Differences of Turkish clam (Ruditapes decussates) and Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) according to their proximate composition and heavy metal contents.ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to determine the proximate proximate /prox·i·mate/ (prok´si-mit) immediate or nearest. prox·i·mate adj. Closely related in space, time, or order; very near; proximal. proximate immediate; nearest. composition, biometrical measurements and heavy metal content differences of marine bivalve bivalve, aquatic mollusk of the class Pelecypoda ("hatchet-foot") or Bivalvia, with a laterally compressed body and a shell consisting of two valves, or movable pieces, hinged by an elastic ligament. Ruditapes philippinarum (Venice, Italy) and Ruditapes philippinarum (Izmir, Turkey. No statistical (P < 0.05) difference was observed in the values of crude lipid, moisture, ash and carbohydrate but statistical differences occurred in their crude protein values. They were 0.98 [+ or -] 0.169%; 83.98 [+ or -] 0.16%; 3.3 [+ or -] 0.424%; 1.14 [+ or -] 0.02%; 9.56 [+ or -] 0.06% for Ruditapes decussatus, respectively. They were 0.78 [+ or -] 0.16%; 85.91 [+ or -] 1.22%; 3.1 [+ or -] 0.232%; 1.10 [+ or -] 0.02%; 8.71 [+ or -] 0.18%, for Ruditapes phillippinarum, respectively. Each of the clam was determined as fresh and in perfect quality according to their TVB-N values but in the comparison of color values statistical difference was observed(P > 0.05).Trace metal levels were below the legal limits set by national standards of Turkish governments. KEY WORDS: clam, color value, proximate composition, Ruditapes, measurements, heavy metals heavy metals, n.pl metallic compounds, such as aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and nickel. Exposure to these metals has been linked to immune, kidney, and neurotic disorders. INTRODUCTION Water pollution has increased in heavy industrialized in·dus·tri·al·ize v. in·dus·tri·al·ized, in·dus·tri·al·iz·ing, in·dus·tri·al·iz·es v.tr. 1. To develop industry in (a country or society, for example). 2. areas. Most industrial water wastes end up in the sea. Monitoring the elemental composition in marine organisms, such as clams, provides the essential elements in living organisms and through the food chain to humans. Bivalves can accumulate microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria Pathogenic bacteria Bacteria that produce illness. Mentioned in: Gastroenteritis and viruses, when grown in polluted waters and can present a significant health risk when consumed raw or lightly cooked (West & Coleman 1986, Rippey 1994, Sobsey & Jaykus 1999, Croci et al. 2002, Formiga-Cruz et al. 2003). Pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella typhi Salmonella ty·phi n. Typhoid bacillus. , Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. cholera remain viable for weeks in the marine environment, whereas viruses can survive for months in the same environment as well as in fish tissue. Some viruses, for example, the infectious hepatitis A virus, which has caused many shellfish associated outbreaks, can survive in seawater for more than a year and is frequently transmitted by shellfish consumption (Le Guyader et al. 2000, Muniain-Mujika et al. 2000, Romalde et al. 2002) One strategy that has been developed for bivalve risk management is utilizing their capacity to eliminate harmful microorganisms and toxic substances when held in clean, disinfected Disinfected Decreased the number of microorganisms on or in an object. Mentioned in: Isolation seawater tanks for up to 72 h (Roderick & Schneider 1994, Wong et al. 1997, Sobsey & Jaykus 1999). A number of factors are believed to be important in establishing effective purification; like design, initial water quality, oxygenation oxygenation /ox·y·gen·a·tion/ (ok?si-je-na´shun) 1. the act or process of adding oxygen. 2. the result of having oxygen added. and flow rates, salinity, temperature, shellfish to water ratios, removal and settlement of fecal material and the period of purification (De Mesquita et al. 1991, Lee & Younger 2002). The development of the commercial fishery for the littoral littoral /lit·to·ral/ (lit´ah-r'l) pertaining to the shore of a large body of water. littoral pertaining to the shore. burrowing clams Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum are based mainly on the export of live products to Europe (Le Borgne 1996). The shelf life (survival and palatability) of this product depends on a number of factors including post-harvest storage time and temperature. There are obvious advantages in being able to prolong shelf life without affecting the sensory quality adversely, and achievement of this requires an assessment of the biochemical and physiological responses of the clams to anoxia/temperature combinations. Total aquaculture aquaculture, the raising and harvesting of fresh- and saltwater plants and animals. The most economically important form of aquaculture is fish farming, an industry that accounts for an ever increasing share of world fisheries production. production of bivalves in the world is 37,851,356 tons, this production value consist of 370,631 tons mussel mussel, edible freshwater or marine bivalve mollusk. Mussels are able to move slowly by means of the muscular foot. They feed and breathe by filtering water through extensible tubes called siphons; a large mussel filters 10 gal (38 liters) of water per day. , 4,207,818 tons oyster, 1,219,127 tons scallop scallop or pecten, marine bivalve mollusk. Like its close relative the oyster, the scallop has no siphons, the mantle being completely open, but it differs from other mollusks in that both mantle edges have a row of steely blue "eyes" and and pectin pectin, any of a group of white, amorphous, complex carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruits and certain vegetables. Fruits rich in pectin are the peach, apple, currant, and plum. Protopectin, present in unripe fruits, is converted to pectin as the fruit ripens. and 3,109,024 tons clams. Total fisheries production of bivalves is 92,356,034 tons in the world, 257,315 of total production come from mussel, 199,015 tons come from oyster and scallop, 702,525 tons come from pectin and 808,945 tons come from clams (FAO FAO, n See Food and Agriculture Organization. , 2001). Total fishery production of bivalves in Turkey is 624,847 tons, of which 5,000 tons come from mussel, 10,000 tons come from clam and 70 tons come from oyster. And also 2 tons of mussels come from aquaculture production (Anonymous 2002). The first exportation of the bivalves to Europe began in 1970 with clam Ruditapes deccussatus. The most important species exported to foreign countries from Turkey are Mytillus galloprovinciallis, Ruditapes decussates, Venus verrucosa, Ostrea edulis, Venus gallina and Arca sp. Several recent studies highlight the importance of using an integrated approach to assess environmental quality and effects of toxicants on organisms (Den Besten 1998, Livingstone et al. 1995, Mc Carthy & Shugart 1990). Differences in natural variables (i.e., sample site, exposure duration, population variation, temperature, salinity, etc.) complicate the identification of any biological responses to toxic substances. Transplantation of bivalve samples from a population at one location to other sites reduces the variability of results usually encountered in field sampling programs (De Kock & Kramer 1994, Amiard et al. 1987). Usero et al. (1997) studied trace metals in the bivalve mollusks Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum from the Atlantic coast of southern Spain. Accumulation of metals, especially nonessential non·es·sen·tial adj. Being a substance required for normal functioning but not needed in the diet because the body can synthesize it. ones, is greatly dependent on their concentration in ambient water (Phillips & Rainbow 1989, Amiard et al. 1987) although there are other factors that affect accumulations such as the organism's size (Ringwood 1993, Brix & Lyngby 1985, Strong & Luoma 1981) and reproductive state (Paez-Osuna et al. 1995, Bordin et al. 1992). Concentrations of trace metals in R. decussatus and R. philippinarum reported in the study (Usero et al. 1997) were comparable to published data from less extensive surveys on the Southern Atlantic Coast of Spain (AMA (Automatic Message Accounting) The recording and reporting of telephone calls within a telephone system. It includes the calling and called parties and start and stop times of the call. 1992). Tuncer and Uysal (1982) found higher concentrations of Mn, Cr, Pb and similar concentrations for the other metals analyzed in R. decussatus in Izmir Bay (Turkey). Bivalve mollusks have frequently been used as bioindicators for monitoring heavy-metal pollution because they are filter-feeding organisms with limited mobility (Storelli & Marcotrigiano 2001). The clams Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum were evaluated as possible biomonitors for Izmir bay and Venice bay. In this aim determining the differences of proximate and heavy metal contents is important. MATERIALS AND METHODS R. decussatus samples were taken alive from an aquaculture foundation, which was located in the province of Izmir city in Turkey, and the R phillipinarum samples were taken alive from the fish market in Hamburg, in Germany. Ruditapes phillipinarum samples were imported from Venice, Italy. Analytical analysis of Ruditapes decussates were performed in Turkey, on the other hand Ruditapes phillipinarum samples were analyzed in Federal Research center for fisheries, in Hamburg, Germany. Biometric Measurements Clams were immediately transported to the laboratory, where the fresh weights and linear dimensions (length, height and width) were determined. Clams were then opened, damp dried, soft tissues removed and shell and soft tissues weighed. Proximate Composition Proximate composition analysis of moisture (Ludofff & Meyer 1973), crude fat (Bligh & Dyer 1959) and crude protein (AOAC AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists (now AOAC International) AOAC Association of Analytical Communities AOAC Association of Analytical Chemists AOAC Always On/Always Connected AOAC Aero-Optic Evaluation Center 1984) of Ruditapes decussates, were performed and determined. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) analysis was performed by using Kjeldhal Vapo 40 (Antonacopoulos & Vyncke 1989). Made in Turkey. Proximate composition analysis of moisture (Oehlenschlager 1986), crude fat (Oehlenschlager 1986) and crude protein (Oehlenschlager 1997) of Ruditapes phillipinarum were performed and determined. TVB-N (Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen) analysis was performed by using Kjeldhal Vapo 50 (Rehbein et al. 1994). Made in Germany Made in Germany is a merchandise mark indicating that a product has been manufactured in Germany. History The label was originally introduced to Britain by the Merchandise Marks Act 1887 . For proximate analyses and TVB-N analyses clam samples were pooled and homogenized ho·mog·e·nize v. ho·mog·e·nized, ho·mog·e·niz·ing, ho·mog·e·niz·es v.tr. 1. To make homogeneous. 2. a. To reduce to particles and disperse throughout a fluid. b. . The analyses of the pooled samples were all carried out in triplicate. Color Measurement Instrument The color measurement on samples trials was carried out with the spectral color meter Spectro-pen (Dr. Lange, Dusseldorf, Ger many). This is a colorimeter A device that measures the red, green and blue values of color. See colorimetry and color calibration. Contrast with densitometer. operating on me spectral method described in DIN 5033 using the 45/0 [degrees] circular viewing geometry. The sample is illuminated with polychromatic polychromatic /poly·chro·mat·ic/ (-krom-at´ik) many-colored. pol·y·chro·mat·ic or pol·y·chro·mic or pol·y·chro·mous adj. Having or exhibiting many colors. light encircling encircling (en·serˑ·k it at an angle of 45[degrees], with the optical unit observing the reflected light from a horizontal angle (0[degrees]) towards the sample surface. Spectropen is a genuine grating colorimeter measuring the visible spectral range (400-700 nm) at intervals of 10 nm. A 10[degrees]-- standard observers and D65 illuminant il·lu·mi·nant n. Something that gives off light. [Latin ill  min were used (light source: polychromatic with tungsten
lamp). The PC software "spectral--QC" allows state-of-the-art
data processing. Before measuring each lot, the colorimeter was
calibrated cal·i·brate tr.v. cal·i·brat·ed, cal·i·brat·ing, cal·i·brates 1. To check, adjust, or determine by comparison with a standard (the graduations of a quantitative measuring instrument): against a white standard (LZM 224). Measurement The color measurement of clam samples trials was carried out with the spectral color meter Spectro-pen (Dr. Lange, Dusseldorf, Germany). The color was measured on homogenates prepared from each fish. The homogenate homogenate /ho·mog·e·nate/ (ho-moj´in-at) material obtained by homogenization. homogenate material obtained by homogenization. was placed in plastic petri dishes and the color measurement was repeated 10 times. In the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, International Commission on Illumination, Vienna, Austria, www.cie.co.at) An international organization that sets standards for all aspects of lighting and illumination, including colorimetry, photometry and the measurement of visible and Laboratory system [L.sup.*] denotes lightness on a 0-100 scale from black to white; [a.sup.*], (+) red or (-) green; and [b.sup.*], (+) yellow or (-) blue (Schubring & Meyer 2002). Concentration of Trace Metals Purpose of this study was to obtain quantitative information on the concentration of trace metals in two bivalve species from Izmir outer Bay and Venice, which samples were taken from the fish market in Hamburg, in Germany (Origin, Venice Italy). The following points were considered: variations of metal concentrations among two species, variations of metal levels and the relationship between metal content and bivalve size. All samples were lyophilized ly·oph·i·lize tr.v. ly·oph·i·lized, ly·oph·i·liz·ing, ly·oph·i·liz·es To freeze-dry (blood plasma or other biological substances). [lyophil(ic) + -ize. in a FinnAqua Lyovac GT 2 freeze dryer (parameters: ambient temperature -20 [degrees]C, vacuum 5-10 Pa, duration at least 48 h) and finally finely milled in a ball mill made from agate (Planetary Ball Mill, Fritsch, pulverisette 5, Idar-Oberstein, Germany). After milling, all samples were kept in high-density polyethylene bags at room temperature in an exsiccator ex·sic·cate intr. & tr.v. ex·sic·cat·ed, ex·sic·cat·ing, ex·sic·cates To dry up or cause to dry up. [Middle English exsiccaten, from Latin until mineralization Mineralization The process by which the body uses minerals to build bone structure. Mentioned in: Rickets mineralization, n the bioprecipitation of an inorganic substance. . Lyophilized samples (approximately 0.5 g) were weighed into petri dishes, which were put in a closed low-temperature microwave activated oxygen plasma processor (Plasma Processor 200-G, Techniques Plasma, Munchen, Germany) for mineralization (power supply 350-360 W, vacuum 60-90 Pa, oxygen partial pressure 2.0-2.5_105 Pa); the duration of decomposition was 144-168 h. The decomposed de·com·pose v. de·com·posed, de·com·pos·ing, de·com·pos·es v.tr. 1. To separate into components or basic elements. 2. To cause to rot. v.intr. 1. samples were quantitatively transferred into 100-ml volumetric flasks and dissolved in supra pure [H.sub.2]S[O.sub.4] (0.2%, w/w) at pH 2., DPSAV (746 VA Trace Analyzer, Metrohm, Switzerland) equipped with auto sampler (695 VA Auto sampler, Metrohm) and was used for the determination of heavy metals. Statistical Analysis SPSS A statistical package from SPSS, Inc., Chicago (www.spss.com) that runs on PCs, most mainframes and minis and is used extensively in marketing research. It provides over 50 statistical processes, including regression analysis, correlation and analysis of variance. 9.1 for windows program was used to search for significant differences between mean values of the different results. Differences between means were analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA anova see analysis of variance. ANOVA Analysis of variance, see there ) followed by Tukey and Duncan tests. Results are presented as means [+ or -] SD (n = 3 or 4). RESULTS The crude protein, total lipids, moisture, ash and carbohydrate contents of the clams are shown in Table 1. According to their proximate composition data statistical difference occurred only in crude protein values. No statistical (P < 0.05) difference was observed in the values of crude lipid, moisture, ash and carbohydrate. They were 0.98 [+ or -] 0.169%; 83.98 [+ or -] 0.16%; 3.3 [+ or -] 0.424%; 1.14 [+ or -] 0.02%; 9.56 [+ or -] 0.06% for Ruditapes decussatus, respectively and 0.78 [+ or -] 0.16%; 85.91 [+ or -] 1.22%; 3.1 [+ or -] 0.232%; 1.10 [+ or -] 0.02%; 8.71 [+ or -] 0.18%, for Ruditapes phillippinarum, respectively. Protein content of Ruditapes phillipinarium was higher than Ruditapes decussatus. The TVB-N and pH values of the raw material are shown in Table 2. In seafood, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) primarily includes trimethylamine (TMA TMA Turnaround Management Association TMA Texas Medical Association TMA Transportation Management Association TMA Training and Management Assistance (a component of OHRD, which is a component of OWR) TMA Tooling & Manufacturing Association ), ammonia and dimethylamine (DMA (1) (Digital Media Adapter) See digital media hub. (2) (Document Management Alliance) A specification that provides a common interface for accessing and searching document databases. ). Each of these compounds, as well as total levels of TVB-N, are useful indices of spoilage spoilage decomposition; said of meat, milk, animal feeds especially ensilage. in different fresh and lightly preserved seafood. The European Commission (E.C. 1995) specified TVB-N to be used if sensory evaluation indicates doubt about freshness of different fish species. Critical limits of 25, 30 and 35 mg-TVB-N/100g were established for different groups of fish species. In processed, lightly or semi preserved, seafood levels of TVB-N at sensory product rejection are more variable. There was a significant difference between two data but this difference did not mean that those raw materials were not fresh. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) includes all volatile amines amines (  mēnz´),n.pl organic compounds that contain nitrogen. . TVB-N is a spoilage index for fish and shellfish (FAO 1986). It is indicated that samples including lower than 25 mg N/100 g TVB-N value are in "perfect quality," samples including 30 mg N/100 g TVB-N value are in "good quality," samples including 35 mg N/100g TVB-N are in 'marketable quality' and the samples including more than 35 mg N/100 g TVB-n value are indicated as "spoiled" (Schormuller 1968, Ludorf & Meyer 1973). No statistical (P < 0.05) difference was observed in the values of pH. The biometrical measurements of the clams are shown in Table 3. According to their biometrical measurements Ruditapes phillipinarum had mostly higher values than Ruditapes decussatus except one criterion, which was the length. These results showed us that R. philippinarum is a little bit bigger than R. decussatus. The color measurement data of the clams are shown in Table 4. Their color data were very different as shown in the Table 4. R. phillipinarum was much lighter, much redder and much yellowier. The two bivalves accumulated different amounts of metals in their tissues. Analysis of variance showed that the concentrations of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper and arsenic were significantly higher in R. philippinarum than in R. decussatus. Usero et al. (1997) found lower concentrations of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper and similar concentrations for the other metals analyzed in R. decussatus in Izmir Bay (Turkey). Lead is considered to be a toxic element as a consequence of a variety of biochemical effects. These include neurological problems, hematological hematological, hematologic pertaining to or emanating from blood cells. hematological tests total and differential white cell counts, hematocrit estimation, erythrocyte count. effects, renal dysfunction, hypertension and cancer, for which there is evidence for animals but not yet for humans The maximum heavy metal levels permitted in Turkey are 0.1 mg/kg for cadmium and 1.0 mg/kg for lead according to the Turkish Food Codex codex Manuscript book, especially of Scripture, early literature, or ancient mythological or historical annals. The earliest type of manuscript in the form of a modern book (i.e. (1997). So all the values are reasonable for human life according to Turkish Food codex. CONCLUSION In this study proximate composition and biometrical size of two clams was compared. These clams were all of commercial value in the seafood industry. The aim of this study was determining the differences of these two species. Although there are some differences, these differences do not mean that the Turkish clam would not be alternative specie SPECIE. Metallic money issued by public authority. 2. This term is used in contradistinction to paper money, which in some countries is emitted by the government, and is a mere engagement which represents specie. for the seafood industry. And also according to their trace metal contents all the values are under the limits of consumption according to Turkish food codex. Although fishery activity and the culture of this species has some difficulties, with the support of new scientific investigations and the commercial support of the foundations, this clam could become a real alternative choice to the European species on an industrial scale. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 1997. Turkish food codex. Official Gazette, Iss:23172 Anonymus. 2002. Fisheries Statistics. State Institute of Statistics, Prime Ministry Republic of Turkey, Ankara. 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Prevalence of enterovirus enterovirus /en·tero·vi·rus/ (en´ter-o-vi?rus) any virus of the genus Enterovirus. enterovi´ral Enterovirus /En·tero·vi·rus/ (en´ter-o-vi?rus and hepatitis A virus Noun 1. hepatitis A virus - the virus causing hepatitis A enterovirus - any of a group of picornaviruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other areas (especially the nervous system) in bivalve molluscs from Galicia (NW Spain): inadequacy of the EU standards of microbiological quality. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 74(1-2): 119-130. Schubring, R. & C. Meyer. 2002. Quality factors of terrestrial snail products as affected by the species. J. Food Sci. 67:3148-3151. Sobsey, M. D. & L. A. Jaykus. 1999. Human enteric viruses and deputation of bivalve molluscs. In: W.S. Otwell, G. Rodrick & R.E. Martin, editors. Molluscan shellfish depuration. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp 74. Strong, C. R. & S. N. Luoma. 1981. Variations in the correlation of body size with concentrations of Cu and Ag in the bivalve Macoma balthica. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38:1059-1064. Storelli, M.M. & G.O. Marcotrigiano. 2001. Consumption of bivalve molluscs in Italy: estimated intake of cadmium and lead. Food Addit. Contam. 18:303-307. Tuncer, S. & H. Uysal. 1982. Etude e·tude n. Music 1. A piece composed for the development of a specific point of technique. 2. A composition featuring a point of technique but performed because of its artistic merit. des mCtaux lourd chez chez prep. At the home of; at or by. [French, from Old French, from Latin casa, cottage, hut.] chez prep at the home of [French] mollusques dansles diff&ente.s zones de la baie d'Izmir (Turquie) (Study of heavy metals in mollusks from different areas in the Bay of Izmir, Turkey) VI" Joumees Etud. Pollutions. Cannes, France: CIESM CIESM International Commission for Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea . pp. 307-313. Usero, J., E. Gonzales-Regalado & I. Gracia. 1997. Trace metals in bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatusand and Ruditapes philippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of southern Spain. Environ. Int. 23:291-298. West, P. A. & M. R. Coleman. 1986. A tentative national reference procedure for isolation and enumeration 1. (mathematics) enumeration - A bijection with the natural numbers; a counted set. Compare well-ordered. 2. (programming) enumeration - enumerated type. of Escherichia coli from bivalve molluscan shellfish by most probable number method. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 611:505-516. Wong, E., F. Antilln, E. Glenn & M. I. Gonzghez. 1997. Microbiological depuration of Anadara tuberculosa (Mollusca: Arcidae). Rev. Biol. Trop. 45:1445-1452. T. DINCER * Ege University Faculty of Fisheries Department of Processing Technology, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey * E-mail: tolgadincer@mail.ege.edu.tr
TABLE 1.
Proximate composition of clams.
Protein * Fat *
Ruditapes 9.56 [+ or -] 0.06 (a) 0.98 [+ or -] 0.16 (a)
phillipinarium
Ruditapes decussatus 8.71 [+ or -] 0.18 (b) 0.78 [+ or -] 0.16 (a)
Moisture * Ash *
Ruditapes 83.98 [+ or -] 0.16 (a) 3.3 [+ or -] 0.424 (a)
phillipinarium
Ruditapes decussatus 85.91 [+ or -] 1.22 (a) 3.1 [+ or -] 0.232 (a)
Carbohydrate *
Ruditapes 1.14 [+ or -] 0.02 (a)
phillipinarium
Ruditapes decussatus 1.10 [+ or -] 0.02 (a)
* Arithmetic means and standard deviation; Different superscripts
between rows characterize significant differences (P < 0.05). (n = 3).
TABLE 2.
TVB-N & ph values
TVB-N pH
Ruditapes 1.55 [+ or -] 0.012 (a) 6.57 [+ or -] 0.01 (a)
phillipinarium
Ruditapes decussatus 4.31 [+ or -] 0.015 (b) 6.52 [+ or -] 0.03 (a)
* Arithmetic means and standard deviation; Different superscripts
between rows characterize significant differences (P < 0.05). (n = 3).
TABLE 3.
Biometrical measurements
Total Weight * (g) Length * (mm)
Ruditapes 13.66 [+ or -] 1.93 (a) 27.94 [+ or -] 1.61 (a)
phillipinarium
Ruditapes 11.46 [+ or -] 1.57 (b) 32.10 [+ or -] 3.01 (b)
decussatus
Width * (mm) Flesh Weight * (g)
Ruditapes 39.33 [+ or -] 2.47 (a) 4.33 [+ or -] 1.04 (a)
phillipinarium
Ruditapes 33.67 [+ or -] 1.61 (b) 2.25 [+ or -] 0.43 (b)
decussatus
Shell Weight * (g)
Ruditapes 8.34 [+ or -] 1.12 (a)
phillipinarium
Ruditapes 8.88 [+ or -] 1.37 (a)
decussatus
* Arithmetic means and standard deviation; Different superscripts
between rows characterize significant differences (P < 0.05).
(n = 10).
TABLE 4.
Color measurement
L * a *
Ruditapes 36.21 [+ or -] 3.67 (a) -0.50 [+ or -] 0.14 (a)
decussatus
Ruditapes 70.53 [+ or -] 3.12 (b) 4.11 [+ or -] 0.80 (b)
phillipinarum
b *
Ruditapes 10.94 [+ or -] 1.158 (a)
decussatus
Ruditapes 23.51 [+ or -] 1.00 (b)
phillipinarum
* Arithmetic means and standard deviation; Different superscripts
between rows characterize significant differences (P < 0.05). The
color was measured on homogenates prepared from each clam, L *
(lightness), a * (redness), b * (yellowness). (n = 10).
TABLE 5.
Concentrations of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper
Zinc (mg/kg) Cadmium ([micro]g/kg)
Ruditapes 110.8 [+ or -] 12.02 562.55 [+ or -] 2.47
phillipinartan
Ruditapes 22 [+ or -] 17 250 [+ or -] 006
decussatus
Lead ([micro]g/kg) Copper (mg/kg)
Ruditapes 376.05 [+ or -] 3.88 18.95 [+ or -] 0.77
phillipinartan
Ruditapes 370 [+ or -] 0.05 3.4 [+ or -] 0.36
decussatus
(Mean [= or -] standard deviation)
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