Discrimination between highly pathogenic and low pathogenic H5 avian influenza a viruses.

To the Editor: To thoroughly investigate avian influenza outbreaks, identifying highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) is essential. Currently, determination of inserted basic amino acids within the hemagglutinin cleavage site of HPAI relies on nucleotide sequencing (1-3). Direct sequencing is relatively time-consuming and laborious and thus is not suitable for local and regional diagnostic laboratories that receive large numbers of samples that may contain HPAI or LPAI subtype H5N1. Therefore, a rapid diagnostic assay was developed to discriminate between HPAI and LPAI subtype H5 viruses by 1-step real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with melting curve analysis.

H5 primers flanking the cleavage site were designed from conserved regions among HPAI and LPAI strains by using nucleotide sequences obtained from GenBank and our previous studies (4-6). The primers consisted of a forward primer H5F3+ (nucleotides 1001-1021: 5'-AACAGATTAGTCCTTGCGACTG-3') and a reverse primer H5R2+ (nucleotides 1124-1103: 5'-CATCTACCATTCCCTGCCATCC-3'), which yielded products of [approximately equal to] 124 bp and [approximately equal to] 112 bp, corresponding to HPAI and LPAI, respectively. Consequently, the sizes of the amplicons and percentage guanine-cytosine content were different, allowing discrimination between HPAI and LPAI by melting curve analysis (7).

One-step, real-time RT-PCR with melting curve analysis was performed in an ABI 7500 system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). In each reaction, 3.0 [micro]L of RNA sample was combined with a reaction mixture containing 10 [micro]L 2x SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems), 0.5 [micro]L 40x MultiScribe (Applied Biosystems) and RNase inhibitor, each primer (at final concentration of 0.5 [micro]mol/L), 1.5 mmol/L Mg[Cl.sub.2], and RNase-free water in a final volume of 20 [micro]L. The thermal profile began with incubation at 48[degrees]C for 45 min (reverse transcription), then incubation at 95[degrees]C for 10 min (predenaturation), followed by 40 cycles of amplification alternating between 94[degrees]C for 15 s (denaturation) and 68[degrees]C for 40 s (annealing/extension). The SYBR Green I fluorescent signal was obtained once per cycle at the end of the extension step. After amplification, melting curve analysis was performed by heating the sample to 95[degrees]C for 15 s, then cooling it to 70[degrees]C for 1 min, followed by a linear temperature increase to 95[degrees]C at a rate of 0.5[degrees]C/s, while continuously monitoring the fluorescent signal. Data were analyzed by the 7500 System SDS Software version 1.2 (Applied Biosystems).

To develop the assay, samples previously identified as influenza A/chicken/Nakorn-Patom/Thailand/ CU-K2/04 (H5N1) served as a control for HPAI, and A/duck/Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China/308/78 (H5N3) served as a control for LPAI. The H5 genes (nucleotides 914-1728) of each strain were inserted into pGEM-T Easy Vector and then transcribed in vitro by using RiboMAX Large Scale RNA Production System-T7 (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Serial 10-fold dilutions of the standard H5 RNA were subjected to a sensitivity test (8). The fluorescent signal can be detected at RNA dilutions as low as [10.sup.2] copies/[micro]L. To assess the specificity, viral RNA extracted from other subtypes of influenza A viruses (H1-H4 and H6-H15) was tested. The assay was specific for the H5 subtype, since no amplification was detected from other subtypes.

Three preliminary melting curve analyses showed that this assay was effective in discriminating between the melting peaks of HPAI and LPAI (Figure). The variations of melting temperature ([T.sub.m]) between runs were experimentally determined. The mean (standard deviation) of [T.sub.m] values for HPAI and LPAI were 77.43[degrees]C (0.21[degrees]C) and 79.57[degrees]C (0.23[degrees]C), respectively. This assay provided high reliability and reproducibility, since the coefficients of variation were <0.30.

Seventy-eight specimens of influenza A virus were used to validate the assay. The 75 HPAI samples were isolated during the 2004 outbreak in Thailand; 3 LPAI samples, including A/avian/NY/01 (H5N2), A/Chicken/ Mexico/31381-3/94 (H5N2), and A/shoveler/Egypt/03 (H5N2), were provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The viruses were isolated in embryonated chicken eggs as described previously (9). RNA was extracted from 140 [micro]L of allantoic fluid, and RT-PCR was performed as described above. Melting curve analysis showed that all H5N1 isolates from the 2004 outbreak in Thailand were interpreted as HPAI, whereas the 3 samples of H5N2 subtype were classified as LPAI. The [T.sub.m] varied from 77.2[degrees]C to 78.1[degrees]C for HPAI and 78.75[degrees]C to 79.5[degrees]C for LPAI. The melting curve analysis results were completely concordant with the results of direct sequence analysis of the H5 gene for all samples tested.

The melting curve analysis described here provides a rapid, accurate, and high-throughput approach to discriminate between HPAI and LPAI. This assay is particularly attractive for large-scale screening of suspected subtype H5 influenza A virus during outbreaks to identify candidate LPAI that could be used as vaccine strains.

Acknowledgments

We thank K.F. Shortridge, S. Yingst, E. Dubovi, and A. Klimov for providing specimens.

This research was supported by Thailand Research Fund.

Sunchai Payungporn, * Salin Chutinimitkul, * Arunee Chaisingh, ([dagger]) Sudarat Damrongwantanapokin, ([dagger]) Bandit Nuansrichay, ([dagger]) Wasana Pinyochon, ([dagger]) Alongkorn Amonsin, * Ruben O. Donis, ([double dagger]) Apiradee Theamboonlers, * and Yong Poovorawan *

* Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; ([dagger]) National Institute of Animal Health, Bangkok, Thailand; and ([double dagger]) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

References

(1.) Lee CW, Senne DA, Linares JA, Woolcock PR, Stallknecht DE, Spackman E, et al. Characterization of recent H5 subtype avian influenza viruses from US poultry. Avian Pathol. 2004;33:288-97.

(2.) Lee CW, Suarez DL, Tumpey TM, Sung HW, Kwon YK, Lee YJ, et al. Characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses isolated from South Korea. J Virol. 2005;79: 3692-702.

(3.) Nguyen DC, Uyeki TM, Jadhao S, Maines T, Shaw M, Matsuoka Y, et al. Isolation and characterization of avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic H5N1, from poultry in live bird markets in Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2001. J Virol. 2005;79: 4201-12.

(4.) Viseshakul N, Thanawongnuwech R, Amonsin A, Suradhat S, Payungporn S, Keawchareon J, et al. The genome sequence analysis of H5N1 avian influenza A virus isolated from the outbreak among poultry populations in Thailand. Virology. 2004;328:169-76.

(5.) Keawcharoen J, Oraveerakul K, Kuiken T, Fouchier RA, Amonsin A, Payungporn S, et al. Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and leopards. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10: 2189-91.

(6.) Amonsin A, Payungporn S, Theamboonlers A, Thanawongnuwech R, Suradhat S, Pariyothorn N, et al. Genetic characterization of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated from zoo tigers in Thailand. Virology. 2006;344:480-91.

(7.) Ririe KM, Rasmussen RP, Wittwer CT. Product differentiation by analysis of DNA melting curves during the polymerase chain reaction. Anal Biochem. 1997;245:154-60.

(8.) Payungporn S, Chutinimitkul S, Chaisingh A, Damrongwantanapokin S, Buranathai C, Amonsin A, et al. Single step multiplex real-time RT-PCR for H5N1 influenza A virus detection. J Virol Methods. 2006;131: 143-7.

(9.) World Organization for Animal Health. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. Avian influenza. 2005 Aug 7 [cited 2005 Sep 1]. Available from http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/MMANUAL/A _00037.htm

Address for correspondence: Yong Poovorawan, Center of Excellence in Viral Hepatitis Research, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; fax: [phone]; email: [e-mail]