Current status and distribution of Indiana's seven endangered darter species (Percidae).ABSTRACT. At the beginning of this study seven darter species (Bluebreast, Harlequin, Spotted, Spottail, Tippecanoe, Variegate, and Gilt) were on Indiana's list of endangered fish species; and up-to-date, statewide distributional information was lacking. All known historical and recent records were compiled; and 350 original sites were sampled between 1996 and 2006 in an attempt to determine the accurate, current distribution of each species. Many were found to be more widely-distributed than expected; likely the result of very species-specific sampling techniques used during this study rather than actual range expansions. Harlequin Darter was collected from many previously unknown tributaries, as well as new locations on the mainstems, of the East Fork White River, West Fork White River, and lower Wabash River drainages. Spottail Darter is now known from more locations than it ever has been, although it is still restricted to small streams of the extreme southwestern portion of Indiana. Bluebreast Darter, although once known from many more locations, still maintains populations in several watersheds. Spotted Darter and Tippecanoe Darter were recorded for the first time from the East Fork White River and Wabash River, respectively. Of the species sampled, Gilt Darter and Variegate Darter maintain the most restricted ranges in the state. Gilt Darter, once found in several of the larger rivers of the Wabash River and Lake Erie drainages, is now only found in the upper Tippecanoe River. Variegate Darter is now restricted to the Whitewater River drainage in Indiana. Dams, as well as natural habitat barriers, are limiting further range expansions for many of the darters sampled during this study. As a result of this study, Bluebreast Darter, Harlequin Darter, Spotted Darter, Spottail Darter, and Tippecanoe Darter were removed from Indiana's endangered fish list (Spotted Darter and Tippecanoe Darter were retained as species of special concern). Variegate Darter and Gilt Darter remain on the endangered list. Keywords: Darters, Indiana, distribution ********** Gerking (1945) was the first to provide a statewide look at darter (Percidae) distribution in Indiana, compiling all historical fish data known at the time and sampling 412 sites across Indiana between 1940 and 1943. Whitaker & Gammon (1988) reviewed the distribution of Indiana's endangered fish species, including several darter species, and gathered new information since Gerking (1945). They included darter distribution information from Baker et al. (1984), Keevin et al. (1985), Baker & Forsyth (1986), and Grannan & Lodato (1986). Several additional regional surveys specifically targeting darter species in Indiana were completed since Whitaker & Gammon (1988), including those by Seegert (1987), Gammon & Gammon (1989), Seegert (1990), Simon (1993a, 1993b), and Bandoli (1998). Lee et al. (1980), Page (1983), Kuehne & Barbour (1983), and Page & Burr (1991) provided a North American perspective on darter distribution, although they included little new information specific for Indiana species, rather relying mainly on museum and literature records already included in Gerking (1945). The aforementioned studies provided invaluable information on the distribution of darters in Indiana; however, they were somewhat limited in scope. They either concentrated sampling in one watershed or region of Indiana, or conversely, sampled only a few sites in multiple watersheds over a large region of the state. The distributions represented in many of these publications did not actually represent the species' current distribution in the state; many watersheds lacked current information, and distributions were often based on very old historical records. For example, Kuehne & Barbour (1983) stated that the Vermillion River basin in Illinois probably contained the last population of Bluebreast Darter in the entire Wabash River basin, and that Spotted Darter was likely extinct from the drainage. This revealed an obvious lack of new data, as both still occurred in multiple watersheds in the Wabash River basin in Indiana at the time of their publication. An accurate depiction of the current, statewide distribution of Indiana's endangered darter species is not available. Prior to the current study, there had been no comprehensive, statewide, species-specific surveys for darters completed in Indiana. This information was needed in order to assess the status of each of Indiana's seven endangered darter species [Bluebreast Darter (Etheostoma camurum), Harlequin Darter (E. histrio), Spotted Darter (E. maculatum), Spottail Darter (E. squamiceps), Tippecanoe Darter (E. tippecanoe), Variegate Darter (E. variatum) and Gilt Darter (Percina evides)], and to determine if their current status was warranted. The purpose of the current study was to: 1) compile all known records, 2) survey all historical locations, and 3) survey other surrounding areas in order to determine the current and complete statewide distribution for each of Indiana's seven endangered darter species. METHODS Prior to sampling, all known records were compiled for the seven darter species of interest in this study. These known locations were then sampled first to determine if the populations were still extant. If the species was found to be present, subsequent sampling was then continued further upstream or downstream from the collection point to determine to what extent each species currently inhabited the watershed. Sampling continued in this way until the species was absent from two consecutive sites, in most cases. It was then assumed that this was a break in the species' distribution and further sites upstream/downstream were not sampled. Sites were sampled between 1996 and 2006, using the following techniques. All darters were collected using a backpack electrofisher (Smith-Root Type VII) or seine (various sizes, although most commonly a knotless 1.6 mm Delta mesh seine of 1.8 m x 1.8 m), although most sites were sampled using the "kick-shock" technique (Fisher et al. 2001), which utilized a combination of both gears. Using this method, one person positioned/secured a small seine in the stream channel while a second person, using a backpack electrofisher, shocked their way downstream to the seine, disturbing the substrate with their feet as they went. This technique was very effective in collecting darter and madtom species adapted to fast water habitats and that are normally found hiding under rocks; these species were not collected as easily using either method individually. This method was especially useful in deep, fast, large river habitats that do not normally get sampled adequately using other more standard methods such as boat electrofishing or seining alone. The desired habitat (described in the following species accounts) of each darter species was specifically targeted at each site in order to determine their presence or absence. Each year, throughout the course of this study, literature and scientific purpose license reports were reviewed in an attempt to identify all new records by other researchers. These records, along with those compiled prior to and collected during the course of this study were then used to depict as accurately as possible the historical and current distribution of each species. Specimens vouchered during the course of this study are currently housed at the Atterbury Fish and Wildlife Area, Edinburgh, Indiana. RESULTS During the course of this study, 418 sampling events were completed at 350 locations to delineate the distribution of each of Indiana's seven endangered darter species (Fig. 1). For the purposes of reporting on the known records for each of the seven darter species, the records were divided into two time periods: 1) pre-1980, and 2) 1980-2006. Collections prior to 1980 were considered 'historical' data. For the most part this consisted of information compiled by Gerking (1945) as well as a few other literature/ museum records that he did not include. It is important to note that Gerking (1945) included several 'dots' on his distribution maps that do not correlate with any of his actual sample locations. These, in most instances, were from records he included from the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology fish collection. There was very little additional collection activity between Gerking (1945) and 1980, except for an occasional Indiana DNR survey report and miscellaneous museum collections. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] 'Current' data consist of those records from between 1980 and 2006, including all original collections made during the course of this study, indicated by the prefix BEF. More detailed information on the exact location of these collections can be found in Appendix I. The following list of historical and current records are separated by waterbody and listed in each of the species' accounts using the following format--WATERBODY: County: Year of Collection: Reference Museum catalogue numbers, if voucher specimens are present. Multiple collection records from the same county and from the same year are separated by a semi-colon. Collections made as part of the Indiana Department of Environmental Management's Fish Community Sampling Program are designated as 'IDEM' followed by the Event ID number and were received from S. Sobat (pets. commun.). [FIGURES 2-3 OMITTED] The following is a compilation of the historical and current distribution for each of Indiana's seven endangered darter species, with discussion of erroneous and questionable records, and notes on the habitat in which each was most often associated during this study. Bluebreast Darter.--Of all the darter species sampled during this study, the Bluebreast Darter was known historically in Indiana from the most watersheds, including several if not most of the larger tributaries of the upper and middle Wabash River and parts of the East Fork White River, West Fork White River, Patoka River, and Blue River drainages (Fig. 2). Populations in several of these tributaries have seemingly become extirpated in relatively recent times. Bluebreast Darter was last recorded from the Eel River drainage in the 1930s (Gerking 1945 and UMMZ 99923), Wildcat Creek drainage in the 1940s (Gerking 1945), Sugar Creek (East Fork White River) drainage in the 1950s (TU 19190), and Sugar Creek (middle Wabash River) and Deer Creek drainages in the 1970s (Huffaker 1973 and Robertson 1977, respectively). Even with the loss from these drainages, the Bluebreast Darter still maintains the widest range in Indiana of any of the species sampled (Fig. 3). Whitaker & Gammon (1988) included two records for Bluebreast Darter from the Wabash River 'near Darwin and York' in Vigo and Sullivan counties, respectively. These were unpublished records from 1975 from the 'Illinois D.O.C.' that cannot be verified and are not included as valid records here. Bluebreast Darter was first verifiably recorded from the mainstem Wabash River by Fisher et al. (2001) in Tippecanoe County. During the current study, they were collected at a few more locations between the Tippecanoe River mouth and Big Pine Creek mouth. In these locations, they were still associated with larger rock. Lack of boulder riffles may be limiting their distribution in this system, as riffles containing boulders become very limited as one goes further downstream on the Wabash River. There is a single specimen of Bluebreast Darter from the Maumee River, Indiana, in the Cornell University collection (CU 55248); it was a gift from the Carnegie Museum (CM 6520a). This would represent the only known record for Bluebreast Darter from the Great Lakes drainage. No date or collector information is included with the specimen; and it was not included in distributional information for the Bluebreast Darter in Lee et al. (1980), Page (1983), and Page & Burr (1991). The Bluebreast Darter was also not collected by Kirsch (1895b) during a survey of the Maumee River drainage. There are some other unusual species' records in the Cornell University collection from the Maumee River (see CU 55195, CU 55216) that came in the same accession from the Carnegie Museum as CU 55428 (J. Friel pers. commun.). Until more information can be substantiated for this record, it should not be considered valid. Additional collections of Bluebreast Darter from the Blue River drainage are included in Summers (1999, 2001, 2003 & 2007). These are not included in the following list of current records, as they overlap with much of what is already presented, and in certain instances, specific collection location information is not included. Simon & Dufour (1997) include Bluebreast Darter in their list of fishes collected from the Eastern Corn Belt Plain; however, specific location information is not provided. Bluebreast Darter was almost exclusively found in association with large rocks (boulders) in fast current during this study. In locations where it was collected, it was not uncommon to find one individual per each of the largest rocks on the riffle. They were most easily collected by shocking from the upstream to downstream end of each targeted boulder. Shocked individuals would be carefully watched for as they 'jumped' out from underneath it. Often times a small minnow seine would be positioned at the downstream end of the boulder, along the side being sampled, to catch the shocked individual as it was caught up in the current. Many times, however, the shocked individual would be quickly sucked into the eddy behind the boulder where it would then have to be picked off the bottom. Bluebreast Darter is currently found in Indiana in the Tippecanoe River upstream of Lake Shafer, the Tippecanoe River below Oakdale Dam, the mainstem Wabash River between the Tippecanoe River mouth and Big Pine Creek mouth, Big Pine/Mud Pine Creek, the East Fork White River downstream from Williams Dam to near its confluence with the West Fork White River, and the Blue River (Fig. 3). Pre-1980 records (Fig. 2).--EEL RIVER: Whitley: 1892: Kirsch (1895a) and Kirsch (1896)--UMMZ 212973 (IU 9010), SU 693 (no date is included for these two museum records, but likely same collections as made by Kirsch), Cass: 1930: Gerking (1945)--UMMZ 99923. DEER CREEK: Carroll: 1941: Gerking (1945); 1977: Robertson (1977). TIPPECANOE RIVER: White, Carroll, and Tippecanoe: 1886-87: Evermann & Jenkins (1892)--USNM 39599, Fulton: 1888: Jordan (1890)--UMMZ 187513 (IU 4688) (no date is included with this museum record, but likely collection by B.W. Evermann in Jordan (1890); 1890: USNM 125114; 1899: USNM 69232; 1925: UMMZ 66602; 1941: Gerking (1945). PIKE CREEK (tributary to Tippecanoe River): White: 1925: Gerking (1945)--UMMZ 66565. SOUTH FORK WILDCAT CREEK: Tippecanoe: 1942: Gerking (1945)--OSM 29059. BIG PINE CREEK: Warren: 1964: Smith (1979)--INHS 77207. SUGAR CREEK (Middle Wabash River tributary): Parke: 1941: Gerking (1945), Montgomery: 1973: Huffaker (1973)--uncatalogued specimens in fish collection at Avoca State Fish Hatchery. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER: Marion: 1874: Jordan (1877a). SUGAR CREEK (Upper East Fork White River tributary): Shelby: 1958: TU 19190. EAST FORK WHITE RIVER: Martin: 1942: Gerking (1945); 1946: UGAMNH 216. PATOKA RIVER: Dubois: 1893: Moenkhaus (1896). BLUE RIVER: Crawford and Harrison: 1942: Gerking (1945); 1977: uncatalogued specimens in Indiana University Southeast Collection. 1980-2006 records (Fig. 3).--TIPPECANOE RIVER: Fulton: 2000: BEF00177, Pulaski: 1985: Keevin et al. (1985)--INHS 68811, INHS 63836; 1987: Carney et al. (1993)--INHS 63317; 1994: McWilliams-Munson & Simon (2001); 1999: BEF99081; BEF99082; BEF99083; BEF99084; BEF99085; 2000: BEF00178; BEF00179; BEF00185; BEF00186; BEF00187; BEF00188; 2006: BEF06170, Carroll: 1992: Ecological Specialists, Inc. (1993)--INBS 1247; 1994: McWilliams-Munson & Simon (2001); 1998: BEF98158; IDEM 98303; 1999: BEF99123; BEF99124; BEF99127; 2000: BEF00064; 2003: BEF03017; IDEM 03T303; 2004: BEF04032; 2006: BEF06108, Tippecanoe: 1999: BEF99125; 2005: BEF05252. WABASH RIVER: Tippecanoe: 1994: Fisher et al. (2001); 1999: BEF99126, Warren: 1998: BEF98148; BEF98150; 2002: BEF02215. BIG PINE CREEK: Warren: 1980: INHS 0 (specimens collected, but not kept by Smith and Page); 1985: Whitaker & Gammon (1988); 1998: BEF98020; BEF98078; BEF98083; BEF98084; 1999: BEF99170; 2002: BEF02214; BEF02216; 2004: IDEM 04834. MUD PINE CREEK: Benton: 1998: BEF98080; BEF98081; 1999: BEF99047, Warren: 1998: BEF98023; BEF 98082; 1999: IDEM 99017; 2006: BEF06061; BEF06064. EAST FORK WHITE RIVER: Lawrence: 1997: BEF97170; 1999: BEF99177; 2003: BEF03088, Martin: 1997: BEF97141; BEF97167; BEF97168; BEF97169; 1998: BEF98125; 1999: BEF99145; BEF99146; 2001: BEF01006; 2002: BEF02141; BEF02291; BEF02293; BEF02311; 2003: BEF03004; 2006: BEF06105; BEF06126, Martin and Dubois: 1999: BEF99131, Daviess and Dubois: 1999: BEF99129, Daviess and Pike: 1999: BEF99144. BLUE RIVER: Crawford and Harrison: 198384: Baker et al. (1984)--uncatalogued specimens in Indiana University Southeast Collection; 1986: Baker & Forsyth (1986)--uncatalogued specimens in Indiana University Southeast Collection; 1997: BEF97057; BEF97059; Huff et al. (1998); 1998:BEF98118; BEF98147; 1999: BEF99117; BEF99119; 2000: BEF00161; 1999-2001: Baker & Forsyth (2001); 2000: Carnahan (2001), IDEM 00056. [FIGURES 4-5 OMITTED] Harlequin Darter.--Of all the species included in this study, the Harlequin Darter has the most interesting history of distribution in the state (Fig. 4). It was known historically from a single location: Patoka River, at Patoka (Jordan 1890). Smith (1979) also speculated that an unvouchered record for Etheostoma zonale (Banded Darter) from the lower Wabash River, as recorded by Forbes & Richardson (1908), was actually a Harlequin Darter. Banded Darter is not known presently from this part of the state; and no other historical records exist as well, so this assumption likely is correct. Collections of Harlequin Darter from the 'Poteau R., Ind.' in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM 188972), could be confused with being collected from Indiana. However, this location information actually refers to the Indian Territory of the Poteau River in Arkansas (Jordan & Gilbert 1886). Even with these two historical collections, Gerking (1945) did not collect it, and speculated that if it was still present, that it 'must be exceedingly rare.' It was considered extirpated from the state until 1991, when over a month period, it was found by three different collectors: Sugar Creek in the upper East Fork White River drainage (Kiley & Keller 1993), and from two locations on the mainstem White River (Simon 1992; INHS 61220). As a result of its rediscovery, it was elevated from extirpated to endangered status in 1992. There is some confusion over the exact year that the Harlequin Darter was actually rediscovered in Indiana. Simon (1993a) mentions the collection of a Harlequin Darter from Otter Creek (upper Muscatatuck River drainage) in 1988. However, there is no mention of this collection included in Simon & Kiley (1994) when describing the re-discovery of the Harlequin Darter in the state. Sites were sampled in the Otter Creek drainage during this study (Fig. 1); however, Harlequin Darter was not found. Harlequin Darter has been collected in the Muscatatuck River drainage since 1988 (Fig. 5); however, nothing was found in the Otter Creek portion. No specimen is available for verification, so this collection was not included in the current records. Since its re-discovery, it has been found in a variety of drainages, including sites as large as the Ohio River at the mouth of the Wabash River (Page & Retzer 2002) and as small as Doans Creek, Greene County (BEF01084). It has likely always occurred in much of its current range, but simply went unnoticed. An indication of this would be that it currently occurs in the East Fork White River both upstream and downstream of Williams Dam, Lawrence County, which was completed in 1912 (S. Fulkerson, pets. commum.). Very specific, targeted sampling was a necessity for adequately surveying for Harlequin Darter during this study. Whether in large rivers or in small streams, the Harlequin Darter was found almost exclusively in association with woody debris that occurred in fast current. Because this habitat can be difficult to sample using more standard techniques (especially in large rivers) Harlequin Darter presence has likely been grossly under-represented in both historical and more recent surveys. During this study, Harlequin Darter was sampled specifically for by running the probe of a backpack electofisher from the upstream to downstream end of logs, root wads or piles of woody debris and watching for it to 'shoot' out into the current. Small mesh netting was added to the anode ring of the electrofisher probe and aided in 'grabbing' the small darter as it ejected from the woody habitat. This took some practice and worked best if the area could be waded. However, at times this method was deployed from a boat, by running the boat slowly along woody debris piles and using the anode of a backpack electofisher to shock from the boat. It seemed as though the Harlequin Darter often acted as a kind of woodpecker of the stream, working its way around large logs, presumably searching for food items. They were shocked from all locations (dorsal, ventral, or lateral sides) of the woody debris over the course of sampling. It was often found with Pereina sciera (Dusky Darter), which also seem to have a high association with this type of habitat. Of all the species sampled during this study, the current distribution of the Harlequin Darter is probably the most under-represented. It likely inhabits a greater extent of many of the tributaries of the East Fork White River, West Fork White River and mainstem Wabash River from which it was found. It was collected from so many more locations than expected during the course of this study, that the additional effort required to represent adequately its true distribution went beyond this study's scope. For example, little effort was extended in the Muscatatuck or Patoka River drainages (Fig. 1); however, collections by IDEM indicate that it is widespread there. It is likely found in the lower sections of many other tributaries of the East Fork and West Fork White Rivers as well. Harlequin Darter currently inhabits more streams in Indiana than any of the other species sampled during this study. It can be found in multiple tributaries within the East Fork White River, West Fork White River and lower Wabash River drainages, as well as the mainstems of each of these (Fig. 5). Pre-1980 records (Fig. 4).--PATOKA RIVER: Gibson: 1888: Jordan (1890)--USNM 40782, UMMZ 245307 (IU 4956), SU 1022. WABASH RIVER: Posey: Pre-1908: Smith (1979) and Forbes & Richardson (1908). 1980-2006 records (Fig. 5).--SUGAR CREEK: Shelby: 1998: BEF98113, Johnson: 1991: Kiley & Keller (1993); 1993: Simon (1993a); 1997: BEF97165; 1998: BEF98112; BEF98127; BEF98154; 2002: BEF02236; 2005: BEE05286. BIG BLUE RIVER: Shelby: 2000: BEF00157; BEF00158, Johnson: 1996: BEF96147; 2002: IDEM 02542; 2003: BEF03101. FLATROCK RIVER: Shelby: 2000: BEF00136, Bartholomew: 1999: BEF99088; 2000: BEF00087. DRIFTWOOD RIVER: Bartholomew: 1998: BEF98122; BEF98128; BEF98162; 2002: BEF02237. BIG CREEK: Jefferson: 2002: IDEM 02527. VERNON FORK MUSCATATUCK RIVER: Jennings: 2002: IDEM 02511. DELANEY CREEK: Washington: 2002: BEF02056. MUSCATATUCK RIVER: Jackson and Washington: 2002: IDEM 02536. WHITE CREEK: Jackson: 1998: BEF98121; 2004: BEF04057. LOST RIVER: Martin: 2002: BEF02308. EAST FORK WHITE RIVER: Bartholomew: 1998: BEF98123; 1999: BEF99042; 2003: Hoffman (2006), Jackson: 1998: BEF98116; BEF98117; BEF98119; BEF98120; 1999: BEF99089; BEF99090; 2000: BEF00206; 2002: BEF02149; BEF02150; 2003: Hoffman (2006), Jackson and Washington: 1997: IDEM 97068; 2000: BEF00204, Lawrence: 1997: IDEM 97054; 1998: BEF98166; BEF98167; 1999: BEF99092; BEF99147; 2002: IDEM 02512; IDEM 02526; M. Litwin, pers. commun., Martin: 1997: BEF97141; BEF97167; 1999: BEF99145; BEF99146; 2006: BEF06105, Martin and Dubois: 2003: Hoffman (2006), Daviess and Dubois: 1999: BEF99129; BEF99130, Daviess and Pike: 1998: BEF98157; 1999: BEF99144. DOANS CREEK: Greene: 2001: BEF01084. FIRST CREEK: Greene: 2001: BEF01082; BEF01083; 2004: BEF04252. RICHLAND CREEK DRAINAGE: Greene: 2001: BEF01078; BEF01079; BEF01085; 2002: BEF02033; BEF02034; BEF02253; BEF02314; 2003: BEF03001; BEF03005; BEF03008; BEF03010; BEF03015; BEF03041; 2005: BEF05204; BEF05205; BEF05206; (the previous three sites also in Kittaka (2007)); BEF05277; BEF05278. BLACK CREEK: Knox: 2001: BEF01086. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER: Daviess and Knox: 1997: BEF97191. WHITE RIVER: Knox and Pike: 1991: Simon (1992); INHS 61220; 1995: EA Engineering, Science, and Technology (1995). PATOKA RIVER: Gibson: 1999: BEF99134; 2001: IDEM 01232; 2006: IDEM 06117. BLACK RIVER: Posey: 2000: BEF00050; BEF00051. WABASH RIVER: Knox (IN) and Wabash (IL): 1995: Burr et al. (1996)--SIUC 24444, Gibson (IN) and Wabash (IL): 1997: Page & Retzer (2002)--INHS 42311, Posey (IN) and White (IL): 1995: Burr et al. (1996)--SIUC 24861; 1996: Page & Retzer (2002)--INHS 39006; 1998: Page & Retzer (2002)--SIUC 33497; 1999: Page & Retzer (2002); 2006: BEF06130. OHIO RIVER: Posey: 1997: Page & Retzer (2002)--SIUC 29947. Spotted Darter.--There are very few historical records for Spotted Darter from Indiana (Fig. 6). Gerking (1945) relegated Spotted Darter to his list of 'species of probable or possible occurrences in Indiana,' not collecting it during his sampling. Interestingly, he did not recognize the collections made by Jordan (1890) in the Tippecanoe River and Deer Creek, although he included records for other species from this report. Jordan (1890) indicated that only one specimen was collected from Deer Creek; this specimen is not currently in any museum collections. It was not until Baker et al. (1985) that Spotted Darter was once again collected in the state, from the Blue River in south-central Indiana. It had not been recorded previously from this system, even though Gerking (1945) sampled several sites in the drainage. A collection by T. Simon in Carney et al. (1993) from the Tippecanoe River represented the rediscovery of the species in that drainage. There is some ambiguity over the exact location and circumstances of this collection. Keevin et al. (1985) did not collect Spotted Darter from the Tippecanoe River, but indicated that T. Simon may have collected some from '2.5 mi S Winamac, Pulaski Co.' on 27 July 1985, but that no specimens were kept for verification. However, Carney et al. (1993) includes the collection of four specimens of Spotted Darter from '6 miles south of Winamac, Pulaski County' by T. Simon on 27 July 1985. These specimens are vouchered in the Illinois Natural History Survey Collection (INHS 62625). Efforts to relocate this population in the Tippecanoe River were unsuccessful during the current study, even though many sites were sampled in the watershed. This population is likely either extirpated or reduced to a couple of isolated riffles on the Tippecanoe River. Spotted Darter was reported by Tiemann & Tiemann (2004) from the Tippecanoe River, but no picture or specimen was available for verification, so that record is not included as part of its current distribution. [FIGURES 6-7 OMITTED] Our collections of Spotted Darter from the East Fork White River represent the first ever recorded from that system. Spotted Darter was first collected in 1997 (BEF97141) and subsequently found in a long stretch of the East Fork White River from below Williams Dam, Lawrence County, to nearly the junction of the East Fork White River and West Fork White River (Fig. 7). These collections were somewhat of a surprise, considering that past efforts by Gerking (1945) and others failed to discover it, even though Bluebreast Darter and Tippecanoe Darter were found. Additional collections of Spotted Darter from the Blue River drainage are included in Summers (1999, 2001, 2003 & 2007). These are not included in the following list of current records, as they overlap with much of what is already presented, and in certain instances, specific collection location information is not included. During the course of this study, Spotted Darter was often found in similar habitats as the Bluebreast Darter (boulder riffles in fast current); however, it seemed to have preference for a wider range of rock size and current speed. Spotted Darter was more often associated with slower currents and smaller substrate than the Bluebreast Darter. It was also occasionally found along edges of riffles and not necessarily in the fastest section. Spotted Darter is currently found in Indiana in the East Fork White River downstream from Williams Dam to near its confluence with the West Fork White River and the Blue River (Fig. 7). A third population of unknown status may still remain in the Tippecanoe River upstream of Lake Shafer. Pre-1980 records (Fig. 6). DEER CREEK: Carroll: 1888: Jordan (1890). TIPPECANOE RIVER: Fulton: 1888: Jordan (1890)--UMMZ 213114 (IU 4689); 1890: FMNH 1838; 1899: USNM 69233. BLUE RIVER: Harrison: 197679: Baker et al. (1985)--uncatalogued specimens in Indiana University Southeast Collection. 1980-2006 records (Fig. 7).--TIPPECANOE RIVER: Pulaski: 1985: Keevin et al. (1985) INHS 62625. EAST FORK WHITE RIVER: Lawrence: 1999: BEF99147; BEF99177; 2003: BEF03106 (also in Hoffman (2006)), Martin: 1997: BEF97141; 1999: BEF99145; 2001: BEF01006; 2002: BEF02207; BEF02291; BEF02293; BEF02311; 2003: BEF03004; 2006: BEF06105; BEF06126, Daviess and Dubois: 1999: BEF99129. SOUTH FORK BLUE RIVER: Washington: 2000: BEF00196. BLUE RIVER: Washington: 1984: Baker et al. (1985); 1997: Huff et al. (1998); 1999: BEF99121; BEF99122; 2000: BEF00198; Carnahan (2001), Crawford and Harrison: 1980 84: Baker et al. (1985)--uncatalogued specimens in Indiana University Southeast Collection; 1986: Baker & Forsyth (1986); uncatalogued specimens in Indiana University Southeast Collection; 1987: INHS 62872; 1993: Stefanavage (1995); 1996: BEF96012; 1997: BEF97047--INHS 41400; BEF97057; BEF97059; Huffet al. (1998); 1998: BEF98147; 1999: BEF99117; BEF99118; BEF99119; BEF99120; 2000: BEF00161; BEF00162; 2001: BEF01065; 1999-2001: Baker & Forsyth (2001); 2000: IDEM 00056; 2005: IDEM 05179; IDEM 05103; IDEM 05179.5; IDEM 05185. Spottail Darter.--The Spottail Darter has always been restricted to the extreme southwest portion of Indiana, recorded only from Posey, Vanderburgh, Warrick, Spencer, and Gibson counties (Figs. 8, 9). Jordan (1890) was the first to record it from Indiana, from the Black River and Gresham's Creek in Posey County. Gerking (1945) was unable to collect Spottail Darter during his collections, even though as he stated, 'southwestern Indiana where Jordan caught this species was intensively collected.' Gerking (1945) actually only sampled two locations on the lower Black River and one site in Rush Creek; he did not sample in the Bayou Creek drainage or any of the smaller tributaries of the Little Pigeon Creek watershed, from where it is now known. There are records from the Black River drainage from the same time period (FMNH 43949; FMNH 43953; FMNH 43952), so they undoubtedly were still present when Gerking collected. Spottail Darter is now known from more watersheds in Indiana than ever. Page (1974) was the first to record it from the Rush Creek drainage in Harmonic State Park, Posey County. It was found subsequently from another nearby stream, Road Brook (Grannan & Lodato 1986). Grannan & Lodato (1986) were also the first to record it from the Bayou Creek drainage, Vanderburgh County. Hottell (1980), although unwittingly, was the first to record it from the Little Pigeon Creek drainage. Hottell (1980) recorded Etheostoma flabellare (Fantail Darter) from Willow Pond Ditch, Spencer County. Luckily, these specimens were kept in a small collection used for identification purposes at the Avoca State Hatchery. They were later correctly identified as Spottail Darter (T. Simon, pers. commun.). Simon (unpubl. data) extended its range in this drainage to several other tributaries. Interestingly, Spottail Darter has never been recorded from the Big Creek or Pigeon Creek drainages in southwestern Indiana, which occur between the other concentrations (Fig. 9). There are two specimens in the Smithsonian Fish Collection (USNM 40798 and USNM 1156) that are not specifically included in the historical records here. USNM 40798 is identified as being collected in 1888 by B.W. Evermann from the Wabash River, Posey County. Jordan (1890) does not indicate that Spottail Darter was collected from the mainstem Wabash River, but only from the Black River and Gresham's Creek in Posey County. There are no specimens from these two locations currently present in any museum collections. USNM 40798 was undoubtedly from one of these two locations and not the Wabash River. USNM 1156 has no date or waterbody information included with it, only that it was collected from New Harmony. It is likely from one of the small streams in the New Harmony area, although the exact location cannot be determined. FMNH 43949 and 43953 are both Spottail Darter collected on the same date from the same location in the Black River drainage. FMNH 43949 was originally identified as Fantail Darter. This likely misidentification was brought to the attention of P. Willink (The Field Museum of Natural History) who, upon inspection, correctly identified it as Spottail Darter. [FIGURES 8-9 OMITTED] The Spottail Darter is strictly a small-stream species; it was not found during the current study in a stream with a drainage area of greater than 100 [mi.sup.2]. It is normally highly associated with slab-rock pools and riffles (Page 1974). This habitat is limited in many of the streams in which Spottail Darter is found in Indiana. Most are sandy or contoured, hardpan bottomed with a short supply of slab-rock. Rock of any kind is often limited to rip-rap found at bridge crossings. In areas of streams where rock was lacking, Spottail Darter was often found in small woody debris piles or even clumps of algae during this study. Many of the streams they currently inhabit have been highly altered by dredging or channelization, and the watersheds also have been impacted by oil wells and mining. Spottail Darter is currently found in Indiana in the Black River drainage, some small direct Wabash River tributaries in Harmonic State Park, the Bayou Creek drainage, and several tributaries in the lower portion of the Little Pigeon Creek drainage (Fig. 9). Pre-1980 records (Fig. 8). BLACK RIVER DRAINAGE: Gibson: 1924: UMMZ 65040 (location only described as 'creeks in Gibson County', but most likely tributary of Black River), Posey: 1888: Jordan (1890); 1942: FMNH 43949, FMNH 43953, FMNH 43952; 1974: Page et al. (1976)--INHS 73680. GRESHAM'S CREEK (HARMONY CREEK): Posey: 1888: Jordan (1890). RUSH CREEK DRAINAGE: Posey: 1963: Page (1974)--INHS 75747; 1974: Page et al. (1976)--INHS 73681. LITTLE PIGEON CREEK DRAINAGE: Spencer: 1979: Hottell (1980)--uncatalogued specimens in fish collection at Avoca State Fish Hatchery. 1980-2006 records (Fig. 9).--BLACK RIVER DRAINAGE: Gibson: 2000: BEF00044; BEF00045; BEF00046, Pose),: 1985: Grannan & Lodato (1986); 1991: Stefanavage (1993); 1993: INHS 30311; T. Simon, unpublished data; 1997: BEF97056; 1998: Bandoli (1998); 1999: BEF99040; 2000: BEF00048; BEF00049; BEF00051; J. Bandoli, unpublished data; 2004: IDEM 04832; 2006: BEF06133. WABASH RIVER (unnamed tributary): Poser: 1993: T. Simon, unpublished data; 2001: BEF01013. RUSH CREEK DRAINAGE: Posey: 1998: Bandoli (1998); 2001: BEF01010; 2004: IDEM 04812; 2006: BEF06132. ROAD BROOK: Poser: 1985: Grannan & Lodato (1986); 1998: Bandoli (1998). BAYOU CREEK DRAINAGE: Vanderburgh: 1985: Grannan & Lodato (1986); 1986: Cervone et al. (1989); 1987-89: Bandoli (1988); Bandoli (1989); Bandoli et al. (1992); 1990-91: Strange (1993); Bandoli (1999); 1991: SIUC 20248; SIUC 20249; 1998: BEF98012; BEF98013; BEF98014; Bandoli (1998); uncatalogued specimens from unknown date in Indiana University Southeast Collection. LITTLE PIGEON CREEK DRAINAGE: Warrick and Spencer: 1993: T. Simon, unpublished data; 1997: BEF97119; 1999: BEF99033; BEF99035; BEF99036; BEF99037; BEF99108; BEF99110; BEF99113. [FIGURES 10-11 OMITTED] Tippecanoe Darter.--Historical records for Tippecanoe Darter from Indiana are limited, with only a few collections from the Tippecanoe River and East Fork White River (Fig. 10). Tippecanoe Darter was originally described from Indiana collections from the Tippecanoe River, at Marshland in Fulton County (Jordan & Evermann 1891). Interestingly, the picture used in the description actually represents a Bluebreast Darter (from UMMZ 187513 (IU 4688)) collected at the same time (Jordan & Evermann 1896; Collette & Knapp 1967). It is still found in these same rivers and maintains a much wider range now than was known historically (Fig. 11). This may only be a perceived range expansion, however, as its historical distribution may be under-represented because of the difficulty in collecting it. As described below, unless very specific sampling techniques are utilized, this diminutive species can be easily overlooked. Prior to this study, Tippecanoe Darter had never been collected from the mainstem Wabash River. They likely have always inhabited this area; however, sampling designed specifically to collect them had never been attempted prior to this study. Traditional boat-shocking or seining would not encounter this species: In the most upstream locations on the Wabash River where Tippecanoe Darter was collected they were restricted to very small 'islands' of desired habitat, often surrounded by large expanses of undesirable bedrock. These refugia were often located on the upstream and downstream areas of actual islands, where gravel and cobble had accumulated. During this study, Tippecanoe Darter was always associated with a mix of unconsolidated, loose gravel and cobble that was in moderate-to-fast current. Individuals would literally be buried in the substrate. The kick-shock method (as described in Fisher et al. 2001) was the only way to adequately sample for this species. Deep kicking was required; burying and kicking the foot into the substrate up to the ankle. Kicked up and shocked Tippecanoe Darter would then be easily captured in a small seine just downstream of the kicking area. Tippecanoe Darter is currently found in Indiana in the Tippecanoe River upstream of Lake Sharer, the Tippecanoe River below Oakdale Dam, the mainstem Wabash River from just upstream of Wea Creek mouth to the Eel River mouth, and the East Fork White River downstream from Williams Dam to near its confluence with the West Fork White River (Fig. 11). Pre-1980 records (Fig. 10).--TIPPECANOE RIVER: Fulton: 1888: Jordan (1890) and Jordan & Evermann (1891)--USNM 40080 (lectotype), USNM 197919 (paralectotype); 1891: USNM 125103; 1925: Gerking (1945) UMMZ 66560. EAST FORK WHITE RIVER: Martin: 1936: Gerking (1945)--UMMZ 103361; 1942: Gerking (1945); 1946: UGAMNH 216. 1980-2006 records (Fig. 11).--TIPPECANOE RIVER: Pulaski: 1985: Keevin et al. (1985)--INHS 68939, INHS 63837, INHS 68893; 1987: Carney et al. (1993)--INHS 63322; 1992: Ecological Specialists, Inc. (1993); 1999: BEF99079; BEF99080; BEF99081; BEF99082; BEF99083; BEF99085; 2000: BEF00178; BEF00179; BEF00185; BEF00186; BEF00187; BEF00188; 2006: BEF06170, Carroll: 1985: Keevin et al. (1985)--INHS 68830; 1991 92: Ecological Specialists, Inc. (1993)--INBS 1207, INBS 1248; 1994-95: Simon (1995); McWilliams-Munson & Simon (2001); 1996: BEF96041; 1998: BEF98158; IDEM 98303; 1999: BEF99124; BEF99127; 2000: BEF00064; 2003: BEF03017; IDEM 03T303; 2004: BEF04032; 2006: BEF06108, Tippecanoe: 1999: BEF99125; 2005: BEF05252. WABASH RIVER: Cass: 1999: BEF99099; BEF99100, Carroll: 1999: BEF99097; BEF99098; BEF99128; 2000: BEF00033, Tippecanoe: 1999: BEF99126; 2000: BEF00032; BEF00133. EAST FORK WHITE RIVER: Lawrence: 1999: BEF99147; BEF99178, Martin: 1997: BEF97141; BEF97167; BEF97168; BEF97169; 1998: BEF98125; 1999: BEF99145; BEF99146; 2001: BEF01006; 2002: BEF02141; BEF02291; BEF02293; BEF02311; 2003: BEF03004; 2006: BEF06105; BEF06126, Dubois and Martin: 1999: BEF99131, Daviess and Dubois: 1999: BEF99129; BEF99130, Daviess and Pike: 1999: BEF99144. Variegate Darter.--Variegate Darter has been recorded in Indiana only from the mainstem Ohio River, and two other direct Ohio River tributaries; the Whitewater River in southeastern and the Blue River in southcentral Indiana (Figs. 12, 13). It may have at one time inhabited other direct Ohio River tributaries in southeastern Indiana, although no records exist. Its range may have been similar to that of Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis (Hellbender) (Minton 2001), which has some similarities in habitat preference. Baker & Forsyth (1986) cite collections from Fourteen Mile Creek, Clark County, although these vouchered specimens were examined in the Indiana University Southeast collection and are actually Etheostoma caeruleum (Rainbow Darter). Whitaker & Gammon (1988) cite Twin Creek, Washington County, in the upper East Fork White River drainage as a location for Variegate Darter. This would represent the only known collection of Variegate Darter from the entire Wabash River drainage. There is no way to verify this record, as specimens do not exist; however, it is unlikely that this collection is valid. A substantial amount of sampling was conducted on the Blue River during the course of this survey (Fig. 1), as well as by Summers (1999, 2001, 2003 & 2007), Carnahan (2001), and IDEM; and Variegate Darter was not collected. Gerking (1945) likely represents the last collection of Variegate Darter from this drainage. There have been several more recent records for Variegate Darter from the Blue River, Crawford and Harrison counties, (Baker & Forsyth 1986; Huff et al. 1998; Baker & Forsyth 2001); however, these have never been verified by voucher specimens or photographs. Until a collection can be verified for this species from the Blue River, it should not be considered among its current inhabitants. Its loss from the Blue River is somewhat difficult to explain, considering both the Bluebreast Darter and Spotted Darter maintain stable populations. It is also interesting that Gerking (1945) collected Variegate Darter, but not Spotted Darter, as previously discussed. [FIGURES 12-13 OMITTED] There is only one recent record for Variegate Darter from the mainstem Ohio River; Pearson & Krumholz (1984) cite a record from Geo-Marine (1982). This record is also not substantiated with a voucher specimen and may not be accurate, but its vicinity to the Great Miami River, into which the Whitewater River flows, makes the record believable. Impoundment of the Ohio River has likely caused it to become a much less desirable habitat for Variegate Darter. It is unlikely that a reproducing population of Variegate Darter is currently inhabiting the mainstem Ohio River; however, it is possible that occasionally a few individuals enter it from the Great Miami River watershed. Variegate Darter likely only remains in the Whitewater River drainage in Indiana. Prior to this study, few records existed for this watershed since Gerking (1945). Baker & Forsyth (1986) and Seegert (1990) both recorded a single location (actually the same location) for Variegate Darter, even though in Seegert's case, many sites were sampled in the watershed. Seegert (1990) only utilized seining during his collections and may have under-represented its actual abundance and distribution. In 1997, both the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM 97079) and Keller (1998) collected Variegate Darter from Salt Creek, a tributary of the West Fork Whitewater River in Franklin County. During the current study, Variegate Darter was collected from every riffle sampled on the Whitewater River and West Fork Whitewater River from the Ohio-Indiana state-line upstream to the dam that forms the Whitewater Canal, just downstream of Laurel. Sites on the East Fork Whitewater River where Gerking (1945) collected it are now impounded by Brookville Reservoir; Variegate Darter is no longer found in this Fork. Also, it is not currently inhabiting the short, lowest section of the East Fork Whitewater River downstream of Brookville Reservoir, likely because of the coldwater discharge from the reservoir. During the course of this study, Variegate Darter was almost exclusively associated with cobble to boulder sized slab-rock in fast current. The only exception was during low water periods in Salt Creek, when riffles slowed. Several of the other tributaries of the Whitewater and West Fork Whitewater Rivers in Franklin County were also sampled (Fig. 1), but Variegate Darter was not collected. Many of these streams either become de-watered during the driest times of the year, or convert to a series of isolated pools, with little riffle habitat. Variegate Darter is currently restricted in Indiana to Salt Creek, the Whitewater River, and the West Fork Whitewater River upstream to the dam that forms the Whitewater canal, with the possibility that some individuals can occasionally be found in the Ohio River (Fig. 13). Pre-1980 records (Fig. 12).--OHIO RIVER: Clark (IN) and Jefferson (KY): pre-1892: Woolman (1892). WHITEWATER DRAINAGE: Wayne: pre-1851: Plummer (1851). WHITEWATER RIVER: Franklin: 1885: Jordan (1886)--UMMZ 245309 (IU 4813), SU 1020; 1941: OSM 28185 (collected by Gerking, but not listed in Gerking (1945)), Dearborn: 1941: Gerking (1945)--OSM 28154. WEST FORK WHITEWATER RIVER: Franklin: 1941: Gerking (1945), OSM 28240. EAST FORK WHITEWATER RIVER: Union: 1941: Gerking (1945)--OSM 28295, Franklin: 1941: Gerking (1945)--OSM 28257, KU 33811. BLUE RIVER: Crawford and Harrison: 1942: Gerking (1945)--OSM 28710. 1980-2006 records (Fig. 13).--OHIO RIVER: Dearborn: 1981: Geo-Marine (1982) in Pearson & Krumholz (1984). WHITEWATER RIVER: Dearborn: 1999: BEF99050; BEF 99051; BEF99052; 2002: BEF02002, Franklin: 1986: Baker & Forsyth (1986)--uncatalogued specimens in Indiana University Southeast Collection; 1989: Seegert (1990); 1999: BEF99053; BEF99101; BEF99102; BEF99103; BEF99104; BEF99105; 2000: BEF00001; 2002: D. Keller (pers. comm.); 2003: BEF03129; 2005: BEF05023. WEST FORK WHITEWATER RIVER: Franklin: 1998: BEF98073; BEF98075; BEF98106; 2000: BEF00110; BEF00111; BEF00113; BEF00114; BEF00118; BEF00119; 2005: Long (2007). SALT CREEK: Franklin: 1997: IDEM 97079; Keller (1998)--uncatalogued specimen in fish collection at Avoca State Fish Hatchery; 1998: BEF98065; BEF98066; BEF98071; BEF98072; BEF98077; 2000: BEF00121; 2003: BEF03130. Gilt Darter.--Of all the species surveyed during this study, the Gilt Darter has likely lost the most of its historical range in Indiana, and along with Variegate Darter, maintains one of the most restricted distributions in the state (Figs. 14, 15). It once inhabited many of the larger tributaries of the upper Wabash River drainage (Jordan 1890; Evermann & Jenkins 1892; INHS 58697) and the mainstem Wabash (Jordan 1890; Evermann & Jenkins 1892) and West Fork White (Jordan 1877a, 1877b; Eigenmann & Beeson 1894) rivers (Fig. 14). It is also the only species in this study that historically inhabited the Great Lakes drainage, recorded from the Maumee and St. Joseph rivers (Kirsch 1895b). Gerking (1945) did not collect Gilt Darter and speculated that its abundance may have 'greatly decreased in recent years.' Of all the historical locations that Gilt Darter was once known in Indiana, only one relatively recent record, from the West Fork White River (Margulies et al. 1980), exists from anywhere other than the Tippecanoe River. Most of these historical locations, including the West Fork White River, were sampled during the current study (Fig. 1) and Gilt Darter was not collected. There are records from a few references and museums that are not included in the historical records for Gilt Darter that follow. Evermann & Jenkins (1892) list in the table for their report a collection of 'Etheostoma evides' from Deer Creek, but there is no mention of it under the species description, where other locations are discussed. This is likely an error as no specimens are known from any museums from this location. Jordan (1877b) includes 'Alvordius evides' as being collected from some tributaries of the St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan drainage). This was also undoubtedly an error. A record for Gilt Darter from the Wabash River exists in the Academy of Natural Sciences collection (ANSP 109793), but no other date, collector, or location information accompanies the specimen. [FIGURES 14-15 OMITTED] UMMZ 213126 (IU 4536) from the Wabash River at New Harmony was identified as a Gilt Darter in the original ledger for Indiana University material (D. Catania pers. commun.). It was later re-identified as Percina shumardi (River Darter) by Reeve Bailey when the Indiana University material donated to the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology by the California Academy of Science (1952 accession) was catalogued into the collection (D. Nelson pers. commun.). McWilliams-Munson & Simon (2001) include two records for Gilt Darter from the very upper portion of the Tippecanoe River watershed. These are likely erroneous and were not included in the following list of current records. Simon & Dufour (1997) include Gilt Darter in their list of fishes collected from the Eastern Corn Belt Plain (presumably from the Tippecanoe River); however, specific location information is not included. During the course of this study, Gilt Darter was normally collected in the fastest, deepest portion of a riffle over a gravel/cobble mix that was unconsolidated. Gilt Darter was not highly associated with larger, boulder-sized rocks, although larger rocks were normally present on the riffle in which they were collected. Gilt Darter was often found in association with Tippecanoe Darter and Bluebreast Darter, although the Gilt Darter's range extended further upstream on the Tippecanoe River than either of these species (Figs. 3, 10, 15). Currently, a single population of Gilt Darter remains in Indiana, in the portion of the Tippecanoe River upstream of Lake Shafer (Fig. 15). This population will remain completely isolated, with no chance of expanding its range further downstream because of Lake Shafer and Norway Dam (and then further downstream by Lake Freeman and Oakdale Dam). Pre-1980 records (Fig. 14).--EEL RIVER: Cass: 1888: Jordan (1890)--USNM 40745. TIPPECANOE RIVER: Fulton: 1888: Jordan (1890)--UMMZ 61577 (IU 5459), UMMZ 213115 (IU 5459), USNM 66824, USNM 40852; 1890: USNM 125358, USNM 66825; 1891: USNM 44433, UMMZ 167077; 1899: USNM 69099, USNM 69210; no date is provided for the following museum records, but all are from the same location as the preceding records: SU 3864, MCZ 4998, MCZ 149953, CU 72084; 1925: Gerking (1945)--UMMZ 66561, OSM 9270, White, Carroll, and Tippecanoe: 1886-87: Evermann & Jenkins (1892)--USNM 39611. SUGAR CREEK: Parke: 1931: Whitaker & Gammon (1988) INHS 58697. WABASH RIVER: Carroll: 1887: Evermann & Jenkins (1892), Knox: 1888: Jordan (1890)--USNM 40750, USNM 66828; 1890: USNM 66826; no date is provided with the following museum records, but they are from the same location as the preceding record--SU 3322, UMMZ 187258 (IU 4981), Posey: 1888: Jordan (1890)--USNM 40903. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER: Marion: 187477: Jordan (1877a and 1877b)--MCZ 24399, MCZ 35957, USNM 17872, USNM 20119; 1879: MCZ 4994; no date is provided for the following museum record but it is from the same location as the preceding record--SU 2298, Morgan: 1977: Margulies et al. (1980)--UT 91.1770, Owen and Monroe: 1893: Eigenmann & Beeson (1894)--no date is provided for the following museum records, but all are from the same location as Eigenmann & Beeson (1894)--SU 1435, SU 3799, UMMZ 61565 (IU 5340), USNM 36496. ST. JOSEPH RIVER: Allen: 1893: Kitsch (1895b). MAUMEE RIVER: Allen: 1893: Kirsch (1895b)--UMMZ 63038 (IU 8999). 1980-2006 records (Fig. 15).--TIPPECANOE RIVER: Kosciusko: 1985: Keevin et al. (1985)--INHS 68760, Fulton: 1985: Keevin et al. (1985)--INHS 68850, INHS 68779, INHS 68740, INHS 68876, INHS 69000; 1987: Carney et al. (1993)--INHS 63569, INHS 63433, INHS 63547; 1988: UAIC 8435.17; 1991:UAIC 10308.20; 1992: UAIC 10314.14; Ecological Specialists, Inc. (1993)--INBS 1232; 1998: BEF98164; IDEM 98020; 1999: BEF99076; BEF99077; 2000: BEF00175; BEF00176; BEF00177; 2001: BEF01021; BEF01403; BEF01404; 2002: BEF02070; BEF02072; BEF02103; BEF02105, Pulaski: 1985: Keevin et al. (1985)--INHS 69036; 1987: Carney et al. (1993)--INHS 63323; 1999: BEF99079; BEF99080; BEF99081; BEF99082; BEF99083; 2000: BEF00185; BEF00186; BEF00187; BEF00188; 2006: BEF06170. DISCUSSION Although it may already be evident from the previous discussion, the importance of targeting and adequately sampling the specific habitat for each species of interest cannot be overstated. At locations where several of the darter species targeted during this study coexisted, it was very important to make sure that the exact, specific habitat of each of the species was sampled adequately in order to determine if they were present. For example, at many sample locations on the East Fork White River, it was possible to collect Bluebreast Darter, Harlequin Darter, Spotted Darter, and Tippecanoe Darter all from the same riffle. Bluebreast Darter was almost always associated with the largest rocks in the fastest current. Tippecanoe Darter would be found buried in unconsolidated gravel/cobble mix in moderate-to-fast current. Spotted Darter was somewhat more general in its distribution on the riffle, associated with a variety of rock sizes and current speeds. Harlequin Darter was most often associated with woody debris that was in fast current. Without sampling each of these specific microhabitats on each riffle, species would be missed. It may seem that the distribution for several of the species surveyed during this study (Harlequin Darter, Spotted Darter, Spottail Darter, Tippecanoe Darter) has actually increased over time, as these species are now known from more watersheds and river miles than ever. However, it is very hard to distinguish between actual range expansions or whether increased effort and more species-specific sampling techniques have simply discovered species where they have always been. For most, they have likely always inhabited many of the areas where they were found during this study, but were overlooked during past sampling due to inadequate sampling techniques and effort. Many of the darter species of this study maintain populations that are isolated from each other. For example, populations of Bluebreast Darter from the Blue River, the East Fork White River, and the upper Wabash River drainage will never interbreed, simply as a result of natural habitat barriers. Desirable habitat can be highly separated in these large rivers. Boulder/cobble riffles become less and less common as one goes downstream on the East Fork White River towards its confluence with the West Fork. The river widens, and large expanses of sand become more common. Species such as the Bluebreast Darter, Spotted Darter, Tippecanoe Darter will never inhabit the lower mainstem White River because the habitat they require is not present. Similar habitat restrictions likely preclude Bluebreast Darter and Tippecanoe Darter from moving further downstream on the mainstem Wabash River. It is also highly unlikely that Spottail Darter will expand its range on its own, due to its isolation in smaller streams. Besides natural barriers, dams are also currently impacting the range expansion and maintaining the isolation of populations of several of the darter species sampled during this study. Williams Dam, Lawrence County, provides a barrier to further upstream movement of Bluebreast Darter, Spotted Darter, and Tippecanoe Darter in the East Fork White River drainage. Norway and Oakdale dams on the Tippecanoe River, in White and Carroll counties, continue to separate Bluebreast Darter and Tippecanoe Darter populations from the lower and upper Tippecanoe River. They also restrict any further downstream expansion by Gilt Darter. The dam on the West Fork Whitewater River, Franklin County, used to form the Whitewater Canal is eliminating further upstream expansion of Variegate Darter. The dam forming the Brookville Reservoir and subsequent cold water discharge is restricting Variegate Darter use of and upstream movement into the East Fork Whitewater River. The dam at Milltown on the Blue River, Crawford and Harrison counties, could be restricting further upstream movement of the Bluebreast Darter, if it is no longer found upstream of the dam. Impoundment of the Ohio River also restricts species such as the Bluebreast Darter and Spotted Darter (from the Blue River) and the Variegate Darter (from the Whitewater River) from inhabiting it, as well as using it as a conduit for migrating to other direct Ohio River tributaries. The results of this study do provide some insight into those drainages/rivers that may have been the most or least impacted over the years, by revealing which ones have lost or retained the greatest number of the darter species sampled. Several upper Wabash River tributaries (Eel River, Deer Creek, Sugar Creek) and the upper mainstem West Fork White River once contained Bluebreast Darter and Gilt Darter or Spotted Darter, but now have none of these species. The lower mainstem Wabash River still has Harlequin Darter inhabiting its waters, but has lost Gilt Darter, as well as other rare/ extirpated species not found during this study such as Crystal Darter (Crystallaria asprella), Channel Darter (Percina copelandi), Saddleback Darter (P. vigil), and Stargazing Darter (P. uranidea). The East Fork White River and Tippecanoe River have for the most part maintained the species that were known historically (Spotted Darter is questionably hanging on in the Tippecanoe River). The distribution of the species in these drainages has, however, diminished as the result of the dams they contain. As a result of surveys completed during this study, the following changes were recommended by the Fish Technical Advisory Committee of the Indiana DNR in 2002, and adopted as administrative rule changes (to 312 IAC 9-6-9) in 2004. The Bluebreast Darter, Harlequin Darter, Spotted Darter, Spottail Darter, and Tippecanoe Darter were removed from Indiana's list of endangered fish species. Spotted Darter and Tippecanoe Darter were downlisted to Special Concern status, while Bluebreast Darter, Harlequin Darter, and Spottail Darter were removed from all lists. Variegate Darter and Gilt Darter were retained as endangered species. One additional darter species, Channel Darter, was added to the endangered list. It was not collected during the sampling completed for this study, and is likely restricted to the mainstem Ohio River in Indiana. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following individuals and institutions provided invaluable information on the holdings of Indiana specimens in their collections: David Etnier, The University of Tennessee (UT); Lee Hartle, Georgia Museum of Natural History (UGAMNH); Hank Bart, Tulane University Museum of Natural History (TU); Jeff Stewart and Brooks Burr, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC); Phil Willink, Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH); John Friel, Cornell University (CU); Doug Nelson, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ)--includes collection from Indiana University (IU); Bernie Kuhajda, University of Alabama (UAIC); Karsten Hartel, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ); Dave Catania, California Academy of Sciences (CAS)--includes collection from Stanford University (SU); Jeff Williams, Kris Murphy, and Erika Wilbur, Smithsonian--National Museum of Natural History (USNM); Mike Retzer and Chris Mayer, Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS); Marc Kibbey and Ted Cavender, Museum of Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University (OSM); Gail Emmert and Claude Baker, Indiana University Southeast; Andy Bentley, Natural History Museum & Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas (KU); Mark Sabaj Perez, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP); Indiana Biological Survey (INBS). Funding for completion of this study by the Wildlife Diversity Section, Division of Fish and Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, was provided through the Indiana Nongame Fund. This study could not have been completed without the assistance of the following naturalist aides: Jana K. Smith, Kathy M. Eddy, Kevin L. Rowe, Amelia R. Barnett, Kara L. Bieker, Ted V. Briggs, Melissa R. Jones, and Sarah A. Bales. Invaluable sampling assistance along the lower Wabash River was provided by Les Frankland. Many thanks are also expressed to Larry M. Page and Brooks M. Burr for their review of this manuscript and suggestions for improvements. APPENDIX I Detailed location information for sampling sites where endangered darter species were collected during the completion of this study. (SR = state road, br = bridge, CR = county road, d/s = downstream, u/s = upstream, rd = road, mi = mile, FWA = Fish & Wildlife Area). All original collections made during the course of this study are indicated by the prefix 'BEF.' Site # Date County Waterbody BEF96012 07/08/1996 Crawford/Harr. Blue River BEF96041 10/24/1996 Carroll Tippecanoe River BEF96147 09/04/1996 Johnson Big Blue River BEF97047 07/12/1997 Crawford/Harr. Blue River BEF97056 08/12/1997 Posey Unnamed trib. Black River BEF97057 08/14/1997 Crawford/Harr. Blue River BEF97059 08/18/1997 Harrison Blue River BEF97119 09/09/1997 Spencer Baker Creek BEF97141 10/06/1997 Martin East Fork White River BEF97165 11/18/1997 Johnson Sugar Creek BEF97167 11/19/1997 Martin East Fork White River BEF97168 11/19/1997 Martin East Fork White River BEF97169 11/19/1997 Martin East Fork White River BEF97170 12/09/1997 Lawrence East Fork White River BEF97191 08/07/1997 Daviess/Knox West Fork White River BEF98012 03/24/1998 Vanderburgh Unnamed trib. Bayou Creek BEF98013 03/24/1998 Vanderburgh Unnamed trib. Bayou Creek BEF98014 03/24/1998 Vanderburgh Unnamed trib. Sanders Creek BEF98020 04/07/1998 Warren Big Pine Creek BEF98023 04/07/1998 Warren Mud Pine Creek BEF98065 07/10/1998 Franklin Salt Creek BEF98066 07/10/1998 Franklin Salt Creek BEF98071 07/14/1998 Franklin Salt Creek BEF98072 07/14/1998 Franklin Salt Creek BEF98073 07/14/1998 Franklin West Fork Whitewater River BEF98075 07/14/1998 Franklin West Fork Whitewater River BEF98077 07/14/1998 Franklin Salt Creek BEF98078 07/16/1998 Warren Big Pine Creek BEF98080 07/16/1998 Benton Mud Pine Creek BEF98081 07/16/1998 Benton Mud Pine Creek BEF98082 07/16/1998 Warren Mud Pine Creek BEF98083 07/16/1998 Warren Big Pine Creek BEF98084 07/16/1998 Warren Big Pine Creek BEF98106 08/0711998 Franklin West Fork Whitewater River BEF98112 08/17/1998 Johnson Sugar Creek BEF99113 08/17/1998 Shelby Sugar Creek BEF98116 08/18/1998 Jackson East Fork White River BEF98117 08/18/1998 Jackson East Fork White River BEF98119 08/21/1998 Jackson East Fork White River BEF98120 08/21/1998 Jackson East Fork White River BEF98121 08/21/1998 Jackson White Creek BEF98122 08/24/1998 Bartholomew Driftwood River BEF98123 08/24/1998 Bartholomew East Fork White River BEF98125 08/27/1998 Martin East Fork White River BEF98127 09/01/1998 Johnson Sugar Creek BEF98128 09/01/1998 Bartholomew Driftwood River BEF98147 09/30/1998 Crawford/Harr. Blue River BEF98148 10/01/1998 Fountain/Warren Wabash River BEF98150 10/02/1998 Fountain/Warren Wabash River BEF98154 10/05/1998 Johnson Sugar Creek BEF98157 10/06/1998 Daviess/Pike East Fork White River BEF98158 10/21/1998 Carroll Tippecanoe River BEF98162 10/28/1998 Bartholomew Driftwood River BEF98164 10/30/1998 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF98166 11/30/1998 Lawrence/Wash. East Fork White River BEF98167 11/30/1998 Lawrence East Fork White River BEF99033 06/16/1999 Spencer Willow Pond Ditch BEF99035 06/16/1999 Spencer Baker Creek BEF99036 06/16/1999 Spencer Hooppole Ditch BEF99037 06/16/1999 Spencer Lake Drain BEF99040 06/17/1999 Posey Unnamed trib. Black River BEF99042 06/21/1999 Bartholomew East Fork White River BEF99047 06/23/1999 Benton Mud Pine Creek BEF99050 06/24/1999 Dearborn Whitewater River BEF99051 06/24/1999 Dearborn Whitewater River BEF99052 06/24/1999 Dearborn Whitewater River BEF99053 06/24/1999 Franklin Whitewater River BEF99076 07/19/1999 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF99077 07/20/1999 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF99079 07/20/1999 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF99080 07/20/1999 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF99081 07/20/1999 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF99082 07/20/1999 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF99083 07/21/1999 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF99084 07/21/1999 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF99085 07/21/1999 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF99088 08/02/1999 Bartholomew Flatrock River BEF99089 08/03/1999 Jackson East Fork White River BEF99090 08/03/1999 Jackson East Fork White River BEF99092 08/04/1999 Lawrence East Fork White River BEF99097 08/11/1999 Carroll Wabash River BEF99098 08/12/1999 Carroll Wabash River BEF99099 08/12/1999 Cass Wabash River BEF99100 08/12/1999 Cass Wabash River BEF99101 08/13/1999 Franklin Whitewater River BEF99102 08/13/1999 Franklin Whitewater River BEF99103 08/13/1999 Franklin Whitewater River BEF99104 08/13/1999 Franklin Whitewater River BEF99105 08/13/1999 Franklin Whitewater River BEF99108 08/17/1999 Warrick Caney Creek BEF99110 08/17/1999 Warrick Otter Creek BEF99113 08/17/1999 Warrick Otter Creek BEF99117 08/18/1999 Crawford/Harr. Blue River BEF99118 08/18/1999 Harrison Blue River BEF99119 08/18/1999 Crawford/Harr. Blue River BEF99120 08/18/1999 Crawford/Harr. Blue River BEF99121 08/18/1999 Washington Blue River BEF99122 08/18/1999 Washington Blue River BEF99123 08/19/1999 Carroll Tippecanoe River BEF99124 08/19/1999 Carroll Tippecanoe River BEF99125 08/19/1999 Tippecanoe Tippecanoe River BEF99126 08/19/1999 Tippecanoe Wabash River BEF99127 08/27/1999 Carroll Tippecanoe River BEF99128 08/27/1999 Carroll Wabash River BEF99129 08/30/1999 Daviess/Dubois East Fork White River BEF99130 08/30/1999 Daviess/Dubois East Fork White River BEF99131 08/30/1999 Dubois/Martin East Fork White River BEF99134 08/31/1999 Gibson Patoka River BEF99144 09/09/1999 Daviess/Pike East Fork White River BEF99145 09/10/1999 Martin East Fork White River BEF99146 09/10/1999 Martin East Fork White River BEF99147 09/10/1999 Lawrence East Fork White River BEF99170 10/06/1999 Warren Big Pine Creek BEF99177 11/16/1999 Lawrence East Fork White River BEF99178 11/16/1999 Lawrence East Fork White River BEF00001 01/11/2000 Franklin Whitewater River BEF00032 05/10/2000 Tippecanoe Wabash River BEF00033 05/10/2000 Carroll Wabash River BEF00044 06/14/2000 Gibson Higginbotham Ditch BEF00045 06/14/2000 Gibson Barren Creek BEF00046 06/14/2000 Gibson Higginbotham Ditch BEF00048 06/14/2000 Gibson/Posey Higginbotham Ditch BEF00049 06/14/2000 Posey Unnamed trib. Black River BEF00050 06/14/2000 Posey Black River BEF00051 06/14/2000 Posey Black River BEF00064 06/30/2000 Carroll Tippecanoe River BEF00087 07/19/2000 Bartholomew Flatrock River BEF00110 08/16/2000 Franklin West Fork Whitewater River BEF00111 08/16/2000 Franklin West Fork Whitewater River BEF00113 08/16/2000 Franklin West Fork Whitewater River BEF00114 08/16/2000 Franklin West Fork Whitewater River BEF00118 08/17/2000 Franklin West Fork Whitewater River BEF00119 08/17/2000 Franklin West Fork Whitewater River BEF00121 08/17/2000 Franklin Salt Creek BEF00133 08/23/2000 Tippecanoe Wabash River BEF00136 08/24/2000 Shelby Flatrock River BEF00157 09/20/2000 Shelby Big Blue River BEF00158 09/20/2000 Shelby Big Blue River BEF00161 10/02/2000 Crawford/Harr. Blue River BEF00162 10/02/2000 Crawford/Harr. Blue River BEF00175 10/11/2000 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF00176 10/11/2000 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF00177 10/11/2000 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF00178 10/12/2000 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF00179 10/12/2000 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF00185 10/23/2000 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF00186 10/23/2000 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF00187 10/23/2000 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF00188 10/23/2000 Pulaski Tippecanoe River BEF00196 10/26/2000 Washington South Fork Blue River BEF00198 10/26/2000 Washington Blue River BEF00204 10/31/2000 Jackson/Wash. East Fork White River BEF00206 10/31/2000 Jackson East Fork White River BEF01006 04/02/2001 Martin East Fork White River BEF01010 05/03/2001 Posey Rush Creek BEF01013 05/04/2001 Posey Unnamed trib. Wabash River BEF01021 07/17/2001 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF01065 10/01/2001 Harrison Blue River BEF01078 11/08/2001 Greene Richland Creek BEF01079 11/08/2001 Greene Richland Creek BEF01082 11/15/2001 Greene First Creek BEF01083 11/15/2001 Greene First Creek BEF01084 11/15/2001 Greene Doans Creek BEF01085 11/15/2001 Greene Plummer Creek BEF01086 11/16/2001 Knox Black Creek BEF01403 10/09/2001 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF01404 10/09/2001 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF02002 01/29/2002 Dearborn Whitewater River BEF02033 06/19/2002 Greene Plummer Creek BEF02034 06/19/2002 Greene Plummer Creek BEF02056 07/10/2002 Washington Delaney Creek BEF02070 07/15/2002 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF02072 07/16/2002 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF02103 08/06/2002 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF02105 08/06/2002 Fulton Tippecanoe River BEF02141 08/16/2002 Martin East Fork White River BEF02149 08/20/2002 Jackson East Fork White River BEF02150 08/20/2002 Jackson East Fork White River BEF02207 09/05/2002 Martin East Fork White River BEF02214 09/10/2002 Warren Big Pine Creek BEF02215 09/10/2002 Fountain/Warren Wabash River BEF02216 09/10/2002 Warren Big Pine Creek BEF02236 09/23/2002 Johnson Sugar Creek BEF02237 09/23/2002 Bartholomew Driftwood River BEF02253 09/30/2002 Greene Richland Creek BEF02291 10/18/2002 Martin East Fork White River BEF02293 10/18/2002 Martin East Fork White River BEF02308 11/07/2002 Martin Lost River BEF02311 10/18/2002 Martin East Fork White River BEF02314 12/06/2002 Greene Richland Creek BEF03001 01/07/2003 Greene Plummer Creek BEF03004 02/11/2003 Martin East Fork White River BEF03005 02/11/2003 Greene Richland Creek BEF03008 04/28/2003 Greene Plummer Creek BEF03010 04/28/2003 Greene Plummer Creek BEF03015 05/27/2003 Greene Plummer Creek BEF03017 06/10/2003 Carroll Tippecanoe River BEF03041 07/03/2003 Greene Richland Creek BEF03088 08/25/2003 Lawrence East Fork White River BEF03101 09/16/2003 Johnson Big Blue River BEF03106 09/25/2003 Lawrence East Fork White River BEF03129 10/31/2003 Franklin Whitewater River BEF03130 10/31/2003 Franklin Salt Creek BEF04032 05/11/2004 Carroll Tippecanoe River BEF04057 06/09/2004 Jackson White Creek BEF04252 10/06/2004 Greene First Creek BEF05023 05/23/2005 Franklin Whitewater River BEF05204 08/29/2005 Greene Richland Creek BEF05205 08/29/2005 Greene Richland Creek BEF05206 08/29/2005 Greene Richland Creek BEF05252 09/15/2005 Tippecanoe Tippecanoe River BEF05277 10/25/2005 Greene Richland Creek BEF05278 10/25/2005 Greene Richland Creek BEF05286 11/03/2005 Johnson Sugar Creek BEF06061 07/10/2006 Warren Mud Pine Creek BEF06064 07/10/2006 Warren Mud Pine Creek BEF06105 08/01/2006 Martin East Fork White River BEF06108 08/02/2006 Carroll Tippecanoe River BEF06126 08/21/2006 Martin East Fork White River BEF06130 08/23/2006 Posey Wabash River BEF06132 08/23/2006 Posey Rush Creek BEF06133 08/24/2006 Gibson Higginbotham ditch BEF06170 09/28/2006 Pulaski Tippecanoe River Site # Location BEF96012 Horseshoe Bend BEF96041 SR 18 br BEF96147 SR 252 br BEF97047 Horseshoe Bend BEF97056 along CR 600E BEF97057 d/s Milltown Dam BEF97059 Stagestop Access BEF97119 SR 66 br BEF97141 along Williams rd BEF97165 Hospital rd br BEF97167 d/s Hindostan Falls BEF97168 US 150 br BEF97169 Shoals Public Access BEF97170 Chase Riffle BEF97191 Veale Creek mouth BEF98012 old SR 62 br BEF98013 Nurrenbern rd br BEF98014 old Mt Vernon rd br BEF98020 Moores Hill rd br BEF98023 CR 650N br BEF98065 Bull Fork rd br BEF98066 SR 229 br BEF98071 Dodson Branch mouth BEF98072 Whistle Creek mouth BEF98073 Salt Creek mouth BEF98075 end of Silver Creek rd BEF98077 Marlin Branch mouth BEF98078 SR 55 br BEF98080 CR 125W br BEF98081 CR 8505 br BEF98082 CR 850N br BEF98083 CR 00 br BEF98084 CR 450N br BEF98106 along Levee rd BEF98112 Greensburg rd br BEF99113 SR 44 br BEF98116 0.75 mi d/s SR 235 br BEF98117 3.0 mi u/s SR 235 br BEF98119 1.5 mi d/s US 50 br BEF98120 1.5 mi u/s US 50 br BEF98121 u/s mouth BEF98122 CR 625N br BEF98123 CR 8008 br BEF98125 0.5 mi u/s Beech Creek BEF98127 Hospital rd br BEF98128 d/s county line BEF98147 d/s Milltown Dam BEF98148 Opossum Hollow mouth BEF98150 Dry Branch mouth BEF98154 old dam Atterbury FWA BEF98157 SR 57 br BEF98158 CR 150N br BEF98162 US 65 br BEF98164 old US 31 br BEF98166 White River rd br BEF98167 CR L4S1 br BEF99033 CR 800W br BEF99035 CR 800W br BEF99036 CR 850W br BEF99037 SR 116 br BEF99040 CR 210E br BEF99042 CR 400S br BEF99047 CR 100W br BEF99050 along Pinhook rd BEF99051 Pinhook Creek mouth BEF99052 SR 46 br BEF99053 St Peters rd br BEF99076 CR 375W br BEF99077 CR 900W br BEF99079 CR 250N br BEF99080 Winamac City Park BEF99081 US 35 br BEF99082 along CR 350S BEF99083 CR 5755 br BEF99084 CR 8255 br BEF99085 u/s county line BEF99088 d/s dam Noblitt Park BEF99089 d/s dam d/s CR 725N br BEF99090 SR 258 br BEF99092 railroad br u/s SR 37 BEF99097 French Post Park BEF99098 along Towpath rd BEF99099 CR 675W br BEF99100 Eel River mouth BEF99101 along US 52 BEF99102 SR 1 br BEF99103 old SR 1 br BEF99104 Little Cedar Cr mouth BEF99105 Stavetown rd br BEF99108 CR 300S br BEF99110 SR 161 br BEF99113 CR 00 br BEF99117 along SR 62 BEF99118 Rothrocks Mill BEF99119 d/s Milltown Dam BEF99120 Horseshoe Bend BEF99121 along Hunter Spring rd BEF99122 Mt Carmel rd br BEF99123 CR 725N br BEF99124 Horseshoe Bend BEF99125 d/s Moots Creek mouth BEF99126 Sugar Creek mouth BEF99127 SR 18 br BEF99128 SR 18 br BEF99129 Sugar Creek mouth BEF99130 Glendale Public Access BEF99131 US 231 br BEF99134 CR 875W br BEF99144 SR 257 br BEF99145 d/s Hindostan Falls BEF99146 SR 550 br BEF99147 Chase Riffle BEF99170 CR 300N br BEF99177 d/s Williams Dam BEF99178 Williams rd br BEF00001 SR 1 br BEF00032 Mascouten Park BEF00033 Carrollton rd br BEF00044 CR 1000W br BEF00045 CR 7005 br BEF00046 CR 700S br BEF00048 CR 13005 br BEF00049 CR 1000N br BEF00050 CR 210E br BEF00051 CR 1100N br BEF00064 SR 18 br BEF00087 CR 400N br BEF00110 St Marys rd br BEF00111 along St Marys rd BEF00113 along Std Materials rd BEF00114 along SR 121 BEF00118 end of Dam rd BEF00119 Whitewater Canal dam BEF00121 Bull Fork rd br BEF00133 Mascouten Park BEF00136 CR 900N br BEF00157 US 65 br BEF00158 CR 550S br BEF00161 Babcocks Mill BEF00162 Totten Ford rd br BEF00175 CR 525E br BEF00176 CR 350E br BEF00177 CR 750W br BEF00178 along CR 3505 BEF00179 Mud Creek mouth BEF00185 SR 119 br BEF00186 along CR 350S BEF00187 u/s Dickey Creek mouth BEF00188 u/s county line BEF00196 Homers Chapel rd br BEF00198 Grandview rd br BEF00204 Muscatatuck River BEF00206 CR 180E br BEF01006 Shoals Public Access BEF01010 SR 69 br BEF01013 CR 70E br BEF01021 CR 750W br BEF01065 Blue River Chapel BEF01078 CR 390N br BEF01079 SR 54 br BEF01082 CR 700S br BEF01083 CR 300W br BEF01084 CR 150W br BEF01085 along CR 1505 BEF01086 CR 725N br BEF01403 old US 31 br BEF01404 CR 750W br BEF02002 along Pinhook rd BEF02033 CR 490E br BEF02034 CR 150E br BEF02056 Mt Eden rd br BEF02070 CR 525E br BEF02072 old US 31 br BEF02103 CR 375W br BEF02105 CR 750W br BEF02141 Barn Run mouth BEF02149 CR 180E br BEF02150 d/s dam d/s CR 725N br BEF02207 US 150 br BEF02214 Pot Holes rd br BEF02215 Big Pine Creek mouth BEF02216 Moores Hill rd br BEF02236 Hospital rd br BEF02237 d/s county line BEF02253 US 231 br BEF02291 Indian Creek mouth BEF02293 Freemans Spring BEF02308 br u/s mouth BEF02311 0.5 mi u/s Beech Creek BEF02314 along CR 275E BEF03001 CR 150E br BEF03004 US 150 br BEF03005 US 231 br BEF03008 CR 150E br BEF03010 CR 300E br BEF03015 along CR 150S BEF03017 SR 18 br BEF03041 SR 54 br BEF03088 1.0 mi d/s Williams br BEF03101 SR 252 br BEF03106 Chase Riffle BEF03129 St Peters rd br BEF03130 Bull Fork rd br BEF04032 SR 18 br BEF04057 SR 258 br BEF04252 SR 57 br BEF05023 SR 1 br BEF05204 CR 1755 br BEF05205 CR 240N br BEF05206 SR 54 br BEF05252 Pretty Prairie rd br BEF05277 US 231 br BEF05278 CR 275E br BEF05286 Hospital rd br BEF06061 SR 26 br BEF06064 Kiger Ditch mouth BEF06105 US 150 br BEF06108 SR 18 br BEF06126 US 150 br BEF06130 Mink Island BEF06132 Harmonie State Park BEF06133 CR 13005 br BEF06170 US 35 br Manuscript received 18 June 2008, revised 15 October 2008. 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Proceedings of United States National Museum 1890 13:3-4. Jordan, D.S. & B.W. Evermann. 1896. The fishes of North and Middle America: A descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. U.S. National Museum Bulletin 47. 1240 pp. + plate 1. Jordan, D.S. & C.H. Gilbert. 1886. List of fishes collected in Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Texas, in September, 1884, with notes and descriptions. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 9:1-25. Keevin, T.M., L.M. Page & D.A. Carney. 1985. Status and critical habitat of several rare darters in Indiana. Final Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program. Division of Fish & Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis. 17 pp. Keller, D.C. 1998. Fisheries survey of Salt Creek. 1997 Fish Management Report. FisheriesSection, Division of Fish & Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis. 32 pp. Kiley, A.L. & D.C. 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University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, Kentucky. 177 pp. Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister & J.R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. et seq. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh. i-x + 854 pp. Long, C.C. 2007. Whitewater River & West Fork Whitewater River Dearborn, Fayette, Franklin, and Wayne Counties. 2005 Fish Management Report. Fisheries Section, Division of Fish & Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis. 55 pp. McWilliams-Munson, R.E. & T.P. Simon. 2001. Tippecanoe River, Indiana: Defining point source threats to rare and endangered mussels. Bloomington, Indiana Field Office. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bloomington, Indiana. Margulies, D., O.S. Burch & B.F. Clark. 1980. Rediscovery of the gilt darter (Percina evides) in the White River, Indiana. The American Midland Naturalist 104(1):207-208. Minton, S.A. Jr. 2001. Amphibian & Reptiles of Indiana. Revised 2nd Edition. Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis. 404 pp. Moenkhaus, W.J. 1896. Notes on a collection of fishes of Dubois County, Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 1895 11:159-162. Page, L.M. 1974. The life history of the spottail darter, Etheostoma squamiceps, in Big Creek, Illinois, and Ferguson Creek, Kentucky. Illinois Natural History Survey. Biological Notes No. 89, Urbana, Illinois. 20 pp. Page, L.M. 1983. Handbook of Darters. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, New Jersey. 271 pp. Page, L.M. & B.M. Burr. 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 pp. Page, L.M., B.M. Burr & P.W. Smith. 1976. The spottail darter, Etheostoma squamiceps (Osteichthyes, Percidae), in Indiana. The American Midland Naturalist 95(2):478-479. Page, L.M. & M.E. Retzer. 2002. The status of Illinois' rarest fishes and crustaceans. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 95:311-326. Pearson, W.D. & L.A. Krumholz. 1984. Distribution and status of Ohio River fishes. Water Resources Laboratory, University of Louisville, Louisville. Prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. ORNL/Sub/79-7831/1. 401 pp. Plummer, J.T. 1851. List of fishes found in the vicinity of Richmond, Indiana. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 1848-1851 3:54-55. Robertson, B. 1977. Deer Creek Stream Survey Report Carroll, Cass, Howard and Miami Counties. Division of Fish and Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis. 28 pp. Seegert, G. 1987. Distribution of the Western Sand Darter (Ammocrypta clara) in the White River of Indiana. Final Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Division of Fish & Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis. 8 pp. Seegert, G. 1990. Survey of the Whitewater River and selected tributaries to determine the status of the Variegate Darter (Etheostoma variatum). Final Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Division of Fish & Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis. 7 pp. Simon, T.P. 1992. Biological criteria development for large rivers with an emphasis on an assessment of the White River drainage, Indiana. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, Water Division, Water Quality Standards, Chicago. EPA 905/R-92/006. Simon, T.P. 1993a. Survey of remaining populations of the Harlequin Darter, Etheostoma histrio Jordan and Gilbert, in the White River Basin, Indiana. Final Report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Division of Fish & Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis. 35+ pp. Simon, T.P. 1993b. Assessment of the range of the threatened darter, Ammocrypta pellucida (Putnam), from the Maumee River Basin, Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 102:139-145. Simon, T.P. 1995. The life history of the Tippecanoe Darter, Etheostorna tippecanoe Jordan and Evermann, in the Tippecanoe River, Indiana. Final report to the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Division of Fish & Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis. 22 pp. Simon, T.P. & A.L. Kiley. 1994. Rediscovery of the Harlequin Darter, Etheostoma histrio Jordan and Gilbert, in the White River drainage, Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 102:279-281. Simon, T.P. & R. Dufour. 1997. Development of Index of Biotic Integrity expectations for the Ecoregions of Indiana. V. Eastern Corn Belt Plain. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, Water Division, Watershed and Non-Point Source Branch, Chicago, Illinois. EPA 905/ R-96/002. Smith, P.W. 1979. The fishes of Illinois. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois. 314 pp. Stefanavage, T.C. 1993. Fisheries survey of Black River in Posey County. 1991 Fish Management Report. Fisheries Section, Division of Fish & Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis. 22 pp. Stefanavage, T.C. 1995. Fisheries survey of Blue River in Crawford, Harrison, and Washington Counties. 1993 Fish Management Report. Fisheries Section, Division of Fish & Wildlife, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis. 55 pp. Strange, R.M. 1993. Spring diet and parasites of the Spottail Darter, Etheostoma squamiceps, in southern Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 101:45-48. Summers, R.B. 1999. Macroinvertebrate and Fish Community Bioassessment of Blue River, Indiana. Final Report to the Nature Conservancy. Blue River Project Office, Laconia, Indiana. Summers, R.B. 2001. Macroinvertebrate and Fish Community Bioassessment of Blue River, Indiana. Final Report to the Nature Conservancy. Blue River Project Office, Laconia, Indiana. Summers, R.B. 2003. Macroinvertebrate and Fish Community Bioassessment of Blue River, Indiana. Final Report to the Nature Conservancy. Blue River Project Office, Laconia, Indiana. Summers, R.B. 2007. Macroinvertebrate and Fish Community Bioassessment of Blue River, Indiana. Final Report to the Nature Conservancy. Blue River Project Office, Laconia, Indiana. Tiemann, J.S. & B.L. Tiemann. 2004. A review of the fishes and freshwater mussels of the Tippecanoe River Basin in Indiana, with comments on freshwater mussel life history. American Currents 30(3):7-13. Whitaker, J.O. Jr. & J.R. Gammon. 1988. Endangered and threatened vertebrate animals of Indiana their distribution and abundance. Indiana Academy of Science. Monograph No. 5, Indianapolis. 122 pp. Woolman, A.J. 1892. Report of an examination of the rivers of Kentucky, with lists of the fishes obtained. Bulletin of the Unites States Fish Commission 1890 10:249-288. Brant E. Fisher: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Atterbury Fish & Wildlife Area, 7970 South Rowe Street, P.O. Box 3000, Edinburgh, Indiana 46124 USA Correspondence to: Brant E. Fisher, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Atterbury Fish & Wildlife Area, 7970 South Rowe Street, PO Box 3000, Edinburgh, IN 46124 |
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