Distribution and abundance of pelagic shrimps from the deep scattering layer of the eastern Arabian Sea.ABSTRACT The sonic scattering layer scattering layer n. A concentrated layer of organisms in the ocean that reflects and scatters sound waves, as from sonar. scattering layer (SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) The leading security protocol on the Internet. Developed by Netscape, SSL is widely used to do two things: to validate the identity of a Web site and to create an encrypted connection for sending credit card and other personal data. ) or deep scattering layer deep scattering layer See scattering layer. (DSL DSL in full Digital Subscriber Line Broadband digital communications connection that operates over standard copper telephone wires. It requires a DSL modem, which splits transmissions into two frequency bands: the lower frequencies for voice (ordinary ) of the eastern Arabian Sea Arabian Sea, ancient Mare Erythraeum, northwest part of the Indian Ocean, lying between Arabia and India. The Gulf of Aden, extended by the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Oman, extended by the Persian Gulf, are its principal arms. of India is found in depths between surfaces to 750 m with varying thicknesses and in multiple layers. There is a distinct resident community of pelagic pelagic living in the middle or near the surface of large bodies of water such as lakes or oceans. shrimps that is widely distributed Adj. 1. widely distributed - growing or occurring in many parts of the world; "a cosmopolitan herb"; "cosmopolitan in distribution" cosmopolitan bionomics, environmental science, ecology - the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms in the DSL biocomposition. Pelagic shrimps formed 19% of the total biomass and 47% of the micronekton biomass of the DSL. Many of them serve as important food resources to several pelagic/mesopelagic organisms. Pelagic shrimps concentrate in the deep scattering layer and diurnally di·ur·nal adj. 1. Relating to or occurring in a 24-hour period; daily. 2. Occurring or active during the daytime rather than at night: diurnal animals. 3. migrate in the water column. The estimated average abundance pelagic shrimps ranged between 0.04-106/1000[m.sup.3]. Shrimp catches were higher during night at 50-200 m depth than day. The dominant families encountered in the catches were Thalassocarididae, Pasiphaeidae, Sergestidae and Oplophoridae. Dominant genera genera, in taxonomy: see classification. of pelagic shrimps present were Gennadas, Sergestes, Sergia, Lucifer, Oplophorus, Acanthephyra, Nematocarcinus, Leptochela, and Thalassocaris. Species Sergestes seminuds, Thallassocaris crinata and Leptochela robusta ro·bus·ta n. 1. a. The coffee plant Coffea canephora that is commercially grown but whose beans are of lesser quality than arabica beans. b. The seed of this plant. 2. were present in swarms KEY WORDS: pelagic shrimps, deep scattering layer, geographical distribution the natural arrangements of animals and plants in particular regions or districts. See under Distribution. See also: Distribution Geographic , vertical migration, swarming swarming 1. a phenomenon observed in cultures of Proteus spp. on solid media in which there is progressive surface spreading from the parent colony. 2. the periodic bee migration of the old queen and accompanying workers and drones from a full original hive which is behavior INTRODUCTION Since the challenger expedition Challenger expedition, British oceanographic expedition under the direction of the Scottish professor Charles Wyville Thompson and the British naturalist Sir John Murray. Taking place from 1872 to 1876, it opened the era of descriptive oceanography. (1873-1876), the occurrence of bright red pelagic shrimps in the mid and deep waters "Deep Waters" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the March 25 1910 issue of Collier's Weekly, and in the United Kingdom in the June 1910 issue of the Strand. of the ocean has been known. Recently, much attention has been paid to discover their role in the productivity of the ocean. The importance of pelagic shrimps as sonic scatters, food for larger animals, and as agents in energy transfer to the deep sea is well documented (Omori 1974, Kiknchi & Omori 1985). Marine organisms aggregate at specific depths in the ocean and the scattered sound waves from these organisms can be recorded as a scattering layer on the echogram ech·o·gram n. See sonogram. echogram the record made by echography. of an echo sounder echo sounder, an older instrumentation system for indirectly determining ocean floor depth. Echo sounding is based on the principle that water is an excellent medium for the transmission of sound waves and that a sound pulse will bounce off a reflecting layer, . This layer is referred to as sound-scattering layer (SSL) or deep scattering layer (DSL) and has been observed in all the oceans (Sameoto et al. 1985, Iida et al. 1996). Hays (2003) stated that the DSL organisms, which ascend around dusk and descend around dawn presumably pre·sum·a·ble adj. That can be presumed or taken for granted; reasonable as a supposition: presumable causes of the disaster. reflecting the predator-prey tracking. Often discrete layers are evident at different depths, each layer composed of different species or developmental stages (Tarling et al. 2001). The DSL is a layer of living organisms, ranging from almost microscopic zooplanktons like copepods to macroorganisms like shrimps, squids and fishes that prey from within and outside the DSL (Ingmanson & William 1973). According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. Omori (1974), out of a total of about 2,000 species of shrimps recorded from the world oceans, as many as 210 species pass their complete life in the pelagic realm. In Indian waters, the earliest studying on the taxonomy taxonomy: see classification. taxonomy In biology, the classification of organisms into a hierarchy of groupings, from the general to the particular, that reflect evolutionary and usually morphological relationships: kingdom, phylum, class, order, of pelagic shrimps was that of Alcock (1901) who listed several species along with benthic ben·thos n. 1. The collection of organisms living on or in sea or lake bottoms. 2. The bottom of a sea or lake. [Greek. forms from the collection of the marine survey ship "Investigator." Later Kemp (1917, 1925), Nataraj (1942, 1947) and more recently Suseelan (1984) have recorded many more species from the west and east coasts of India and studied their taxonomy. Pelagic shrimp form important food and forage forage Vegetable food, including corn and hay, of wild or domestic animals. Harvested, processed, and stored forage is called silage. Forage should be harvested in early maturity to avoid a decrease in protein and fibre content as crops mature. to oceanic tuna, flying fishes (James et al. 1987, Philip 1998) and a number of fish species inhabiting the shelf waters that support commercial fishery. Pelagic shrimp are considered potentially important from the outer shelf and slope waters of the west coast of India (Venkatraman 1960, Suseelan & Nair 1990). Therefore a detailed investigation was carried out for understanding their distribution pattern, abundance and diel vertical migrations Diel vertical migration refers to a pattern of movement that some organisms living in the ocean's photic zone undertake each day. The organisms that exhibit this pattern of behaviour range in size from microscopic plankton through to much larger nekton such as fish. in the eastern Arabian Sea. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pelagic shrimp samples were collected from the DSL during the 10 cruises of FORV Sagar Sagar (sä`gər), city (1991 pop. 257,119), Madhya Pradesh state, central India. Sagar is a regional market for wheat, cotton, and oilseed. Such industries as sawmilling, oil, and flour milling are important. Sampada as part of a DSL program in Indian EEZ EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone between May 1998 to December 2000 in the area between 06-21[degrees]N and 66-77[degrees]E (Table 1). Pelagic shrimp catches were recorded from 123 stations (88%) out of the 140 stations sampled, covering 67 night and 56 day samplings (Fig. 1). The gear used for the collection was the Isaac-Kidd Midwater Trawl (IKMT IKMT Isaacs-Kidd Mid-Water Trawl ). The IKMT was designed to collect meso/bathy pelagic specimens larger and more active than the specimens caught by plankton plankton: see marine biology. plankton Marine and freshwater organisms that, because they are unable to move or are too small or too weak to swim against water currents, exist in a drifting, floating state. nets (Isaacs & Kidd 1951). The towing speed was maintained at 3 knots. Acoustic detection of DSL onboard was facilitated by two Echo sounders (Simrad, EK 400 and EK 200, 38 KHz/120 Khz). The IKMT was operated by observation of the DSL in the echogram, by making an oblique haul for 30 min. The sampling depth varied between 50 and 750 m and hauling depth depended on the concentration of DSL thickness as evidenced from echograms. The catches were preserved in 10% buffered formalin formalin /for·ma·lin/ (for´mah-lin) formaldehyde solution. for·ma·lin n. An aqueous solution of formaldehyde that is 37 percent by weight. , after noting the volume, immediately after the haul. From the samples pelagic shrimps were sorted out and were used for the study. Identification of pelagic shrimps was done using the key and description of species by Alcock (1901), Hansen (1919), Kemp (1920), Holthius (1955), Yaldwyn (1957), Kensley (1971 a, b), Judukins (1978), Burkenroad (1981), Suseelan (1984) and Farfante and Kensley (1997). The pelagic shrimp abundance was estimated using "Swept area" method (Sparre & Vanema 1992). The abundance per 1-degree square was calculated by taking into account the DSL thickness (m), the average numerical abundance of shrimps (No/l,000 [m.sup.3]) in the collections taken from that area and these have been extrapolated to compute the biomass for catch 1-degree square. Because the sample size was small for a realistic estimation of biomass, the estimation presented here is only an indication of the resource abundance in the surveyed area. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] RESULTS DSL Characteristics The deep scattering layers are found throughout the surveyed area in the Arabian Sea. Single layers are found more frequently than multiple layers. The scattering layer is generally found in depths ranging between 200-750 m during day and surface to 200 m during night, with varying thicknesses and in multiple layers both day and night. The DSL multiple layers were recorded at three locations (Table 2) with varying thickness and characters. All three multiple layers were found in the southern regions of the Arabian Sea. The multiple layers invariably in·var·i·a·ble adj. Not changing or subject to change; constant. in·var  i·a·bil recorded in depths between 10-90 m, 20-250 m and 40-400 m.
Collections made at different times of day and night indicated that
discrete bands or layers ascend to surface from the upper DSL by dusk
and during the day it descend down.
Geographical Distribution and Abundance of Pelagic Shrimps There is a distinct resident community of pelagic shrimps found to be widely distributed in the DSL biocomposition. Of the total biomass, pelagic shrimps formed 19% of the total biomass and 47% of the micronekton biomass of the DSL. The result showed that the pelagic shrimps numerically formed one of the major components of the micronekton in the DSL (Table 3). Figure 2 shows the general distribution of the pelagic shrimps (average values for each 1[degrees] squares were plotted) in the Arabian Sea. The north (15-22[degrees]N)-south (06-15[degrees]N) comparison showed an increasing abundance of pelagic shrimps towards south (64.8% of the total catch). The numerical abundance ranged from 0.04-106/ 1,000 [m.sup.3]. Along the southwest coast the maximum biomass recorded was at 08-74[degrees] square (106/1,000 [m.sup.3]) off Vizhinjam and off Cochin (100/1,000 [m.sup.3]), whereas along the northwest coast high catches was recorded off Ratnagiri region (51/1,000 [m.sup.3]). The family-wise estimated average biomass for the whole study area is presented in Figure 3. During the night the families Thalassocaridae and Pasiphaeidae were more abundant (>20/1,000 [m.sup.3]) followed by families Sergestidae (3.94/1,000 [m.sup.3]) and Luciferidae (3.94/1,000 [m.sup.3]), whereas the families such as Oplophoridae, Benthesicymidae, Nematocarcinididae, Pandalidae, Penaeidae, Solenoceridae and Stenopodidae were recorded in small numbers. In the day catches all families were recorded (<2.5/1,000 [m.sup.3]) in small numbers. This showed that pelagic shrimps aggregate mostly during the night. [FIGURES 2-3 OMITTED] Vertical Migration Changes in the abundance of pelagic shrimps in the IKMT catches could throw light on the nature of their vertical migration. To study the variation in the vertical distribution of pelagic shrimps, the data arbitrarily were group into 4-depth realm namely, 0-50, 50-200, 200-300 and >300 m for convenience of explanation. The pelagic shrimps abundance was rich at depth-ranges 50-200 m (777/1000 [m.sup.3]) and 0-50 (554/1000 [m.sup.3]) and low catches were yielded from below 300 m. During the night, they were concentrated more in the upper strata (0-200 m) and during the daytime they were more abundant >200 depth (Fig. 4). Among the pelagic shrimps, the dominant groups considered for vertical distributional studies were Sergestidae, Pasiphaeidae, Thalassocaridae and Oplophoridae (Fig. 5). Night catches of pelagic shrimps belonging to all families from surface waters (0-200 m) exceeded the day catches. Catches from these depths were higher during the day than at night. Some groups migrate to the shallowest depths possible at night, whereas the deeper-water forms prefer to migrate only to mid depths. For example shrimp belonging to Oplophoridae family were not captured either during day or night from the 0-50 m depth range. They were caught from 200-300 m-depth range during both day and night. [FIGURES 4-5 OMITTED] Species Composition The pelagic shrimps of the DSL were made up of 29 species belonging to 19 genera and 11 families. Shrimps belonging to genera Oplophorus, Gennadas, Sergestes, Leptochela and Acanthephyra were dominant in the DSL catches (Table 4). Out of the 29 species obtained, 16 were restricted to a few locations and 13 were represented along the entire eastern Arabian Sea. The survey results showed that the caridean shrimps, particularly Acanthephyra sanguinea, Meningodora sp, Notostomus sp, Psathyocaris sp, Plesionika martia and P.alcocki, were recorded only from the southern parts. The species Funchalia dana, Solenocera hextii, Acetusjaponicus, and Nematocarcinus tenurostris were only from the northern parts and all other species were distributed along the entire Arabian Sea. Swarming Behavior The swarming nature of pelagic shrimps was evident from the strong concentration on various occasions during this study. In the oceanic waters Sergestes seminuds, Thallassocaris crinata and Leptochela robusta occurred in swarms (Table 5). Swarming nature was noticed mostly in the lower latitudes, and only a few swarms were noticed in the northern region at 16[degrees]14'N, 72[degrees]15'E. In some of the hauls, shrimps formed more than 75% of the total catch. Leptocheala robusta was found at 5 locations both during day and night, with maximum abundance at 10[degrees]29'N, 73[degrees]30'E in the depth of 50 and 90 m (256 & 99/1,000 [m.sup.3]) respectively. The Thallassocaris crinata was present only in the night collections at 3 locations, and the depth of occurrence ranged between 50-100 m and was caught during May and December with a maximum of 302/1,000 [m.sup.3] at 08[degrees]88'N, 74[degrees]34'E. The species Sergestes seminuds was found at two locations during the day collections at depths between 40-430 m during April and September. The abundance was <30/1,000 [m.sup.3] for these species. DISCUSSION The deep scattering layers are found in depth between surface and 750 m with the varying thicknesses and in multiple layers throughout the survey of the eastern Arabian Sea. Barham (1957) found that in Monterey Bay the number of layers changes throughout the year. Herring et al. (1998) recorded distinct multiple layers in the upper 350 m during the daytime off Oman coast. The striking feature noticed during this study was the presence of a high density of pelagic shrimps throughout the eastern Arabian Sea. The quantitative richness of the DSL in the Arabian Sea is mainly caused by the presence of micronektonic organisms like pelagic shrimps, swarming crabs, cephalopods and epi-mesopelagic fishes. Among the pelagic crustaceans occurring in the scattering layers of the sea, shrimps appear to occupy a prime position numerically (Suseelan & Nair 1990). Their distribution in fact shows a clear north-south variation as the abundance increased from north to south. The southern region was found to be more productive compared with the northern region of Arabian Sea, where their abundance was rather patchy PATCHY - A Fortran code management program written at CERN. and productive areas were less extensive. Overall biomass estimations showed that the maximum population densities were recorded off Vizhinjam (106/1,000 [m.sup.3]) and off Cochin (100/1,000 [m.sup.3]). Of the total 19% of the pelagic shrimps recorded from the DSL, species such as Leptochela robusta, Sergestes seminude sem·i·nude adv. & adj. Only partially clothed: posed seminude for a painter; seminude statues. sem and Thallassocaris crinanta, which are of high forage value, appeared in seasonal swarms during day/night. Their swarming is strongly seasonal and the fishing seasons correspond with the swarming periods. A study on the day-night variations in abundance revealed a pronounced vertical migration of these animals, being more concentrated in night samples than day. Herring et al. (1998) found that decapods (particularly species of Gennadas, Plesionika and Sergestes) contributed more to the biovolume among the micronekton of the DSL. Shrimps feed actively at night, however physiological evidence suggests that the lower meso and bathypelagic bath·y·pe·lag·ic adj. Of, relating to, or living in the depths of the ocean, especially between about 600 and 3,000 meters (2,000 and 10,000 feet). species are able to maintain their predatory activities throughout range of migration, by day as well as by night (Pearcy & Foress 1966). Waterman et al. (1939) stated that diurnal diurnal /di·ur·nal/ (di-er´nal) pertaining to or occurring during the daytime, or period of light. di·ur·nal adj. 1. Having a 24-hour period or cycle; daily. 2. vertical migrations have long been known to play an important part in the lives of pelagic organisms. At night the animals were more densely packed in the depth ranges of 0-200 m, whereas, during the day these animals usually appeared at depths >200 m. Diel vertical migrations of pelagic shrimps are often extensive, hence accelerating the vertical flux of organic matter and recycling of chemical substances through the water column (Kiknchi & Omori 1985). Because fish such as tuna feed on pelagic shrimps, a positive relationship between the abundance of these two groups could be expected (Alverson 1961). Among caridean shrimps recorded during the present study, a species that deserves special attention is Leptocheala robusta, which was caught in large quantities throughout the west coast. This species is reported to form important forage to tuna and other pelagic fishes in the Lakshadeep and neighboring neigh·bor n. 1. One who lives near or next to another. 2. A person, place, or thing adjacent to or located near another. 3. A fellow human. 4. Used as a form of familiar address. v. seas (George & Paulinose 1973, James et al. 1987). According to George et al. (1977) the maximum density of tuna and allied fishes in Indian EEZ is in the southwest coast and the oceanic islands. It is therefore reasonable to presume that the high productivity of pelagic shrimps might influence the abundance of tunas and allied fishes in these regions. The observation was made by James et al. (1987) that oceanic tunas that feed heavily on Leptochela robusta is indicative of selective feeding of tunas on such species of pelagic shrimps. Voracious voracious said of appetite. See polyphagia. feeding on species of these genera by tuna (albacore albacore: see tuna. albacore Large oceanic tuna (Thunnus alalunga) that is noted for its fine flesh. The streamlined bodies of these voracious predators are adapted to fast and continuous swimming. ) and fin and sei whales sei whale or Rudolphi's rorqual Swift species (Balaenoptera borealis) of baleen whale in the rorqual family. It is 40–50 ft (13–15 m) long and is bluish gray or blackish above and paler below. (Balaenoptera borealis) has been reported from the pacific waters (Omori & Kawamura 1972, Omori 1974). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The first author thanks the Director, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute is a marine research institute located at Kochi, India. ; Scientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre, National Institute of Oceanography National Institute of Oceanography could refer to:
In currencies, this is the abbreviation for the Nicaraguan Coroba Oro. Notes: The currency market, also known as the Foreign Exchange market, is the largest financial market in the world, with a daily average volume of over US $1 trillion. contribution number 4196. LITERATURE CITED Alcock, A. 1901. A descriptive catalogue of the Indian Deep-sea Crustacea Decapoda, Macrura and Anomala in the Indian Museum The Indian Museum was founded by Dr Nathaniel Wallich a Danish botanist at Serampore (originally called Frederischnagore) near Kolkata (Calcutta), India, in 1814. It is a multi-disciplinary institution of national standing and is one of oldest museums in the world. , Calcutta. Printed by order of the trustees of Indian museum, pp. 1-286. Alverson, F. G. 1961. Day light surface occurrence of myctophid fishes off the coast of central America Central America, narrow, southernmost region (c.202,200 sq mi/523,698 sq km) of North America, linked to South America at Colombia. It separates the Caribbean from the Pacific. . Pacific Science 15(3):35-43. Barham, E. G. 1957. The ecology of sonic scattering layers in the Monterey Bay area. Stanford Univ. Hopkins Marine Station Hopkins Marine Station is the marine laboratory of Stanford University. It is located ninety miles south of the university's main campus, in Pacific Grove, California (USA) on the Monterey Peninsula, adjacent to the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Technical Report (1). pp. 1-182. Burkenroad, M. D. 1981. The higher taxonomy and evolution of Decapoda Crustacea. Transactions of the San Diego San Diego (săn dēā`gō), city (1990 pop. 1,110,549), seat of San Diego co., S Calif., on San Diego Bay; inc. 1850. San Diego includes the unincorporated communities of La Jolla and Spring Valley. Coronado is across the bay. Natural History Society 19: 251-268. Farfante P. I. & B. Kensley. 1997. Penaeoid and Sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world. Keys and diagnoses for the families and genera. Memoires du Museum Natonal, d'histoire Naturelle, Tome 175, Zoologie. 233 pp. George, M. J. & V. T. Paulinose. 1973. Leptochela robusta Stimpson (Decapoda, Caridea, Pasiphaeidae) from the southwest coast of India and its larval larval 1. pertaining to larvae. 2. larvate. larval migrans see cutaneous and visceral larva migrans. development. Indian Ocean Indian Ocean, third largest ocean, c.28,350,000 sq mi (73,427,000 sq km), extending from S Asia to Antarctica and from E Africa to SE Australia; it is c.4,000 mi (6,400 km) wide at the equator. It constitutes about 20% of the world's total ocean area. Biological Centre Handbook V. pp. 196-210. George, P. C., B. T. Antony Raja & K. C. George. 1977. Fishery resources of the Indian economic zone, "souvenir" issued on the occasion of the silver jubilee celebrations of the integrated fisheries fisheries. From earliest times and in practically all countries, fisheries have been of industrial and commercial importance. In the large N Atlantic fishing grounds off Newfoundland and Labrador, for example, European and North American fishing fleets have long project, Cochin, India, October 1997. pp. 79-116. Hansen, H. J. 1919. The Sergestidae of the Siboga expedition. Siboga Expedition, Monograph 5 plates. 38:1-65. Hays, G. C. 2003. A review of the adaptive significance and ecosystem consequences of zooplankton zooplankton: see marine biology. zooplankton Small floating or weakly swimming animals that drift with water currents and, with phytoplankton, make up the planktonic food supply on which almost all oceanic organisms ultimately depend (see diel vertical migrations. Hydrobiologia 503:163-170. Herring, P. J., M. J. R. Fasham, A. R. Weeks, J. C. P. Hemmings, H. S. J. Roe, P. R. Pugh, S. Holley, N. A. Crisp & M. V. Angel 1998. Across-slope relations between the biological populations, the euphotic zone euphotic zone: see ocean. and the oxygen minimum layer off the coast of Oman during the southwest monsoon monsoon (mŏns  n) [Arab., mausium=season], wind that changes direction with change of season, notably in India and SE Asia. (August, 1994). Prog. Oceanogr. 41:69-109.
Holthuis, L. B. 1955. The recent genera of the caridean and stenopodidean shrimps (Class Crustacea, order Decapoda, Supersection Natantia) with keys for their determination. Zoologische verhandelingen, Leiden. 26: 1-157. Iida, K., T. Mukai & D. Hwang. 1996. Relationship between acoustic backscattering strength and density of zooplankton in the sound-scattering layer. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 53:507-512. Ingmanson, E. D. & J. W. William. 1973. Oecanography: an introduction. Belmonts, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 102. Isaacs, J. D. and L. W. Kidd. 1951. Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl. Final reports. Scripps Institute of Oceanography oceanography, study of the seas and oceans. The major divisions of oceanography include the geological study of the ocean floor (see plate tectonics) and features; physical oceanography, which is concerned with the physical attributes of the ocean water, such as (Ref. 53) 3, 1-18. James, P. S. B. R., P. P. Pillai & A. A. Jayaprakash. 1987. Impressions of a recent visit to Lakshadweep from the fisheries and marine biological perspectives. Marine Fisheries Information Service, Technical & E. Series 72:1-11. Judkins, D.C. 1978. Pelagic shrimps of the Sergestes edwardsii species group. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Sergestidae). Smithsonian contribution to zoology zoology, branch of biology concerned with the study of animal life. From earliest times animals have been vitally important to man; cave art demonstrates the practical and mystical significance animals held for prehistoric man. 256. pp. 1-34. Kemp, S. W. 1917. Notes on Crustacea, Decapoda in the Indian Museum, viii Genus Acetes Milne Edwards. Records of the Indian Museum 27: 249-344. Kemp, S. W. 1920. On the occurrence of the Caridean genus Discias in Indian waters. Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum. XIV. Records of the Indian Museum 819:137-143. Kemp, S. W. 1925. On Various Caridea. Part XVII of notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum 27: 249-349. Kensley, B. 1971a. The Family Sergestidae in the waters around Southern Africa
Kensley, B. 1971b. The Genus Gennadas in the water around Southern Africa. Annals of the South Africa South Africa, Afrikaans Suid-Afrika, officially Republic of South Africa, republic (2005 est. pop. 44,344,000), 471,442 sq mi (1,221,037 sq km), S Africa. Museum 57:271-294. Kikuchi, T. & M. Omori. 1985. Vertical distribution and migration of oceanic shrimps at two locations off the Pacific coast of Japan. DeepSea Res. 32:837-851. Nataraj, S. 1942. A note on the prawn prawn: see shrimp. fauna of Travencore. Curr. Sci. 11:468-469. Nataraj, S. 1947. On some species of Acetes (Crustacea, Sergestidae) from Travencore. Record of the Indian Museum 45:139-148. Omori, M., A. Kawamura & Y. Aizawa. 1972. Sergestes similes Hansen, Its distribution and importance as food of fin and sei whales in the North Pacific Ocean. In: A. Taniguchi, T. Kawamura, A. Takenouti, editors. Biological oceanography of the northern North Pacific Ocean, Tokyo. pp. 373-391. Omori, M. 1974. The biology of pelagic shrimps in the Ocean. Adv. Mar. Biol. 12:233-324. Pearcy, W. G. & C. A. Foress. 1966. Depth distribution of oceanic shrimps (Decapoda: Natantia) of Oregon. J. Fish. Res. Board Canada 23:1135-1143. Philip, K.P. 1998. Food and feeding habits of Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskal) from the upper east coast of India. Bull. Fish. Surv. India 26: 12-25 Sameoto, D. D., N. A. Cochrane & A. W. Herman. 1985. Response of biological acoustic backscattering to ship's lights. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42:1535-1543. Sparre, P. & S. L. Venema. 1992. Introduction to tropical fish tropical fish Any of various small fishes of tropical origin often kept in aquariums. They are interesting for their behaviour or showiness or both. Popular varieties include the angelfish, guppy, kissing gourami, sea horse, Siamese fighting fish, and tetra. stock assessment, FAO FAO, n See Food and Agriculture Organization. Technical paper 306(1) 655 pp. Suseelan, C. 1984. Studies on the deep-sea prawns off southwest coast of India. Ph.D Thesis, Cochin University of Science and Technology Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT) is a university in Kochi, also known as Cochin alias Ernakulam. Founded in 1971, the university consists of three campuses, two in Kochi and one in Kuttanad, about 66 km inland. , Cochin, Kerala, India. 334 pp. Suseelan, C. & M. K. R. Nair. 1990. Quantitative distribution of Pelagic shrimps in the deep scattering layers of the Indian EEZ. Proceeding first workshop scientific results, FORV Sagar Sampada June 5-7. pp. 361-370. Tarling, G. A., J. B. L. Matthews, P. David, O. Guerin & F. Buchholz. 2001. The swarm dynamics of northern krill Northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) is a crustacean that lives in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the zooplankton. It is an euphausiid and a very important component of the plankton of the ocean, food for whales, fish and birds. (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) and pteropods (Cavolina inflexa) during vertical migration in the Ligurian Sea Ligurian Sea (lĭgy  r`ēən), arm of the Mediterranean Sea, between the Ligurian coast (Italian Riviera) and the islands of Corsica and Elba; the Gulf of Genoa is its northernmost observed by an acoustic Doppler current profiler An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP or ADP), is a type of sonar that attempts to produce a record of water current velocities over a range of depths.Depending on the field application, ADCP may use 2, 3, 4, or more ceramic transducers, which work in water . Deep-sea Res. I 48:1671-1686. Venkatraman, G. 1960. Studies on the food and feeding relationship of the inshore in·shore adv. & adj. 1. Close to a shore. 2. Toward or coming toward a shore. inshore Adjective in or on the water, but close to the shore: fishes off Calicut on the Malabar Coast Malabar Coast (măl`əbär), SW coast of India stretching c.525 mi (845 km) from Goa to the southern tip of the peninsula at Kanniyakumri (Cape Comorin), primarily in Kerala state and the northern part of Karnataka state. . Indian Journal of Fish 7(2):275-306. Yaldwyn, J. C. 1957. Deep-water Crustacea of the genus Sergestes (Decapoda, Natantia) from Cook Strait Cook Strait, channel, c.15 mi (24 km) wide, between the North Island and the South Island, New Zealand. It was first explored in 1770 by Capt. James Cook. Cook Strait Strait, separating North and South islands of New Zealand. , New Zealand New Zealand (zē`lənd), island country (2005 est. pop. 4,035,000), 104,454 sq mi (270,534 sq km), in the S Pacific Ocean, over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) SE of Australia. The capital is Wellington; the largest city and leading port is Auckland. . Zoology Publications from the Victoria University of Wellington
Victoria University of Wellington, also known in Māori as 22:1-27. Waterman, T. H., R. F. Nunnemacher, F. A. Chace & G. L. Jr Clarke. 1939. Diurnal vertical migration of deep water plankton. Biol. Bull. 76:256279. P. K. KARUPPASAMY, (1) * N. G. MENON, (2) K. K. C. NAIR (1) AND C. T. ACHUTHANKUTTY (1) (1) National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Center, Kochi, India “Cochin” redirects here. For other uses, see Cochin (disambiguation). Coordinates: Kochi (pronunciation ; Malayalam: ; (2) Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, India * Corresponding author. E-mail: saams2007@gmail.com
TABLE 1.
FORV Sagar Sampada cruise details.
Cruise # Months Year
165 May 1998
167 June-July "
168 October "
169 November "
170 December "
173 May 1999
174 June "
183 April "
185 September 2000
190 December "
TABLE 2.
Multilayers in the study of the DSL.
Depth of the Layer
1 Layer 2nd Layer 3rd Layer
(DSL (DSL (DSL
Thickness) Thickness) Thickness)
10[degrees]29'N, 10 m 50m 90
73[degrees]30'E (10 m) (30 m) (20 m)
08[degrees]29'N, 20m 250 m
73[degrees]32'E (5 m) (10 m)
06[degrees]40'N, 40 m 90M 400
77[degrees]30'E (20 m) (30 m) (100 m)
TABLE 3.
Total DSL biomass (per/[1,000.sup.3]) of numerical, volumetric
and weight from the DSL biocomposition.
Day Night
No Vol Wt No Vol Wt
Zooplankton 2884 205 297 4990 235 316
Nekton 1049 321 353 1020 252 319
Pelagic shrimp 372 62 63 1480 109 105
TABLE 4.
Species composition of Pelagic shrimp and location of occurrence
Species Name Size Range DSL Depth
(mm) (m)
Infra order: Penaeidea
Super family: Penaeoidea
Family: Penaeidae
1. Pelagopenaeus balboae 60 and 70 40
50
200
2. Funchalia danae 60 60
Family: Benthesicymidae
3. Gennadas praecos 60 60
4. G. sordidus 20-40 50
350
5. G. parvus 40 50
6. G. scutatus * 26-42 50 to 700
Family: Solenoceridae
7. Hymenopenaeus aquealis 25-40 370
8. Solenocera hextii 40 205
Family: Sergestidae
9. Sergestes seminudus * 26-46 50 to 350
10. S. semissis * 15-35 50 to 400
11. S. orientalis * 15-35 50 to 350
12. Sergia inous * 30-60 50 to 500
13. Acetesjaponicus 20-25 30
Family: Luciferidae
14. Lucifer typus * 0.2-10 50 to 750
15. L. penicillifer * 0.2-10 50 to 750
16. L. hanseni * 0.2-10 50 to 750
17. L. orientalis * 0.2-10 50 to 750
Infra order: Caridea
Super family: Oplophoridea
Family: Oplophoridae
18. Oplophorus typus * 6-50 50-750
19. Acanthephyra sanguinea 30-75 750
120
210
20. Meningodora sp 50 750
750
21. Notostomus sp 40-45 750
750
100
Super family: Nematocarcinoidea
Family: Nematocarcinidae
22. Nematocarcinus tenuirostris 13-24 750
100
260
400
Super family: Pasiphaeoidea
Family: Pasiphaeidae
23. Leptochela (Leptochela) 10-30 50-750
aculeocaudata *
24. L. (Leptochela) robusta * 10-35 50-750
25. Psathyrocaris sp 35 750
Super family: Pandaloidea
Family: Pandalidae
26. Plesionika martia 25-35 100
180
27. P. alcocki 26-35 180
280
245
350
400
Family: Thalassocarididae
28. Thalassocaris crinata * 5-15 50-750
Infra order: Stenopodidea
Family: Stenopodidae
29. Stenopus sp 15 30
Species Name Latitude Longitude
([degrees]N) (degrees]E)
Infra order: Penaeidea
Super family: Penaeoidea
Family: Penaeidae
1. Pelagopenaeus balboae 13[degrees] 00' 69[degrees] 57'
12[degrees] 30' 73[degrees] 30'
12[degrees] 59' 69[degrees] 58'
2. Funchalia danae 17[degrees] 30' 67[degrees] 24'
Family: Benthesicymidae
3. Gennadas praecos 07[degrees] 07' 77[degrees] 12'
4. G. sordidus 07[degrees] 07' 68[degrees] 32'
10[degrees] 31' 77[degrees] 12'
5. G. parvus 07[degrees] 07' 77[degrees] 12'
6. G. scutatus *
Family: Solenoceridae
7. Hymenopenaeus aquealis 13[degrees] 09' 73[degrees] 40'
8. Solenocera hextii 16[degrees] 30' 72[degrees] 14'
Family: Sergestidae
9. Sergestes seminudus *
10. S. semissis *
11. S. orientalis *
12. Sergia inous *
13. Acetesjaponicus 16[degrees] 78' 73[degrees] 85'
Family: Luciferidae
14. Lucifer typus *
15. L. penicillifer *
16. L. hanseni *
17. L. orientalis *
Infra order: Caridea
Super family: Oplophoridea
Family: Oplophoridae
18. Oplophorus typus *
19. Acanthephyra sanguinea 11[degrees] 26' 67[degrees] 34'
10[degrees] 31' 68[degrees] 32'
09[degrees] 59' 72[degrees] 01'
20. Meningodora sp 14[degrees] 31' 67[degrees] 32'
I1[degrees] 26' 67[degrees] 34'
21. Notostomus sp 14[degrees] 31' 67[degrees] 32'
11[degrees] 26' 67[degrees] 34'
10[degrees] 21' 75[degrees] 34'
Super family: Nematocarcinoidea
Family: Nematocarcinidae
22. Nematocarcinus tenuirostris 14[degrees] 31' 67[degrees] 32'
16[degrees] 14' 72[degrees] 15'
17[degrees] 30' 70[degrees] 25'
07[degrees] 59' 74[degrees] 02'
Super family: Pasiphaeoidea
Family: Pasiphaeidae
23. Leptochela (Leptochela)
aculeocaudata *
24. L. (Leptochela) robusta *
25. Psathyrocaris sp 14[degrees] 31' 67[degrees] 32'
Super family: Pandaloidea
Family: Pandalidae
26. Plesionika martia 07[degrees] 59' 76[degrees] 00'
14[degrees] 31' 74[degrees] 09'
27. P. alcocki 12[degrees] 28' 74[degrees] 09'
11[degrees] 49' 74[degrees] 26'
14[degrees] 31' 73[degrees] 08'
10[degrees] 19' 75[degrees] 28'
07[degrees] 59' 74[degrees] 02'
Family: Thalassocarididae
28. Thalassocaris crinata *
Infra order: Stenopodidea
Family: Stenopodidae
29. Stenopus sp 16[degrees] 29' 73[degrees] 06'
* Species were collected from the area between 06-21[degrees]N
and 66-77[degrees]E.
TABLE 5.
Swarming species location and their numerical abundance of
eastern Arabian Sea
Numbers
(/1000/ Depths
Species [m.sup.3]) (M) Latitude
Leptochela 25 250 08[degrees]29'N
robusta 49 10 10[degrees]29'N
257 50 10[degrees]29'N
99 90 10[degrees]29'N
30 100 16[degrees]14'N
Thallassocaris 28 50 08[degrees]30'N
crinata 302 75 08[degrees]33'N
47 100 10[degrees]20'N
Sergestes 29 430 14[degrees]29'N
seminuds 26 40 08[degrees]00'N
Species Longitude Day/Night Month
Leptochela 73[degrees]30'E Day May
robusta 73[degrees]30'E Night May
73[degrees]30'E Night May
73[degrees]30'E Night May
72[degrees]15'E Night November
Thallassocaris 73[degrees]25'E Night May
crinata 74[degrees]34'E Night December
73[degrees]26'E Night December
Sergestes 74[degrees]09'E Day April
seminuds 75[degrees]00'E Day September
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