate introduced from native individuals. The increased number of species as a result of stocking represents 18.8% of the fish diversity in Mink Lake. Fish in Valparaiso chain of lakes.--Thirty-four fish species in 10 families have been collected from the Valparaiso chain of lakes (Table 2). The dominant families are the sunfish and minnows, each of which is represented by 8 species. Species diversity of the Valparaiso lakes appear to have remained stable. As the lakes have become more similar as a result of residential development and eutrophication, sensitive species of fish are declining. Attempts to increase recreational angling and the increase of human population have caused anthropogenic disturbances along these lakes. For example, sensitive species occurring in the lake chain are generally only found in Flint, Round, Wahaub, Clear, and Long lakes. These lakes possess a portion of natural shoreline habitat. The remaining lakes have a broad-based community that is ubiquitous, dominated by bluegill bluegill: see sunfish. bluegill Popular game fish (Lepomis macrochirus) and one of the best-known sunfishes throughout its original range, the freshwater habitats of the central and southern U.S. It has been introduced throughout the western U.S. (Lepomis macrochirus), warmouth war·mouth n. pl. war·mouths or warmouth A freshwater sunfish (Lepomis gulosus) of the eastern and midwestern United States, having an olive color, a large mouth, and minute teeth on its tongue. (L. gulosus), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). These species can be found throughout the entire lake chain, and competition between the species has caused unbalanced community function and fewer native non-game species. Structure and function of Valparaiso chain of lake fish assemblages.--The altered fish assemblage of the Valparaiso chain of lakes consists of a simple community structure that is designed to enhance top-level carnivore carnivore (kär`nəvôr'), term commonly applied to any animal whose diet consists wholly or largely of animal matter. In animal systematics it refers to members of the mammalian order Carnivora (see Chordata). production. With the interest in increasing numbers of larger largemouth bass, the remainder of the fish assemblage has been neglected. This has resulted in a loss of biological diversity, community structure, and biological integrity for these water bodies and has resulted in fewer high-quality lakes. For example, the highest number of species based on a single collection in any of the lakes is 15 species in Flint Lake, followed by 12 species in Wauhob Lake. Compared to regional expectations, the higher diversity of Flint Lake equals an average condition for a lake of similar size, while Wauhob is equal to the highest quality reference lake among those remaining in northern Indiana (Simon 2001). The anthropogenic changes that have caused decreased stability in community structure are also producing signs of stress on community function. As species are managed towards top level carnivore production, fewer numbers of forage base species are present. Thus, the trophic trophic /tro·phic/ (tro´fik) (trof´ik) pertaining to nutrition. troph·ic adj. Of, relating to, or characterized by nutrition. pyramid is inverted inverted reverse in position, direction or order. inverted L block a pattern of local filtration anesthesia commonly used in laparotomy in the ox. so that instead of a large forage base supporting a small top carnivore base, large numbers of top carnivores are forced to feed on a small forage base. This type of stability can be sustained for short periods of time; however, the performance of such a system cannot produce continued trophy level fish without causing cannibalism cannibalism (kăn`ĭbəlĭzəm) [Span. caníbal, referring to the Carib], eating of human flesh by other humans. of recruits. The pyramid is a simple three-tiered structure with the fish community comprised of insectivores and top-carnivores. The transfer of energy between the various levels of the pyramid is greatly reduced. Obligate-lake species richness and sensitive species presence in the Valparaiso lake chain have also declined (Simon 1998). Species such as bowfin bowfin, primitive freshwater fish found in the Mississippi basin, the Great Lakes, and E to Vermont. The bowfin has a light covering of rounded, overlapping scales, a large mouth, and sharp teeth. (Amia calva), lake chubsucker (Erimyzon sucetta), warmouth (Lepomis gulosus), banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanous), starhead topminnow (Fundulus dispar) have declined in numbers, i.e., relative abundance, and presence in a number of lakes. As obligate obligate /ob·li·gate/ (ob´li-gat) pertaining to or characterized by the ability to survive only in a particular environment or to assume only a particular role, as an obligate anaerobe. lake species and sensitive species decline in relative abundance, recovery of these species and improvements in biological integrity within the lakes will be more difficult to attain. Local extirpations and new records.--Local extirpation ex·tir·pa·tion n. The surgical removal of an organ, part of an organ, or diseased tissue. ex  tir·pate of several
species has occurred in the Valparaiso lake chain (Table 2). The common
shiner shiner: see minnow. shiner Any of several small freshwater fishes (genera Notemigonus and Notropis, family Cyprinidae). The common shiner (Notropis cornutus) is a blue and silver minnow up to 8 in. (20 cm) long. (Luxilus cornutus), white sucker (Catostomus commersonii), and channel catfish channel catfish see ictaluruspunctatus. channel catfish virus disease acute herpesvirus disease of young catfish fry. There is ascites, exophthalmos and hemorrhage in the fins. Widespread in North America. (letalurus punctatus) were collected from Loomis Lake during the mid-1960s and mid-1970s. The common shiner has not been collected since 1969, the white sucker has not been collected since 1976, and the channel catfish was last collected in 1982 from any of the chain of lakes. The white bass (Morone chrysops), found in Flint Lake during the mid-1980s, was last collected in 1986. The only new species record since the millennium was the single blacknose dace (Rhinichthys obtusus) in Wauhob Lake. Cluster analysis Cluster analysis A statistical technique that identifies clusters of stocks whose returns are highly correlated within each cluster and relatively uncorrelated across clusters. Cluster analysis has identified groupings such as growth, cyclical, stable, and energy stocks. .--Cluster analysis of species composition and IBI See Information Builders. metric scores showed two clusters (Fig. 2). Species composition clustered Loomis, Mink, and Moss lakes as a single unit (Fig. 2). These lakes were dominated by stunted bluegill. Within the second cluster, Bullseye Lake was separated from three other lake pairs. Bullseye Lake was deep relative to surface area and is dominated by central mudminnow (Umbra limi), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), and bowfin (Arnia calva). Round Lake and Wauhob Lake differed from other Valparaiso lakes by the presence of lake chubsucker (Erimyzon sucetta), golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucus), northern pike (Esox lucius), and starhead topminnow (Fundulus dispar). Long Lake with 18 species and Flint Lake with 19 species were the most diverse lakes. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Cluster analysis of IBI metric scores showed two clusters which did not possess substantial linkage distances (Fig. 3). Bullseye Lake and Deep Lake were separate from the remainder of the lakes. These two lakes consistently scored "very poor." Within the second cluster Long Lake and Loomis Lake were consistently classified as "fair," which was only a 5% linkage difference from the rest of the lakes in the second unit. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] Condition of lake chain--The condition of Valparaiso lakes compared to other northern Indiana lake reference conditions (Simon 2001) showed that these lakes ranged from "very poor" to "fair" (Fig. 4). The IBI scores ranged between 16-40, with the mode 36. The majority of the Valparaiso lakes scored between 30 and 36 IBI points (73.9% of IBI scores, n = 23 collection events). Flint lake ranked the highest with an IBI score of 40 (mean = 38, n = 4). The loss of high quality biological conditions among the lakes in the chain is not a result of habitat loss, but rather a change in the trophic status of this chain (Morris unpubl. data). Several lakes (i.e., Flint, Spectacle, and Loomis lakes) have experienced high shoreline modifications, which may indicate that lake recovery to higher categories of quality may not be possible. The fish community reflects the condition of the watersheds, with only a few lakes possessing any sensitive fish species such as lake chubsucker (Erimyzon sucetta), starhead topminnow (Fundulus dispar), and Iowa darter darter or anhinga (ănhĭng`gə), common name for a very slender, black water bird very closely related to the cormorant. (Etheostoma exile). These lakes are dominated by sunfish species and black bass, with accompanying loss of native minnow minnow, common name for the Cyprinidae, a large family of freshwater fish which includes the carp (Cyprinus carpio), and of which there are some 300 American species. The European minnow is Phoxinus phoxinus. species. [FIGURE 4 OMITTED]
Table 1.--List of fish species collected between 1941 (Gerking 1945),
1997, and 1998 in Mink Lake, Porter County, Indiana (current study).
Year
Species 1941 1997 1998
Amia calva X
Ctenopharyngodon idella X
Erimyzon sucetta X
Umbra limi X X
Esox americanus X X X
Esox lucius X X X
Fundulus dispar X
Fundulus notatus X
Ameiurus nebulosus X
Lepomis gulosus X X
Lepomis macrochirus X X X
Lepomis gibbosus X X
Lepomis microlophus X
Micropterus salmoides X X X
Pomoxis annularis X
Pomoxis nigromaculatus X
Total species 7 8 10
Table 2. List of fishes collected in Valparaiso takes by time periods.
IDNR = Indiana Department of Natural Resources, INBS = Indiana
Biological Survey. Number refers to lake followed by relative abundance
of each species in parentheses, with exception of Gerking since data is
not available. Bullseye Lake = 1, Canada Lake = 2, Clear Lake = 3, Deep
Lake = 4, Flint Lake = 5, Long Lake = 6, Loomis Lake = 7, Mink Lake =
8, Moss Lake = 9, Round Lake = 10, Spectacle Lake = 11, and Wauhob Lake
= 12.
Gerking IDNR
Scientific name (1941) (1960-1969)
Amiidae
Amia calva 8(-)
Umbridae
Umbra limi
Esocidae
Esox americanus 8(-) 6(18), 7(17)
Esox lucius
Cyprinidae
Carassius auratus
Cyprinus carpio 7(14)
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Luxilus cornutas 7(8)
Notemigonus cryscleucas 7(36), 11(2)
Pimephales notatus
Pimephales promelas
Rhinichthys obtusus
Catostomidae
Catostomus commersonii 7(2)
Erimyzon sucetta 6(39), 7(39), 11(64)
Ictaluridae
Ameiurus melas 6(3), 7(5)
Ameiurus natalis 6(4), 7(2)
Ameiurus nebulosus 7(2)
Ictalurus punctatus 7(3)
Noturus gyrtinus
Fundulidae
Fundulus diaphanus 7(1)
Fundulus dispar 8(-)
Fundulus notatus 8(-)
Moronidae
Morone chrysops
Centrarchidae
Lepomis cyanellus 6(32), 7(1)
Lepomis gibbosus 8(-) 6(16), 7(118), 11(22)
Lepomis gulosus 6(38), 7(82), 11(1)
Lepomis macrochirus 8(-) 6(318), 7(1622), 11(31)
Lepomis microlophus 6(256), 7(72)
Micropterus salmoides 8(-) 6(66), 7(105), 11(8)
Pomoxis annularis
Pomoxis nigromaculatus 6(1), 7(176)
Percidae
Etheostoma axile
Etheostoma nigrum
Perca flavescens 6(30), 7(37)
IDNR IDNR
Scientific name (1970-1979) (1980-1990)
Amiidae
Amia calva 5(4), 6(9) 5(3), 6(9)
Umbridae
Umbra limi
Esocidae
Esox americanus 6(6), 7(5) 6(23), 7(4)
Esox lucius 5(17), 6(3), 7(4) 5(9), 6(6), 7(8)
Cyprinidae
Carassius auratus
Cyprinus carpio 5(3) 5(5)
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Luxilus cornutas
Notemigonus cryscleucas 5(1), 6(51), 7(10) 5(6), 6(42), 7(41)
Pimephales notatus
Pimephales promelas
Rhinichthys obtusus
Catostomidae
Catostomus commersonii 7(3)
Erimyzon sucetta 5(19), 6(36), 5(15), 6(101)
7(15), 11(17)
Ictaluridae
Ameiurus melas 5(2), 7(9) 5(34), 6(8), 7(14)
Ameiurus natalis 5(1), 6(5), 7(33) 6(6), 7(27)
Ameiurus nebulosus 5(46), 6(6), 7(21) 5(14), 6(21), 7(11)
Ictalurus punctatus 7(10) 7(9)
Noturus gyrtinus
Fundulidae
Fundulus diaphanus
Fundulus dispar
Fundulus notatus
Moronidae
Morone chrysops 5(2)
Centrarchidae
Lepomis cyanellus 7(3)
Lepomis gibbosus 5(1), 7(17), 11(26) 7(9)
Lepomis gulosus 5(10), 6(11), 5(19), 6(44), 7(26)
7(37), 11(14)
Lepomis macrochirus 5(64), 6(109), 5(16), 6(175), 7(576)
7(1401), 11(65)
Lepomis microlophus 5(23) 5(11), 6(28),
Micropterus salmoides 5(8), 6(13), 5(50), 6(98), 7(96)
7(138), 11(40)
Pomoxis annularis
Pomoxis nigromaculatus 5(47), 6(65), 7(40) 5(39), 6(27), 7(106)
Percidae
Etheostoma axile
Etheostoma nigrum
Perca flavescens 5(41), 6(24), 7(1) 5(15), 6(47)
INBS IDNR
Scientific name (1990-1999) (2000-2003)
Amiidae
Amia calva 2(11), 4(3), 5(2), 6(1), 6(2)
9(3), 10(1), 12(3)
Umbridae
Umbra limi 1(79), 3(3), 8(6), 11(2)
10(11), 12(2)
Esocidae
Esox americanus 2(8), 3(2), 4(10), 6(1), 12(2)
5(15), 6(10), 7(5),
8(3), 10(4), 12(4)
Esox lucius 8(3), 9(4), 10(4), 6(9), 12(2)
12(11)
Cyprinidae
Carassius auratus 11(14)
Cyprinus carpio 5(2), 6(22)
Ctenopharyngodon idella 8(1)
Luxilus cornutas
Notemigonus cryscleucas 2(9), 5(10), 6(45), 6(20), 7(11),
10(17), 12(10) 12(9)
Pimephales notatus 5(l)
Pimephales promelas 6(5)
Rhinichthys obtusus 12(1)
Catostomidae
Catostomus commersonii
Erimyzon sucetta 2(4), 3(2), 6(9), 8(13), 6(57), 12(10)
9(1), 10(33), 12(21)
Ictaluridae
Ameiurus melas 5(19), 6(33)
Ameiurus natalis 5(63), 7(5), 9(1), 6(1), 11(2)
10(1), 11(1)
Ameiurus nebulosus 2(2), 3(1), 6(66), 6(21), 7(32),
7(1), 8(1) 11(2), 12(2)
Ictalurus punctatus
Noturus gyrtinus 5(4), 7(3), 12(1)
Fundulidae
Fundulus diaphanus 3(4)
Fundulus dispar 1(1), 3(28), 5(28),
6(22), 7(31), 9(6),
10(46), 12(54)
Fundulus notatus 5(6), 6(3)
Moronidae
Morone chrysops
Centrarchidae
Lepomis cyanellus 2(1), 5(14), 6(86), 7(1) 11(2)
Lepomis gibbosus 3(5), 5(3), 7(15), 8(7),
12(6)
Lepomis gulosus 1(l), 2(2), 3(5), 5(9), 6(11), 7(20),
6(11), 7(48), 8(24), 11(3)
10(1), 11(15), 12(4)
Lepomis macrochirus 1(2), 2(20), 3(53), 6(126), 7(291),
5(83), 6(112), 7(753), 11(1), 12(56)
8(388), 9(228), 10(12),
11(71), 12(39)
Lepomis microlophus 2(3), 6(2), 8(2), 12(1) 6(43), 7(9),
12(31)
Micropterus salmoides l(1), 2(15), 3(19), 6(82), 7(86),
5(59), 6(23), 7(15), 12(27)
8(31), 9(6), 10(17),
11(7), 12(8)
Pomoxis annularis 1(39), 8(2)
Pomoxis nigromaculatus 1(9), 2(6), 5(16), 6(2), 6(8), 7(9),
7(8), 8(7), 9(l), 12(2) 12(1)
Percidae
Etheostoma axile 5(10), 6(1), 9(8), 10(1),
12(8)
Etheostoma nigrum 5(4)
Perca flavescens 3(13), 5(59), 6(6), 10(1) 6(53), 12(4)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We appreciate the field assistance by a number of students from Indiana University and Purdue University--North Central, especially Janeen Winders-Jones, Robert Jankowski, and Joseph Exl. Although this study may have been funded entirely or in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the agency. LITERATURE CITED Beaker beaker /beak·er/ (bek´er) a glass cup, usually with a lip for pouring, used by chemists and pharmacists. beaker a round laboratory vessel of various materials, usually with parallel sides and often with a pouring spout. , G.C. 1983. The Fishes of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press The University of Wisconsin Press (or UW Press), founded in 1936, is a university press that is part of the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States. It published under its own name and the imprint The Popular Press. , Madison. Frey, D.G. 1986. Limnology of North America. John Wiley and Sons, New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , New York. Gerking, S.D. 1945. Distribution of the fishes of Indiana. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams 3:1-137. Gerking, S.D. 1950a. A carp removal experiment at Oliver Lake, Indiana. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams 3:373-392. Gerking, S.D. 1950b. Populations and exploitation of fishes in a marl Marl, city, Germany Marl (märl), city (1994 pop. 92,590), North Rhine–Westphalia, W Germany. It is an industrial and mining (coal, lead, and zinc) center, and also supports a number of chemical factories. lake. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams 3:393-434. Gerking, S.D. 1955. Key to the Fishes of Indiana. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams 4: 49-86. Goldstein, R.M. & T.P. Simon. 1999. Toward a united definition of guild structure for feeding ecology of North American North American named after North America. North American blastomycosis see North American blastomycosis. North American cattle tick see boophilusannulatus. freshwater fishes. Pp. 123-202. In Assessing the Sustainability and Biological Integrity of Water Resources Using Fish Communities. (T.P. Simon, ed.). CRC (Cyclical Redundancy Checking) An error checking technique used to ensure the accuracy of transmitting digital data. The transmitted messages are divided into predetermined lengths which, used as dividends, are divided by a fixed divisor. Press. Boca Raton, Florida Boca Raton ("bōkə rə-tōn") is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida incorporated in May 1925. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 74,764; the 2006 population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 86,396. . Johnson, W.L. 1945. Age and growth of the black and white crappies of Greenwood Lake, Indiana. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams 3: 297-324. Karr, J.R., K.D. Fausch, P.L. Angermeier, P.R. Yant & I.J. Schlosser. 1986. Assessing Biological Integrity in Running Waters: A Method and its Rationale. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 5. Champaign, Illinois. Ricker, W.L. 1942a. The rate of growth of bluegill sunfish in lakes of northern Indiana. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams 2: 161-214. Ricker, W.L. 1942b. Creel census, population estimates and rate of exploitation The rate of exploitation is a concept in Marxian political economy. It usually refers to the ratio of the total amount of unpaid labor done (surplus-value) to the total amount of wages paid (the value of labour power). of game fish in Shoe Lake, Indiana. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams 2:215-265. Ricker, W.L. 1945a. Fish catches in three Indiana lakes. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams 2:325-344. Ricker, W.L. 1945b. Abundance, exploitation and mortality of the fishes in two lakes. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams 2:345-448. Simon, T.P. 1991. Development of index of biotic integrity expectations for the ecoregions of Indiana. I. Central Corn Belt Plain. EPA EPA eicosapentaenoic acid. EPA abbr. eicosapentaenoic acid EPA, n.pr See acid, eicosapentaenoic. EPA, n. 905/9-91/ 025. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chicago, Illinois. Simon, T.P. 1998. Modification of an index of biotic integrity and development of reference condition expectations on dunal, palustrine wetland fish communities along southern Lake Michigan. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management I: 49-62. Simon, T.P. 1999. Assessment of Balon's reproductive guilds with application to midwestern North American freshwater fishes. Pp. 97-121, In Assessing the Sustainability and Biological Integrity of Water Resources Using Fish Communities. (T.P. Simon, ed.), CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. Simon, T.P. 2001. Modification of an index of biotic integrity for littoral littoral /lit·to·ral/ (lit´ah-r'l) pertaining to the shore of a large body of water. littoral pertaining to the shore. fish assemblages in northern Indiana lakes. Indiana Biological Survey, Aquatic Research Center, Bloomington, Indiana. Smith, P.W. 1979. The Fishes of Illinois. University of Illinois Press The University of Illinois Press (UIP), is a major American university press and part of the University of Illinois. Overview According to the UIP's website: . Champaign. Wohlschlag, D.E. 1950. Vegetation and invertebrate invertebrate (ĭn'vûr`təbrət, –brāt'), any animal lacking a backbone. The invertebrates include the tunicates and lancelets of phylum Chordata, as well as all animal phyla other than Chordata. life in a marl lake. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams 3:321-372. Manuscript received 22 September 2003, revised 18 December 2003. Thomas P. Simon: Division of Fishes, Aquatic Research Center, Indiana Biological Survey, 6440 Fairfax Road, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 USA Robert Robertson: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Kankakee Fish and Wildlife Area, 4320 West Toto Road, P.O. Box 77, North Judson, Indiana North Judson is a town in Starke County, Indiana, United States. The population was 1,675 at the 2000 census. History The area now known as North Judson was originally Brantwood, a town platted on 1 October 1859 less than a mile northwest of the current town. 46366 USA Charles C. Morris: Purdue University North Central Academics Purdue North Central offers a number certificate programs, associate degrees, bachelor's degrees, and two master's degrees: in Business Administration and in Elementary Education. , Chemistry and Biological Sciences Section, Westville, Indiana 46391 USA |
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