Creating Paradise: The Building of the English Country House, 1660-1880.

By Richard Wilson and Alan Mackley (London and New York: Hambledon and London, 2000. xix plus 428pp. 25 [pounds sterling]).

One lure to visit Britain is the country house. While massive Chatsworth and Blenheim are among the most publicized Wilson and Mackley are fairly dismissive of both. The authors play a larger field without showing any particular preference for large or small, palatial or plain houses. While grand Castle Howard in Yorkshire and Holkham Hall in Norfolk are clearly among their favorites, they are no less absorbed with the likes of Haveringland Hall and Heacham Hall in Norfolk and Henham Hall in Suffolk.

Why this kind of selectivity? It should be said right off: this is not your typical "house" book. Various other negatives apply: it is neither a general history of classical architecture in Britain, (1) a social history of the house, (2) a study of house layout, (3) nor one about family and servants. (4) Creating Paradise is not particularly landscape history nor does the issue of estate house survival and preservation pertain. (5) It touches only minimally on politics (6) and does not treat at all the house as a dimension of English property law. (7) Above all, Creating Paradise is not the usual coffee table variety long on pictures and short on substance. Because the work is less about architecture and architects and more about builders and building, building accounts and the like allow Wilson and Mackley to undertake this particular kind of study.

When Lady Frederick Cavendish remarked that "When one lives in Paradise, how hard it must be to ascend in heart and mind to heaven" (no doubt enscounced in her Cliveden when she uttered these words), she captured a sentiment shared by many of her country aristocrats. House building, an arduous and often frustrating task, was also regarded a duty to be performed for one's progeny and a responsibility to one's self: it constituted both a social and political statement to contemporaries. The building enterprise became, consequently, a preoccupation of country gentlemen, whether dukes or squires, during England's wondrous eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

In nine chapters Wilson and Mackley sketch aspects essential to building. First of all, there was the house itself and what it said about power and culture. The coupling of these matters with taste and landscape is the nearest the authors come to themes commonplace in house books. Builders of the country house are also featured: they proved a diverse lot, whether the astonishingly wealthy first Duke of Westminster or an obscure Norfolk squire. The reader is introduced to both. Travel and its impact on building are major themes in this work. Visiting country homes became a famous (sometimes infamous) pastime. Great houses and the relative ease of turnpike travel attracted the inquisitive, whether self-styled connoisseurs who freely pontificated on acceptable architectural taste, or general sightseers. Not to be outdone by these domestic adventurers were those who went on the Grand Tour, especially to Italy but to other European locales as well. Theirs was an opportunity to harvest architectural ideas, often Palladian ones, which they tested on building projects at home. In fact, so consumed were these gentlemen by the notions of designing their houses that their relationships with architects were less the professional ones which we know today than those of patron and servant--a matter which Wilson and Mackley treat expertly.

The four chapters on building are the most important: "A Pleasure Not to be Envied" examines the many trials of building such as preparation for the undertaking, attending the workers, and worrying about materials. "The Pattern of Building" is a chronology of building in England from peaks in the 1720s and 1770s to its nadir in the 1880s. "The Cost of the Country House" is a mine of information gleaned from estimates, bill books, ledgers, agreements, and the like. From such sources the authors have compiled estimates for alteration as well as building. Finally, a chapter on "Building and Finance" treats matters such as debts incurred, settlements, interest rates, and mortgages. The text of these latter chapters is supported by 21 excellent tables many of which lend themselves to comparative studies. Examples include the building of new houses, 1690-1729, 1770-99, 1850-79, the cost of building country houses, 1830-1914, the percentage cost of labor, materials and carriage in the construction of country houses, 1670-1875, estimates for the cases and finish of country houses, 1748-1856, country house unit building costs, 1670-1870, comparison of actual and predicted building costs, estimated average cost of country houses by estate size, 1770-1800, and comparisons of building expenditures with rental income. The tables are indicative of both the breadth of this work and the astonishing research that went into it.

Although Creating Paradise is no tome of pretty pictures on glossy pages, it is very handsomely adorned with 134 very germane plates. Wilson and Mackley elevate the literature of the country house to new heights, doing for it what previously had been accomplished for other types of building. (8) Creating Paradise is likely the kind of work that Sir John Summerson had in mind nearly a half century ago. (9) Fortunately, Wilson and Mackley made it a reality.

Albert J. Schmidt

The George Washington University and

Quinnipiac University College of Law

ENDNOTES

(1.) As exemplified by Giles Worsley, Classical Architecture in Britain: The Heroic Age (New Haven, 1995).

(2.) See Mark Girouard, Life in the English Country House: A Social and Architectural History (New Haven, 1978); Gervase Jackson-Stops, ed., The Treasure Houses of Britain: Five Hundred Years of Private Patronage and Art Collecting (Washington: National Gallery of Art and New Haven: Yale U.P., 1985); and John Harris, The Palladian Revival: Lord Burlington, His Villa and Garden at Chiswick (New Haven, 1995).

(3.) See Jill Franklin, The Gentleman's Country House and its Plan 1835-1914 (London, 1981).

(4.) See Jessica Gerard, Country House: Family and Servants 1815-1914 (Cambridge, 1994).

(5.) See Heather A. Clemenson, English Country Houses and Landed Estates (New York, 1982).

(6.) See Nigel Everett, The Tory View of Landscape (New Haven, 1994).

(7.) See Tom Williamson & Liz Bellamy, Property and Landscape: A Social History of Land Ownership and the English Countryside (London, 1987).

(8.) Others who have in recent years treated building are Christopher Chalklin, English Counties and Public Building 1650-1830 (London, 1998) and The Provincial Towns of Georgian England: A Study of the Building Process (Montreal, 1974); Summerson, Georgian London (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1962); and David Cannadine, Lords and Landlords: the Aristocracy and the Towns 1774-1967 (Leicester, 1980). The building process beyond Britain is also handled expertly by Richard A. Goldthwaite, The Building of Renaissance Florence: An Economic and Social History (Baltimore, 1980).

(9.) "The Classical Country House in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 107 (1959).