Current status of freshwater mussels (Order Unionoida) in the Wabash River drainage of Indiana.ABSTRACT. Seventy-five species of freshwater mussels (Order Unionoida) have historically inhabited the Wabash River Wabash River River, flowing westward across Indiana, U.S. After crossing Indiana, the Wabash forms the 200-mi (320-km) southern section of the Indiana-Illinois boundary below Terre Haute, Ind. drainage of Indiana. Nine of these species have always been restricted to Wabash River tributaries and never maintained reproducing populations in the mainstem Wabash River. Of the 66 remaining species, 18 are currently considered extirpated from the entire drainage and 18 maintain reproducing populations only in Wabash River tributaries. Currently, 30 species maintain reproducing populations in the mainstem Wabash River, which represents a 55% reduction in its freshwater mussel mussel, edible freshwater or marine bivalve mollusk. Mussels are able to move slowly by means of the muscular foot. They feed and breathe by filtering water through extensible tubes called siphons; a large mussel filters 10 gal (38 liters) of water per day. fauna. To date, the entire Wabash River drainage of Indiana has seen a 24% reduction in its freshwater mussel fauna. Keywords: Freshwater mussels, Wabash River ********** The freshwater mussel (Order Unionoida) fauna of the Wabash River drainage has been well documented historically. Stein (1881) attempted the first complete list of the 'molluscous fauna of Indiana,' and referenced many species as inhabiting the Wabash River and its tributaries. Call (1894, 1896, 1897, 1900), Blatchley & Daniels (1903), Daniels (1903, 1915), and Goodrich & van der Schalie (1944) continued to add to the knowledge of Indiana's mollusca fauna and provided invaluable information on those species found in the Wabash River drainage. Three important Wabash River studies were completed during the 1960s and 1970s. Meyer (1968) and Krumholz et al. (1970) studied the commercially valuable species of the Wabash and White rivers. Clark (1976) inventoried mussels from the lower Wabash River. Between 1987 and 1991, Cummings et al. (1992) sampled 100 sites in the Wabash River drainage, including 53 sites on the mainstem Wabash River. Several of the lower Wabash River sites sampled by Cummings et al. (1992) were re-sampled in 1996 by Frankland (1996). Ball & Schoenung (1996) and EnviroScience (2006) intensively sampled freshwater mussels at several locations in the upper mainstem Wabash River. Page et al. (1992) and Cummings & Mayer (1997) provide information on the status of freshwater mussels in the Wabash River drainage of Illinois. Many of the larger tributaries of the Wabash River have also had recent survey work completed (from upstream to downstream): Salamonie River The Salamonie River is a tributary of the Wabash River, 82 mi (132 km) long, in eastern Indiana in the United States.[1] Via the Wabash and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. The USS Salamonie was named for the river. (Ecological Specialists, Inc. 1995), Mississinewa River The Mississinewa River is a tributary of the Wabash River in eastern Indiana and a small portion of western Ohio in the United States. It is about 100 mi (160 km) long[1]. Via the Wabash and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. (Ecological Specialists, Inc. 1995), Eel River Eel River may refer to:
Cities and towns:
[FIGURE 1 OMITTED] In addition to this information, the Wildlife Diversity Section, Division of Fish and Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources The Indiana Department of Natural Resources is the agency of the U.S. state of Indiana charged with maintaining natural areas such as state parks, state forests, recreation areas, etc. , collected freshwater mussel information from nearly 900 sites within the Wabash River drainage between 1995-2006 (Fig. 2). This information, along with the previously cited surveys, was used to determine the current status of freshwater mussel species within the Wabash River drainage of Indiana. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] METHODS Several different collecting methods were used in the previously cited surveys: the individual reports should be reviewed to determine the specific methods used by those researchers. An informal sampling design (Strayer & Smith 2003) was utilized for most of our surveys within the Wabash River drainage. Sampling locations were chosen to provide information from watersheds where few or no previous freshwater mussel surveys had been completed. Locations were waded and visually (if possible) and physically searched for live freshwater mussels and dead shell material. At locations where visibility was limited, the stream bottom was searched with hands or shoed-feet. Live freshwater mussels were identified onsite and returned; representative dead shell material was retained from most locations. Species lists indicating the best condition of shell material (live, fresh dead, weathered dead, or subfossil sub·fos·sil adj. Partly fossilized: subfossil animals and plants. n. A subfossil organism. ) encountered were prepared for all sampled locations. All shell material retained from our sampling efforts is currently vouchered at the Atterbury Fish and Wildlife Area, Edinburgh, Indiana
Edinburgh is a town in Johnson County, Indiana, United States. The population was 4,505 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Columbus, Indiana metropolitan statistical area. . Besides the specific freshwater mussel sampling described, additional information was obtained incidentally while completing survey work for fishes. Notes were made on live freshwater mussels and shell material encountered, although no formal surveys were completed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For the purpose of this paper, freshwater mussel species are considered extirpated if they no longer maintain a reproducing population. It is possible remnant live individuals of some of the species considered extirpated may still be found. However, because their populations have reached levels that no longer support reproduction, they are deemed functionally extirpated. Viable populations refer only to those aggregations of freshwater mussels that are reproducing, as evidenced by the presence of live, young individuals. Of the 75 species of freshwater mussels historically known from the Wabash River drainage of Indiana, 30 still maintain populations in both the mainstem Wabash River and its tributaries, 18 are extirpated from the mainstem, but maintain populations in some portion of the drainage, and 18 are now extirpated from the entire drainage (Tables 1, 2). The nine remaining species are small-stream species or species of unique habitats and probably never had populations in the mainstem Wabash River; they maintain populations in tributaries of the Wabash River drainage within Indiana. In describing the distribution of some of the freshwater mussel species in the following discussion, the 'upper Wabash River' is used to describe the area upstream from where Sugar Creek enters the Wabash River in Parke and Vermillion counties. The 'lower Wabash River' refers to the area downstream from Sugar Creek to its confluence with the Ohio River Ohio River Major river, eastern central U.S. Formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, it flows northwest out of Pennsylvania, and west and southwest to form the state boundaries of Ohio–West Virginia, Ohio-Kentucky, Indiana-Kentucky, and . Live species of mainstem Wabash River and its tributaries.--Thirty species of freshwater mussels still maintain populations in both the mainstem Wabash River and its tributaries (Table 1). The most widely distributed Adj. 1. widely distributed - growing or occurring in many parts of the world; "a cosmopolitan herb"; "cosmopolitan in distribution" cosmopolitan bionomics, environmental science, ecology - the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms of these species can be found throughout the entire drainage, in a variety of stream sizes. These species include: threeridge (Amblema plicata), Wabash pigtoe (Fusconaia flava), plain pocketbook (Lampsilis cardium Lampsilis cardium is a species of bivalve in the Unionidae family. It is endemic to the United States. Source
L. ), white heelsplitter (Lasmigona complanata), giant floater Floater A bond or other type of debt whose coupon rate changes with market conditions (short-term interest rates). Also known as "floating-rate debt". Notes: For example, a floater bond may have the coupon rate set at "T-bill rate plus 0.5%". (Pyganodon grandis), and paper pondshell (Utterbackia imbecillis). Although common throughout the drainage, these species tend to be less common in the tributaries and mainstem of the extreme lowest section of the Wabash River. Several species are primarily restricted to the mainstem Wabash River and the lower parts of its largest tributaries. These species include: yellow sandshell (Lampsilis teres teres /te·res/ (te´rez) [L.] long and round. te·res adj. Being round and long. Used of certain muscles and ligaments. teres [L.] long and round. ), fragile papershell (Leptodea fragilis), three-horn wartyback (Obliquaria reflexa), hickorynut (Obovaria olivaria Obovaria olivaria is a species of bivalve in the Unionidae family. It is endemic to the United States. Source
The game is based loosely on the concepts from SameGame. of the tributaries of the lower Wabash River, where most of the other live species are not found. Some species are restricted to the tributaries and mainstem of the upper Wabash River and the upper watersheds of its other larger tributaries (East Fork and West Fork White rivers). These species include: mucket (Actinonaias ligamentina), elktoe (Alasmidonta marginata), wavyrayed lampmussel (Lampsilis fasciola), flutedshell (Lasmigona costata), round pigtoe (Pleurobema sintoxia), and creeper creeper, common name for members of a family of small, inconspicuous birds related to wrens and nuthatches. They are found in wooded regions of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. (Strophitus undulatus). Black sandshell (Ligumia recta Ligumia recta is a species of bivalve in the Unionidae family. It is endemic to the United States. Source
Fat pocketbook (Potamilus capax) and wartyback (Quadrula nodulata) have the most restricted ranges of these live species. Both are concentrated in the extreme lower section of the mainstem Wabash River. They do ascend some tributaries of the lower mainstem; however, their reproductive success Reproductive success is defined as the passing of genes onto the next generation in a way that they too can pass those genes on. In practice, this is often a tally of the number of offspring produced by an individual. in these areas is somewhat questionable. Live tributary species extirpated from mainstem Wabash River.--Eighteen freshwater mussel species that once maintained populations throughout the Wabash River drainage are now restricted to populations that are viable only in the tributaries (Table 1). For many of these species, live individuals can be found in the mainstem Wabash River; however, they no longer constitute reproducing populations. Many species that are now restricted to the tributaries of the Wabash River have been gone from the mainstem for a long time. These species include: butterfly (Ellipsaria lineolata Ellipsaria lineolata is a species of bivalve in the Unionidae family. It is endemic to the United States. Source
Live individuals of the following species can occasionally be found in the mainstem Wabash River; however, all are functionally extirpated and restricted to the tributaries: rock pocketbook (Arcidens confragosus), fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria), elephantear (Elliptio crassidens), ebonyshell (Fusconaia ebena), washboard (Megalonaias nervosa), sheepnose (Plethobasus cyphyus Plethobasus cyphyus is a species of bivalve in the Unionidae family. It is endemic to the United States. Source
Of these species, rock pocketbook, elephant-ear, ebonyshell, and washboard are the most likely to be collected live. Though these species may still maintain small, isolated, reproducing populations somewhere in the mainstem Wabash River, their continued presence is uncertain at best. We are considering them extirpated until further collections are made that can repudiate TO REPUDIATE. To repudiate a right is to express in a sufficient manner, a determination not to accept it, when it is offered. 2. He who repudiates a right cannot by that act transfer it to another. this claim. Fanshell, sheepnose, kidneyshell, and rabbits-foot are much rarer in the mainstem Wabash River than the previously mentioned species. All have been found sporadically in the mainstem in recent years (Cummings et al. 1992; Ball & Schoenung 1996; EnviroScience 2006). Occasional live individuals of these species could be entering the Wabash River from the lower Tippecanoe River where populations of these species remain. Tributary species.--Nine species are found live in tributaries of the Wabash River drainage (Table 1) and likely never maintained populations in the mainstem Wabash River in Indiana. These species include: slippershell mussel (Alasmidonta viridis), flat floater (Anodonta suborbiculata), cylindrical papershell (Anodontoides ferussacianus), creek heelsplitter (Lasmigona compressa Lasmigona compressa is a species of bivalve in the Unionidae family. It is endemic to the United States. Source
Slippershell mussel, cylindrical papershell, creek heelsplitter, and lilliput are small-stream species found in the smaller watersheds throughout the Wabash River drainage (except the southwest portion). These species are likely found live in the very upper mainstem Wabash River in Ohio. Flat floater, pondhorn and Texas lilliput are primarily restricted to the southwest portion of the Wabash River drainage, where they inhabit the ditches, oxbows, and other similar habitats of the region. Pondmussel can be found in this portion of the drainage as well but is also an inhabitant INHABITANT. One who has his domicil in a place is an inhabitant of that place; one who has an actual fixed residence in a place. 2. A mere intention to remove to a place will not make a man an inhabitant of such place, although as a sign of such intention he of the natural lakes of the upper Wabash River drainage. Little spectaclecase is a small- to medium-sized stream species. It has a rather sporadic distribution within the Wabash River drainage. It inhabits tributaries of the middle Wabash, East Fork White, and West Fork White rivers. Extirpated species.--Eighteen freshwater mussel species are now considered extirpated from the entire Wabash River drainage (Table 1). All 18 species are also extirpated from the entire state of Indiana. These species include: spectaclecase (Cumberlandia monodonta), leafshell (Epioblasma flexuosa), white cat-spaw (Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua), round combshell (Epioblasma personata), Tennessee riffleshell (Epioblasma propinqua), Wabash riffleshell (Epioblasma sampsonii), northern riffleshell The northern riffleshell, Epioblasma torulosa rangiana, is an endangered subspecies of clam formerly found widely in the Ohio River basin, but now the population is fragmented with as few as three viable groups. (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana), tubercled blossom (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa), longsolid (Fusconaia subrotunda), cracking pearlymussel The Cracking Pearlymussel (Hemistena lata) is an endangered species of mussel. While this species was originally distributed in the Ohio, Cumberland and Tennessee river systems, it has been extirpated from most of its previous range. (Hemistena lata), pink mucket The pink mucket (Lampsilis abrupta) is a species of bivalve in the Unionidae family. It is endemic to the United States. Source
A single live rough pigtoe was collected from the East Fork White River in 1992 (Ball & Schoenung 1996). A single live longsolid was collected from Sugar Creek in 1991 (Lewis 1991). These represent the last known live collections of either species from Indiana waters. If these species are live in the Wabash River drainage they are extremely rare and are no longer reproducing. Federally-endangered species.--Three federally-endangered freshwater mussel species maintain populations in the Wabash River drainage of Indiana. Clubshell is found throughout the Tippecanoe River in the upper Wabash River drainage. Fanshell is found in the lower Tippecanoe River (below Lake Freeman Lake Freeman is a man-made lake outside of Monticello, Indiana formed in 1925 by the completion of the Oakdale Dam. Construction of the Oakdale Dam began in 1923 and was completed in 1925, daming the waters of the Tippecanoe River. ) and the lower East Fork White River. The fat pocketbook survives in the extreme lowest section of the mainstem Wabash River, where it is one of the most common live freshwater mussels found. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mussel collections by the Wildlife Diversity Section, IDNR IDNR Illinois Department of Natural Resources IDNR Iowa Department of Natural Resources IDNR Indiana Department of Natural Resources , were funded through State Wildlife Grant T-3. Sampling was aided by a series of dedicated naturalist aides, including Ted V. Briggs, Kathy M. Eddy, Kevin L. Rowe, Amelia R. Barnett, Kara Kara (kär`ə), river, c.140 mi (230 km) long, NE European and NW Siberian Russia. It flows N from the N Urals into the Kara Sea, forming part of the traditional border between European and Asian Russia. It is navigable in its lower course. L. Bieker, Melissa R. Jones, and Sarah A. Bales. Manuscript received 7 September 2006, revised 18 October 2006. LITERATURE CITED Ball, R.L. & B.M. Schoenung. 1996. Status of mussel populations in the primary harvest areas. 1995 final report. Division of Fish and Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Indianapolis. 72 pp. Blatchley, W.S. & L.E. Daniels. 1903. On some Mollusca known to occur in Indiana. A supplementary paper to Call's catalogue. 26th Annual Report of the Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources 26:577-628. Call, R.E. 1894. A contribution to a knowledge of Indiana Mollusca. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 9:140-156. Call, R.E. 1896. Second contribution to a knowledge of Indiana Mollusca. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 11:135-146. Call, R.E. 1897. The hydrographic hy·drog·ra·phy n. pl. hy·drog·ra·phies 1. The scientific description and analysis of the physical conditions, boundaries, flow, and related characteristics of the earth's surface waters. 2. basins of Indiana and their molluscan mol·lus·can also mol·lus·kan adj. Of or relating to the mollusks. n. A mollusk. fauna. Proceedings of the Academy of Science 12:247-257. Call, R.E. 1900. A descriptive illustrated catalogue of the Mollusca of Indiana. 24th Annual report of the Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources 24:335-535+. Clark, C.F. 1976. The freshwater naiads naiads, in Greek mythology: see nymph. naiads divine maidens of lakes, streams, and fountains. [Gk. and Rom. Myth.: Wheeler, 256] See : Nymph of the lower end of the Wabash River, Mt. Carmel, Illinois to the south. Sterkiana 61: 1-14. Clarke, A.H., P. Hovingh & J.J. Clarke. 1999. A freshwater mussel inventory of four tributary watersheds of the East Fork White River, Hoosier National Forest The Hoosier National Forest, in the hills of south central Indiana, provides a wide mix of opportunities and resources for people to enjoy. Rolling hills, back-country trails, and rural crossroad communities make this small but beautiful forest a favorite of tourists. , Indiana, with notes on other freshwater mollusks and on amphibians amphibians members of the animal class Amphibia. Includes frogs, toads, newts, salamanders and cecilians all capable of living on land or in water. and leeches. Final Report to the United States Department of Agriculture United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), n.pr established in 1862, USDA is responsible for the safety of meat, poultry, and egg products. It conducts ongoing research in areas from human nutrition to new crop technologies and also helps ensure open , U.S. Forest Service, Hoosier National Forest, Brownstown Ranger District. Bedford, Indiana Bedford is a city in Lawrence County, Indiana, United States. The population was 13,768 at the 2000 census. The city is the county seat of Lawrence CountyGR6, and was founded under its current name in the early 1900s by a wealthy landowner. . 33+ pp. Commonwealth Biomonitoring. 2005. Bioassessment in the Tippecanoe River watershed 2003 and 2004. Final Report to the Nature Conservancy--Indiana Chapter. 14+ pp. Cummings, K.S. & J.M.K. Berlocher. 1990. The naiades or freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the Tippecanoe River, Indiana. Malacological Review 23:83-98. Cummings, K.S. & C.A. Mayer. 1997. Distributional checklist and status of Illinois freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Unionacea). Pp. 129-145, In Conservation and management of freshwater mussels II: Initiatives for the future. (K.S. Cummings, A.C. Buchanan, C.A. Mayer & T.J. Naimo, eds.). Proceedings of a UMRCC UMRCC Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee UMRCC University of Manchester Regional Computer Centre (UK) symposium, 16-18 October 1995, St. Louis, Missouri. Upper Mississippi River
The Upper Mississippi River is the portion of the Mississippi River upstream of Cairo, Illinois, United States. Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois Rock Island is a city in Rock Island County, Illinois, United States. The population was 39,684 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Rock Island CountyGR6 . Cummings, K.S., C.A. Mayer & L.M. Page. 1992. Survey of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Unionidae) of the Wabash River drainage. Final Report. Final Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Division of Fish & Wildlife, IDNR. Indianapolis. 201 pp. Daniels, L.E. 1903. A check list of Indiana Mollusca, with localities. 27th Annual Report of the Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources. 27:629-652. Daniels, L.E. 1915. A supplemental check list of Indiana Mollusca, with localities and notes. 39th Annual Report of the Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources 39:318-326. Ecological Specialists, Inc. 1993. Mussel habitat suitability and impact analysis of the Tippecanoe River. Final Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Division of Fish & Wildlife, IDNR. Indianapolis. 102+ pp. Ecological Specialists, Inc. 1995. Draft report: a unionid status and distributional survey in the Salamonie and Mississinewa rivers. Final Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Division of Fish & Wildlife, IDNR. Indianapolis. 44 pp. Ecological Specialists, Inc. 1998. Unionid survey upstream and downstream of 16 point sources in the Tippecanoe River. Final Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bloomington Field Office. 90 pp. Ecological Specialists, Inc. 2001. Unionid mussel survey of the Patoka River, Indiana. Final Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patoka River National Wildlife Refuge  National Wildlife Refuge . 22+ pp.
EnviroScience, Inc. 2006. Unionid Survey of the East Fork White River, Tippecanoe River, and Wabash River. Final Report to the Division of Fish and Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Indianapolis. 60+ pp. Frankland, L. 1996. Survey of the freshwater mussel population of the mainstem of the Wabash River. Boundary River Program, Illinois Department of Conservation. Springfield, Illinois Springfield is the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat of Sangamon County. As reported in the 2000 U.S. Census, the city was home to 111,454 people. The land on which Springfield is today was first settled in the late 1810s, around the time Illinois became a . 8+ pp. Goodrich, C. & H. van der Schalie. 1944. A revision of the Mollusca of Indiana. The American Midland Naturalist 32:257-326. Harmon, J.L. 1998. Finalization of freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae) survey of Indiana's East Fork White River drainage. Final Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Division of Fish & Wildlife, IDNR. Indianapolis. 167 pp. Henschen, M.T. 1987. The freshwater mussels (Unionidae) of the Eel River of northern Indiana Northern Indiana is the region of Indiana including 26 counties bordering parts of Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio. The area is generally sub-classified into other regions. The northwest is economically and culturally intertwined with Chicago, and is considered part of the Chicago . Final Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Division of Fish & Wildlife, IDNR. Indianapolis. 73 pp. Henschen, M.T. 1990. The freshwater mussels of the Middle Fork Wildcat Creek Wildcat Creek is a creek over 10 miles (16 km) long which flows through Wildcat Canyon situated between the Berkeley Hills and the San Pablo Ridge, emptying into San Pablo Bay in northern California. The creek originates in Tilden Regional Park just east of Berkeley, California. Indiana. Final Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Division of Fish & Wildlife, IDNR. Indianapolis. 16 pp. Henschen, M.T. 1993. The freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) of Fall Creek Fall Creek is the name of several places in the United States:
Henschen, M.T. 1995. Addendum to: The freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) of Fall Creek, Indianapolis, Indiana from Geist Reservoir to 46th Street. Final Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Division of Fish & Wildlife, IDNR. Indianapolis. 3 pp. Krumholz, L.A., R.L. Bingham & E.R. Meyer. 1970. A survey of the commercially valuable mussels of the Wabash and White Rivers of Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 79:205-226. Lewis, R.B. 1991. Freshwater mussel (Mollusca: Unionidae) survey of Sugar Creek in Parke, Montgomery, Boone, and Clinton counties of Indiana. Final Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Division of Fish & Wildlife, IDNR. Indianapolis. 22+ pp. Meyer, E.R. 1968. The distribution and abundance of freshwater mussels of the family Unionidae (Pelecypoda) of the Wabash, White, and East Fork of the White rivers of Indiana. Final Report to the Division of Fish and Game, Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Indianapolis. 68 pp. Myers-Kinzie, M.L., S.P Wente & A. Spacie. 2001. Occurrence and distribution of freshwater mussels in small streams of Tippecanoe County, Indiana Tippecanoe County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2000, the population was 148,955. The county seat is Lafayette6. History Tippecanoe County was formed March 1, 1826. . Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 110:141-150. Page, L.M., K.S. Cummings, C.A. Mayer, S.L. Post & M.E. Retzer. 1992. Biologically significant Illinois streams. An evaluation of the streams of Illinois based on aquatic biodiversity. Final Report to the Illinois Department of Conservation and Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. Springfield, Illinois. 485 pp. Stein, F. 1881. Synopsis of the molluscous mol·lus·cous adj. Of, relating to, or resembling molluscum. fauna of Indiana. Second Annual Report of the Department of Statistics and Geology for the Year 1880. 2:451-467. Strayer, D.L. & D.R. Smith. 2003. A Guide to Sampling Freshwater Mussel Populations. American Fisheries Society Monograph 8. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland. 103 pp. Szafoni, R.E., K.S. Cummings & C.A. Mayer. 2000. Freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Unionidae) of the Middle Branch, North Fork Vermilion vermilion, vivid red pigment of durable quality. It is a chemical compound of mercury and sulfur and is known as red sulfide of mercury; it was formerly obtained by grinding pure cinnabar but is now commonly prepared synthetically. River, Illinois/Indiana. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 93(3):229-237. Tiemann, J.S. 2005. Freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae) survey of the Brouilletts Creek basin in Illinois and Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 114(1):33-42. Turgeon, D.D., J.E Quinn, Jr., A.E. Bogan, E.V. Coan, EG. Hochberg, W.G. Lyons, PM. Mikkelsen, R.J. Neves, C.F.E. Roper, G. Rosenberg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, F.G. Thompson, M. Vecchione & J.D. Williams. 1998. Common and Scientific Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, 2nd edition. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 26. Bethesda, Maryland. 359 pp. Brant brant or brant goose, common name for a species of wild sea goose. The American brant, Branta bernicla, breeds in the Arctic and winters along the Atlantic coast. E. Fisher: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Atterbury Fish & Wildlife Area, 7970 South Rowe Street, P.O. Box 3000, Edinburgh, Indiana 46124 USA
Table 1.-Current status of freshwater mussels
(Order Unionoida) in the Wabash River drainage of
Indiana. Scientific and common names follow Turgeon
et al. (1998). L = reproducing populations of
species still found in mainstem Wabash River and
its tributaries; XT = reproducing populations of
species historically found in mainstem Wabash River
but now restricted to its tributaries; T = reproducing
populations of species always restricted to
Wabash River tributaries; X = species extirpated
from entire Wabash River drainage.
Species Status
Family Margaritiferidae
Cumberlandia monodonta (spectaclecase) X
Family Unionidae
Actinonaias ligamentina (mucket) L
Alasmidonta marginata (elktoe) L
Alasmidonta viridis (slippershell mussel) T
Amblema plicata (threeridge) L
Anodonta suborbiculata (flat floater) T
Andontoides ferussacianus (cylindrical
papershell) T
Arcidens confragosus (rock pocketbook) XT
Cyclonaias tuberculata (purple warty-
back) L
Cyprogenia stegaria (fanshell) XT
Ellipsaria lineolata (butterfly) XT
Elliptio crassidens (elephantear) XT
Elliptio dilatata (spike) XT
Epioblasma fiexuosa (leafshell) X
Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua (white
catspaw) X
Epioblasma personata (round combshell) X
Epioblasma propinqua (Tennessee rif-
fleshell) X
Epioblasma sampsonii (Wabash riffle-
shell) X
Epioblasma torulosa rangiana (northern
riffleshell) X
Epioblasma torulosa torulosa (tubercled
blossom) X
Epioblasma triquetra (snuffbox) XT
Fusconaia ebena (ebonyshell) XT
Fusconaia flava (Wabash pigtoe) L
Fusconaia subrotunda (longsolid) X
Hemistena lata (cracking pearlymussel) X
Lampsilis abrupta (pink mucket) X
Lampsilis cardium (plain pocketbook) L
Lampsilis fasciola (wavyrayed lampmus-
sel) L
Lampsilis ovata (pocketbook) L
Lampsilis siliquoidea (fatmucket) L
Lampsilis teres (yellow sandshell) L
Lasmigona complanata (white heelsplit-
ter) L
Lasmi gona costata (flutedshell) T
Lasmigona compressa (creek heelsplitter) L
Leptodea fragilis (fragile papershell) L
Leptodea leptodon (scaleshell) X
Ligumia recta (black sandshell) L
Ligumia subrostrata (pondmussel) T
Megalonaias nervosa (washboard) XT
Obliquaria reflexes (threehorn wartyback) L
Obovaria olivaria (hickorynut) L
Obovaria retusa (ring pink) X
Obovaria subrotunda (round hickorynut) XT
Plethobasus cicatricosus (white warty-
back) X
Plethobasus cooperianus (orangefoot
pimpleback) X
Plethobasus cyphyus (sheepnose) XT
Pleurobema clava (clubshell) XT
Pleurobema cordatum (Ohio pigtoe) XT
Pleurobema plenum (rough pigtoe) X
Pleurobema rubrum (pyramid pigtoe) X
Pleurobema sintoxia (round pigtoe) L
Potamilus alatus (pink heelsplitter) L
Potamilus capax (fat pocketbook) L
Potamilus ohiensis (pink papershell) L
Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (kidneyshell) XT
Pyganodon grandis (giant floater) L
Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica (rabbits-
foot) XT
Quadrula fragosa (winged mapleleaf) X
Quadrula metanevra (monkeyface) L
Quadrula nodulata (wartyback) L
Quadrula pustulosa pustulosa (pimple-
back) L
Quadrula quadrula (mapleleaf) L
Simpsonaias ambigua (salamander mus-
sel) XT
Strophitus undulatus (creeper) L
Toxolasma lividus (purple lilliput) XT
Toxolasma parvus (lilliput) T
Toxolasma texasiensis (Texas lilliput) T
Tritogonia verrucosa (pistolgrip) L
Truncilla donaciformis (fawnsfoot) L
Truncilla truncata (deertoe) L
Uniomerus tetralasmus (pondhorn) T
Utterbackia imbecillis (paper pondshell) L
Villosa fabalis (rayed bean) XT
Villosa iris (rainbow) XT
Villosa lienosa (little spectaclecase) T
Table 2.-Summary of status for freshwater mus-sels in the Wabash
River drainage of Indiana.
Status Number of
species
Reproducting populations still found in
the mainstem Wabash River and its
tributaries 30
Reproducing populations historically
found in the mainstem Wabash River
but now restricted to its tributaries 18
Reproducing populations always restricted
to Wabash River tributaries 9
Extirpated from the entire Wabash River
drainage 18
Total species: 75
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