Crystallographers at NBS/NIST.Crystallographic crys·tal·log·ra·phy n. The science of crystal structure and phenomena. crys  tal·log research at NBS/NIST began in the 1930s. Throughout the subsequent years, a large number of scientists have contributed to a long and distinguished history in this field. The following is a compilation of representative scientists who have pursued research in crystallography or closely related disciplines at NBS/NIST. It is not intended to be a complete list, but rather to provide an overview via the participants of the nature and diversity of crystallographic research at NBS/NIST. For each scientist, the list includes the name, the years of service and major research interests. Andrew J. Allen (1991-present) Small-angle neutron and x-ray scattering, microstructure mi·cro·struc·ture n. The structure of an organism or object as revealed through microscopic examination. microstructure Noun a structure on a microscopic scale, such as that of a metal or a cell characterization, porous and nanocrystalline ceramics, thermal barrier coatings, cement systems, ceramic powders and suspensions. John D. Barnes (1963-present) Polymer crystallization, quasielastic neutron scattering, lattice dynamics, molecular transport in polymers, small-angle scattering. Alec J. Belsky (1999-present) Inorganic crystal data, data analysis, crystallographic software development. Leonid A. Bendersky (1983-present) Electron microscopy, phase transformations, crystal structure. Talapady N. Bhat (1999-present) Bioinformatics, Protein Data Bank, macro-molecular structures, software development, database. David R. Black (1978-present) X-ray diffraction topography, synchrotron synchrotron: see particle accelerator. synchrotron Cyclic particle accelerator in which the particle is confined to its orbit by a magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic field increases as the particle's momentum increases. radiation instrumentation, x-ray optics, materials microstructure characterization. Stanley Block (1954-1990) Diamond cell, ruby technique, x-ray diffraction at high pressures of single crystals, powders, polymers, RDF's, and IR spectroscopy. Leonard H. Bolz (1948-1988) X-ray diffraction, free radical research. Julie A. Borchers (1989-present) Neutron diffraction and reflectivity re·flec·tiv·i·ty n. pl. re·flec·tiv·i·ties 1. The quality of being reflective. 2. The ability to reflect. 3. , magnetic thin films and multilayers. Carroll S. Brickenkamp (1971-2001) Crystal structures using single crystal x-ray and neutron diffraction, NIST (National Institute of Standards & Technology, Washington, DC, www.nist.gov) The standards-defining agency of the U.S. government, formerly the National Bureau of Standards. It is one of three agencies that fall under the Technology Administration (www.technology. program planning, U.S. legal metrology, NIST calibration and other measurement services, measurement laboratory accreditation. William S. Brower (1956-1980) Ceramic and crystal synthesis in energy related materials; crystal growth via melt, Czochralski, Bridgman, Verneuil techniques. Walter E. Brown (1962-1993) Chemical physics, crystallography, calcium phosphate chemistry, thermodynamics. Harold E. Burdette (1969-present) Synchrotron radiation instrumentation, x-ray topography, x-ray and real time imaging, crystal growth. Gordon Burley bur·ley n. pl. bur·leys A light-colored tobacco grown chiefly in Kentucky and used especially in making cigarettes. [Probably from the name Burley.] (1954-1966) Silver iodide, rain making, crystallography. Benjamin P. Burton (1983-present) First principle calculations, phase equilibria, crystal chemistry. John W. Cahn John Cahn (1927 - ) is an American Scientist and winner of the National Medal of Science in 1998. Since 1977, he has held a position at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. (1977-present) Solid-state phase transformations, including ordering, crystal shapes, internal interfaces, surface anisotropy anisotropy /an·isot·ro·py/ (an?i-sot´rah-pe) the quality of being anisotropic. anisotropy (an´āsôt´r , rapid crystallization, and quasicrystals. Chang S. Choi (1970-1995) Neutron diffraction, x-ray diffraction, energetic material structures, residual stress, texture. Laurence C. Chow (1969-present) Calcium phosphates, solution chemistry, biomincralization, calcium phosphate biomaterials, dental caries caries or tooth decay Localized disease that causes decay and cavities in teeth. It begins at the tooth's surface and may penetrate the dentin and the pulp cavity. . James P. Cline (1986-present) X-ray powder diffraction, standard reference materials, instrumentation. Sam R. Coriell (1961-present) Theory of crystal growth and alloy solidification, morphological and hydrodynamic hy·dro·dy·nam·ic also hy·dro·dy·nam·i·cal adj. 1. Of or relating to hydrodynamics. 2. Of, relating to, or operated by the force of liquid in motion. instabilities. Johan deGroot (1957-1979) Inorganic compound syntheses, standard powder diffraction patterns. Richard D. Deslattes (1962-2001) Research in precision metrology, interferometry, and x-ray spectroscopy directed toward the determination of fundamental physical constants and masses of elementary particles, and toward testing basic theories. Brian Dickens (1966-present) Groups land II (particularly calcium) phosphates and carbonates, their hydrates, and related compounds, hydrogen bonding, water in crystal structures, epitaxy, low temperatures, impurities/mixed populations in crystalline sites, computer programming. Ross W. Erwin (1985-present) Structure and dynamics of nanoscale magnetic structures, relaxor ferroelectrics. Eloise Evans (1958-1989) High quality reference powder diffraction patterns. Edward N. Farabaugh (1960-present) X-ray diffraction topography, powder x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, crystal growth, diamond growth, phase equilibria. Daniel A. Fischer (1991-present) Soft x-ray absorption speetroscopy, novel x-ray detectors, x-ray optics. D. Travis Gallagher (1990-present) Protein and DNA DNA: see nucleic acid. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid One of two types of nucleic acid (the other is RNA); a complex organic compound found in all living cells and many viruses. It is the chemical substance of genes. crystallography, protein science, diffraction phase determination, macromolecular mac·ro·mol·e·cule n. A very large molecule, such as a polymer or protein, consisting of many smaller structural units linked together. Also called supermolecule. crystal growth, Frank W. Gayle (1988-present) Physical metallurgy, electron microscopy, crystallography, aerospace alloys, and materials for microelectronics. Gary L. Gilliland (1986-present) Protein crystallography, protein engineering, structural biology, structural biology databases (Biological Macromolecule macromolecule, term that may refer either to a crystal such as a diamond, in which the atoms are identical and held by covalent bonds (see chemical bond) of equal strength, or to one of the units that compose a polymer. Crystallization Database and Protein Data Bank). Charles J. Glinka (1975-present) Small-angle neutron scattering Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a laboratory technique, similar to the often complementary techniques of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and light scattering. These are particularly useful because of the dramatic increase in forward scattering that occurs at phase , mesoporous materials, neutron optics and scattering instrumentation. Thomas A. Hahn (1963-1981) Thermal expansion standards and reference data. Qingzhen Huang (1990-present) X-ray and neutron powder diffraction, crystal structure, magnetic properties, Rietveld refinement. Camden R. Hubbard (1971-1988) Single crystal and powder x-ray diffraction methods, software, standard reference materials, and reference patterns collection and evaluation. Herbert Insley (1923-1953) Petrographic microscope, devitrification de·vit·ri·fy tr.v. de·vit·ri·fied, de·vit·ri·fy·ing, de·vit·ri·fies To cause (a glassy material) to become crystalline and brittle. de·vit , composition of cement clinker clink·er n. 1. The incombustible residue, fused into an irregular lump, that remains after the combustion of coal. 2. A partially vitrified brick or a mass of bricks fused together. 3. , powder x-ray diffraction, initiated course in petrographic pe·trog·ra·phy n. The description and classification of rocks. pe·trog  ra·pher n. microscopy. Debra L. Kaiser (1988-present) Single crystal growth, x-ray diffraction, high temperature superconductors. Vicky L. Karen (1978-present) Crystallographic databases, latticetheory, converse- transformation analysis, symmetry, x-ray and neutron diffraction, crystal structure determination, algorithm design. Ernest C. Kessler, Jr. (1969-present) X-ray diffraction, precision x-ray wavelengths, x-ray wavelength database, crystal lattice parameter measurements. Masao Kuriyama (1967-1990) Synchrotron radiation, x rays, dynamical diffraction, topography, inelastic scattering, real time imaging. Jane E. Ladner (1992-present) Protein crystallography, structural biology, biological macromolecule crystallization database. Ernest M. Levin (1945-1974) Phase equilibria, x-ray powder diffraction, phase diagrams for ceramists. Igor Levin (1997-present) Crystal structures, phase transitions, transmission electron microscopy “TEM” redirects here. For other uses, see TEM (disambiguation). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an imaging technique whereby a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen, then an image is formed, magnified and directed to appear either , x-ray and neutron powder diffraction. Lyle E. Levine (1995-present) Ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering imaging, diffraction and small-angle-scattering from dislocations, fundamental theory of deformation, statistical physics. David R. Lide (1954-present) Molecular spectroscopy, standard reference data and data evaluation methodology, development of electronic databases in crystallography, chemistry and physics. Gabrielle G. Long (1980-present) X-ray and neutron scattering, x-ray optics, synchrotron radiation instrumentation, materials microstructure characterization. Jeffrey W. Lynn (1976-present) Neutron diffraction and inelastic scattering phase transitions and critical phenomena. Charles F. Majkrzak (1987-present) Neutron reflectometry studies of the chemical and magnetic nanostructures of thin films and multilayer materials. Mathai Mathew (1975-present) Crystal chemistry of calcium phosphates, biomineralization, single crystal structural studies. Floyd A. Mauer (1948-1989) Instrumentation for studies of the effects of temperature and pressure on the physical properties of solids. Howard F. McMurdie (1928-present) Phase equilibria, x-ray diffraction, high temperature x-ray diffraction, phase diagrams for ceramists. Alan D. Mighell (1964-present) Lattice analysis, symmetry determination, identification, structure determination, powder indexing, crystallographic databases. Rose Mooney (1953-1956) Single crystal structure determination, phosphate structure analysis, initiated single crystal work at NBS (National Bureau of Standards) See NIST. NBS - National Bureau of Standards: part of the US Department of Commerce, now NIST. . Marlene Morris (1955-1986) High quality reference powder diffraction patterns, powder indexing. Bernard Mozer (1968-1991) Neutron scattering, small-angle neutron-scattering, structure of quasicrystals, RDFs. Ronald G. Munro (1976-present) Theory, high pressure RDFs, molecular dynamics, materials property relations, data evaluation methodology. Mary M. Mrose (1983-1999) Phosphate minerals, powder diffraction, crystal data evaluation, single crystal diffraction. Taki Negas (1968-1983) Electronic ceramics, high temperature defect chemistry, x-ray powder and single crystal diffraction, crystal structure and chemistry, analytical SEM/EDX SEM/EDX Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive Using X-Ray (Analysis) , microstructure, phase diagrams. Helen M. Ondik (1958-present) Phosphate crystal structures, Crystal Data compilation, data compilation of materials of construction for coal gasification plants, Phase Diagram data compilation, and database design. Fred Ordway (1949-1964) Structural disorder, computer modeling, instrumentation, water structure. Boris Paretzkin (1961-1994) X-ray powder diffraction, reference powder diffraction patterns. Harry S. Parker (1951-1988) Crystal growth of ceramic materials from vapor and fluxes and synthesis of complex oxides, halides and chalcogenides. H. Steffen Peiser (1957-present) Crystal growth, symmetry, and characterization for free-radical research, relative atomic mass relative atomic mass Noun same as atomic weight relative atomic mass See atomic weight. Noun 1. values, and the fundamental constants. Alvin Perloff (1951-1984) Single crystal x-ray analysis, phosphate and borate borate /bo·rate/ (bor´at) a salt of boric acid. bo·rate n. A salt or ester of boric acid. borate any salt of boric acid. structure determination. Gasper gasp·er n. Chiefly British Slang A cigarette. J. Piermarini (1957-present) Diamond anvil cell A diamond anvil cell (DAC) is a device used by physicists to exert extreme pressures on a material. It consists of two opposing cone-shaped diamonds squeezed together. The resultant high pressures — in excess of a million atmospheres — are produced when force is applied , ruby technique, high pressure x-ray diffraction of single crystals, powders, polymers, RDFs and IR spectroscopy at high pressures. Aaron S. Posner (1950-1961) X-ray diffraction and IR absorption studies of the structure of calcium phosphates, bone and tooth mineral and collagen and related synthetic polymers, single crystal structure analysis, powder diffracsometry and low angle x-ray scattering studies. Henry J. Prask (1970-present) Neutron diffraction, energetic materials, residual stress, texture, coatings. Edward Prince (1966-present) Neutron diffraction instrumentation, Rietveld method, maximum entropy, statistical methods. Nikos P. Pyrros (1981-1983) Single crystal analysis, powder x-ray diffraction, software development, reference powder diffraction patterns. Curt W. Reimann (1962-present) Structural and spectroscopic spec·tro·scope n. An instrument for producing and observing spectra. spec tro·scop properties of transition metal complexes involving a variety of co-ordinate and hydrogen bonding arrangements creating unique environments. Carl R. Robbins (1956-1986) Inorganic structural chemistry (e.g., oxides, silicates, germanates, aluminates), x-ray powder diffraction, single crystal, phase equilibria. Robert S. Roth (1951-present) Phase equilibria of oxide ceramics, crystal chemistry, crystal structure analyses, x-ray powder diffraction, single crystal growth, single crystal structure analyses, neutron diffraction, electron diffraction, HREM HREM High Resolution Electron Microscopy lattice images. John Rumble, Jr. (1980-present) Standard Reference Data, materials, chemistry and physics databases; crystallographic databases. Antonio Santoro (1964-present) X-ray and neutron diffraction, crystal structure determination, lattice geometry, bond valence analysis. Charles Saylor (1931-1968) Chemical microscopy relating to the formation of crystalline phases, crystalline rubber, optical properties of crystals. LeRoy W. Schroeder (1969-1977) X-ray, Raman, and neutron scattering, hydrogen bonding, molecular motion in crystals, interlayered structures, 2-D (surface) atom pair distributions. Richard D. Spal (1969-present) Dynamical x-ray diffraction, x-ray optics, x-ray microradiography microradiography /mi·cro·ra·di·og·ra·phy/ (mi?kro-ra?de-og´rah-fe) radiography under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph up to several hundred linear magnifications. , x-ray microtomography, materials microstructure characterization, high temperature superconductor A material that has little resistance to the flow of electricity. Traditional superconductors operate at absolute zero (-459.67 degrees Fahrenheit or -273.15 degrees Celsius). Experiments in the 1980s raised the temperature to -321 degrees Fahrenheit. composite tape. Judith K. Stalick (1975-present) Neutron powder diffraction, Rietveld method, quantitative phase determination, partial disorder in intermetallic structures. Paul Stutzman (1987-present) Cement clinker, cement hydration hydration /hy·dra·tion/ (hi-dra´shun) the absorption of or combination with water. hy·dra·tion n. 1. The addition of water to a chemical molecule without hydrolysis. 2. products, concrete durability, compositional analysis, microstructure, Portland cement, x-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy. Howard E. Swanson (1945-1974) High quality reference powder diffraction patterns, internal standards. Shozo Takagi (1978-present) Calcium phosphate biomaterials, prevention of dental caries, quantitative digitized microradiography, single crystal and powder x-ray crystallography. Robb Thomson (1971-present) Fundamental theory of fracture and deformation. Brian H. Toby (1994-present) Powder diffraction crystallography, zeolitic Ze`o`lit´ic a. 1. Of or pertaining to a zeolite; consisting of, or resembling, a zeolite. materials, neutron diffraction, crystallographic software, local structure via PDF (Portable Document Format) The de facto standard for document publishing from Adobe. On the Web, there are countless brochures, data sheets, white papers and technical manuals in the PDF format. measurements. John Torgesen (1948-1972) Growth and purification of large single crystals from aqueous solutions under extreme control of temperature and temperature gradients, measurement of impurity retention and resulting crystal habit modifications. Samuel F. Trevino (1970-present) Neutron diffraction, small angle scattering and inelastic scattering, polymers, bio-materials, nano-particles, porous materials, quantum tunneling. Shirley Turner (1986-present) Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, manganese oxide minerals, asbestos. Terrell Vanderah (1993-present) Phase equilibria, crystal chemistry, structure-property relationships, x-ray powder data. Mark D. Vaudin (1986-present) Crystallographic texture analysis, x-ray diffraction, high temperature x-ray diffraction, electron backscattering diffraction. Jennifer R. Verkouteren (1988-present) Micro XRD XRD X-Ray Diffraction XRD Crossroad XRD X-Ray Diode , electron backscattering diffraction, asbestos analysis by XRD. Charles E. Weir (1943-1970) High pressure, diamond anvil cell, x-ray diffraction of single crystals and powders, high pressure instrumentation, polymers and IR spectroscopy at high pressure. Alexander Wlodawer (1976-1987) Protein crystallography, neutron diffraction, synchrotron radiation, enzyme structure, AIDS drug design. Joseph C. Woicik (1989-present) X-ray scattering, x-ray absorption, x-ray photoelectron pho·to·e·lec·tron n. An electron released or ejected from a substance by photoelectric effect. photoelectron emission, electronic and geometric structure of surfaces and interfaces. Winnie Wong-Ng (1983-present) Crystal structure determination, crystal chemistry, phase equilibria, x-ray powder reference patterns, molecular orbital calculations, high temperature superconductors. Marcello Zocchi (1964-1967) X-ray and neutron single crystal analysis, crystallographic computing, simultaneous diffraction. |
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