Corporate philanthrophy in the Indian context-critical factors.ABSTRACT The study is an empirical investigation into Corporate Philanthropic phil·an·throp·ic also phil·an·throp·i·cal adj. 1. Of, relating to, or marked by philanthropy; humanitarian. 2. Organized to provide humanitarian or charitable assistance: (CP) behaviour in India India, officially Republic of India, republic (2005 est pop. 1,080,264,000), 1,261,810 sq mi (3,268,090 sq km), S Asia. The second most populous country in the world, it is also sometimes called Bharat, its ancient name. India's land frontier (c. . Collaborative relationships between the State, the business and the NGOs will be effective when behaviour and motivations of each partner are understood in terms of their underlying dimensions. This paper is an attempt to explore the critical factors of one key partner in the relationship- the business sector, which remains an inadequately researched area in India. It explores the critical factors underlying the Corporate Philanthropic phenomenon. It finds out 11 such factors and integrates them into a coherent model of CP which is a contribution to theory building on CP. It further explores differences between donor-segments on these factors to offer strategic inputs to fundraising
1. INTRODUCTION Studies on CP are few and far between, globally and especially in India. Existing gaps in literature as well as the need of the NPO NPO [L.] nil per os (nothing by mouth). NPO abbr. Latin nil per os (nothing by mouth) NPO Nothing by mouth (Non Profit Organisation) sector for strategic models for fundraising indicate a strong need for a study starts at the very beginning- at understanding CP in terms of an integrated model, its latent Hidden; concealed; that which does not appear upon the face of an item. For example, a latent defect in the title to a parcel of real property is one that is not discoverable by an inspection of the title made with ordinary care. dimensions, their structure and influences. This understanding would, on one hand contribute to theory, and on the other hand, meet a practical need for customer insights for the benefit of NPO sector in a context where there is a strong need for the sector to look at alternatives other than foreign funds and government help. Keeping in mind the two motivational routes -research gaps and needs of NPO Sector -, the research objective of the present study is set to explore the critical factors of CP in terms of their structure. The task is to find the latent factors within three broad domains of CP: Donor-specific enablers (Organisational domain), Agency-specific influences (NPO-related) and External influences. 2. LITERATURE The first major gap in literature available on philanthropy philanthropy, the spirit of active goodwill toward others as demonstrated in efforts to promote their welfare. The term is often used interchangeably with charity. in general and CP in particular is the fact that 'helping behaviour is crucially important and is virtually undecided' (Sherry sherry [from Jérez], naturally dry fortified wine, pale amber to brown in tint. The term sherry originally referred to wines made from grapes grown in the region of Jérez de la Frontera, Andalusia, Spain; today it may refer to any of the , 1983). There is very little literature, in terms of volume, available on CP. Bendapudi, Singh For the fictional global crime syndicate, see . Singh is a Sanskrit word meaning "lion". It is used as a common surname and middle name in North India by many communities, especially by the Sikhs and the Rajputs. and Bendapudi (1996) mention that less than 0.5% research studies in marketing area deal with helping behaviour. Most literature in India is qualitative, where what one finds is mostly anecdotal anecdotal /an·ec·do·tal/ (an?ek-do´t'l) based on case histories rather than on controlled clinical trials. anecdotal adjective Unsubstantiated; occurring as single or isolated event. , case study based or biography-based. This clearly indicates a need for quantitative studies. The efforts are all 'disjointed and void of theoretical underpinnings' (Burnett and Wood, 1988). As the study by Bendapudi, Singh, and Bendapudi (1996) concludes, there is a need for 'advancing theoretical understanding of such under-researched issues as what factors affect helping behaviour'. The studies did so far have not focussed on social norms and donor The party conferring a power. One who makes a gift. One who creates a trust. donor n. a person or entity making a gift or donation. DONOR. He who makes a gift. (q.v.) perceptions. Effect of agency's solicitation solicitation In criminal law, the act of asking, inducing, or directing someone to commit a crime. The person soliciting another becomes an accomplice to the crime. The term also refers to the act of obtaining bribes, as well as to the crime of a prostitute who offers sexual strategy (e.g.: familiarity of the agency) is overlooked. Most work in helping behaviour has focused on the help that is rendered directly from a donor to a needy need·y adj. need·i·er, need·i·est 1. Being in need; impoverished. See Synonyms at poor. 2. Wanting or needing affection, attention, or reassurance, especially to an excessive degree. beneficiary beneficiary Person or entity (e.g., a charity or estate) that receives a benefit from something (e.g., a trust, life-insurance policy, or contract). A primary beneficiary receives proceeds from a trust or insurance policy before any other. (Bendapudi et al, 1996). 'We know nothing about the relative impact of the agent representing the recipient' (Burnett and Wood, 1988) because the agency's (NPO's) role in influencing helping behaviour is not studied along with other influences. While philanthropy is most likely to be a function of diverse influences, there have been no studies in the area that take an integrated view of all these diverse influences. Each study focuses on a particular issue in isolation. Useem (1998) studies effect of net income. Levy and Shatto (1980) study marketing consideration in CP. Fry, Keim and Meiners (1982) study the degree of public contact influencing CP. Platzer (1986) and Useem (1988) study sectoral preference in CP. White (1980), Glaskiewicz (1985) study corporate image. Knauft (1985), Useem and Kuther (1986), Hunt et al (1984) and White and Bartolomeo (1982) study top management's significance. Molly molly see mare hinny. (1995) and Myra Myra (mī`rə), ancient city and seaport of Lycia, S Asia Minor (now S Turkey). The Acts of the Apostles reports that the city was visited by Paul. According to tradition, it was the see of St. Nicholas. (1995) report CP through NPOs. Clutterbuck and Dearlove (1996) and SRI--IMRB and Action Aid (1997) study Corporate-NPO relationship. While the above-mentioned A`bove´-men`tioned a. 1. Mentioned or named before; aforesaid; mentioned or named earlier in the same text (in written documents). Adj. 1. studies deal with a single factor each, Burnett and Wood (1988) call for building diverse motivational routes into helping behaviour models. This would help understanding diverse influences not in isolation but in integration. In the context of increasing awareness about the need for collaborative relationships between the three sectors--Government, Business and NGO-, the need to study CP as an integration of diverse influences and considerations is of great importance. Contributing to this need is the purpose of the current study. 3. METHODOLOGY The study starts with a qualitative approach to eliciting relevant variables underlying the concept of CP. In-depth in-depth adj. Detailed; thorough: an in-depth study. in-depth Adjective detailed or thorough: an in-depth analysis survey of five corporate donors and five NPOs, using data triangulation triangulation: see geodesy. The use of two known coordinates to determine the location of a third. Used by ship captains for centuries to navigate on the high seas, triangulation is employed in GPS receivers to pinpoint their current location on earth. , was first carried out. The output was subjected to content analysis (guidelines guidelines, n.pl a set of standards, criteria, or specifications to be used or followed in the performance of certain tasks. by Patton Pat·ton , Charley 1881-1934. American blues singer and guitarist who wrote several blues standards, including "Mississippi Boll Weevil Blues," and helped pioneer the Mississippi blues style. 1984, Miles and Huberman Huberman is a surname and may refer to:
This page or section lists people with the surname Huberman. 1985) which produced 14 variables in the three domains--Donor (Organisational), Agency (NPO) and External. Two variables were added from literature. The conceptual model that emerged from transcribing the 16 variables into the three domains acted as the basic framework for instrumentation instrumentation, in music: see orchestra and orchestration. instrumentation In technology, the development and use of precise measuring, analysis, and control equipment. . Each of these variables was split into a set of minimum number of items that constituted the measure and their content validity content validity, n the degree to which an experiment or measurement actually reflects the variable it has been designed to measure. and construct validity construct validity, n the degree to which an experimentally-determined definition matches the theoretical definition. were checked. First part of the questionnaire collected the demographic profile A demographic or demographic profile is a term used in marketing and broadcasting, to describe a demographic grouping or a market segment. This typically involves age bands (as teenagers do not wish to purchase denture fixant), social class bands (as the rich may want of the data and the second part consisted of 46 items on the 16 variables on a Likert scale Likert scale A subjective scoring system that allows a person being surveyed to quantify likes and preferences on a 5-point scale, with 1 being the least important, relevant, interesting, most ho-hum, or other, and 5 being most excellent, yeehah important, etc . The length of the questionnaire was deliberately kept short to account for the principle of parsimony Noun 1. principle of parsimony - the principle that entities should not be multiplied needlessly; the simplest of two competing theories is to be preferred law of parsimony, Occam's Razor, Ockham's Razor (Gujarathi, 1995) and to ensure a good response rate. Pre-testing with debriefing de·brief·ing n. 1. The act or process of debriefing or of being debriefed. 2. The information imparted during the process of being debriefed. Noun 1. technique and face validity face validity (fāsˑ v  ·liˑ·di·tē),n checks were done. A pilot study was conducted on 53 responses from 30 donor companies at Bangalore-medium or large companies, having donated do·nate v. do·nat·ed, do·nat·ing, do·nates v.tr. To present as a gift to a fund or cause; contribute. v.intr. To make a contribution to a fund or cause. for at least three years. Internal consistency In statistics and research, internal consistency is a measure based on the correlations between different items on the same test (or the same subscale on a larger test). It measures whether several items that propose to measure the same general construct produce similar scores. was checked with Cronbach alpha (Nunnally J.C., 1967) on each of the 16 measures and 8 items were pruned. The new, improved alphas ranged from 0.6287 to 0.9005 across the measures. The overall alpha for the scale was 0.8540 and the final number of items was 38 for the second part of the questionnaire and 15 for the demographic and philanthropic profile. 4. DATA It is to be noted that in India, there is no formal database maintained on corporate donors and their contributions. The study had to do with a few house-lists of donors of some fund-raising fund-raising, large-scale soliciting of voluntary contributions, especially in the United States. Fund-raising is widely undertaken by charitable organizations, educational institutions, and political groups to acquire sufficient funds to support their activities. organisations. House -lists was pooled and a master-list was compiled which acted as the sample-frame. At the first level of data -screening, public sector donors were dropped. Small size companies were excluded too. The size of the sample frame after applying these initial filters was 156. Since this was a small number, no further sampling procedure was done on this list and the entire list of 156 companies was targeted. Private, medium and large companies were the sampling units and the elements were the senior level executives concerned with social contribution in the company and who were willing to respond. They came from various functional backgrounds like public relations public relations, activities and policies used to create public interest in a person, idea, product, institution, or business establishment. By its nature, public relations is devoted to serving particular interests by presenting them to the public in the most , marketing, human relations human relations npl → relaciones fpl humanas etc. Two responses from each company were requested. A mixed approach of Direct mail and Personal Interview was adopted. 80 companies in and around Bangalore Bangalore (băng-gəlôr`), city (1991 pop. 2,651,000; metropolitan area 4,130,288), capital of Karnataka state, S central India, 3,000 ft (914 m) above sea level. were contacted and perused for personal interviews. The rest of the companies were contacted by postal-mailing, which was preceded by an introductory letter informing them about the survey, its purpose and requesting for participation. The letter was followed by the questionnaire within three days of the target respondents' receipt of the introductory letter. 76 companies were sent questionnaires by direct mail. 63 companies in and around Bangalore gave 126 responses to personal interviews and 32 companies from across the country gave 64 responses by mail. A total of 190 responses were obtained from 95 companies. The second level of data screening applied a different set of filters on the responses and eliminated companies that spend on employee welfare programs alone and mention it as their sole social expenditure, companies mentioning political or religious contributions as the causes they donate to and companies that did not answer both the parts of the questionnaire 12 responses that fitted any one of the above three filters were discarded dis·card v. dis·card·ed, dis·card·ing, dis·cards v.tr. 1. To throw away; reject. 2. a. To throw out (a playing card) from one's hand. b. , leaving a final sample size of 178 responses from 89 companies. Table A-1 shows the profiles observed in the data in terms of different segments within the data. 5. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS The data set of 178 responses on the 38 items of CP was subjected to Principal Component Analysis with varimax rotation. SPSS A statistical package from SPSS, Inc., Chicago (www.spss.com) that runs on PCs, most mainframes and minis and is used extensively in marketing research. It provides over 50 statistical processes, including regression analysis, correlation and analysis of variance. converged in 31 iterations by Kaiser Normalisation 1. (data processing) normalisation - A transformation applied uniformly to each element in a set of data so that the set has some specific statistical property. For example, monthly measurements of the rainfall in London might be normalised by dividing each one by the total for the given criterion of Eigen value more than one and produced a set of 11 components that accounted for 80.825% of the total variance The discrepancy between what a party to a lawsuit alleges will be proved in pleadings and what the party actually proves at trial. In Zoning law, an official permit to use property in a manner that departs from the way in which other property in the same locality . Results are shown in the following tables. Three NPO related variables, viz viz - A visual language for specification and programming. ["viz: A Visual Language Based on Functions", C.M. Holt, 1990 IEEE Workshop on Visual Langs, Oct 1990, pp.221-226]. , Message Informativeness, Message Persuasion PERSUASION. The act of influencing by expostulation or request. While the persuasion is confined within those limits which leave the mind free, it may be used to induce another to make his will, or even to make it in his own favor; but if such persuasion should so far operate on the mind and Staff Strategy, combined together to form the first factor. This factor was named 'Strategy of NPO.' Four other NPO-related variables viz., NPO-Efficiency, NPO-Effectiveness, NPO-Specialisation and NPO-Credibility combined under the second factor, which was given the name, 'Confidence in NPO.' The other nine distinct factors were: Awareness about NPO, Disposition, Image benefits, Perception of Resources in kind (Non monetary), Cause, Perception of Resources in Monetary terms, Top Management Involvement, Self Interest (Financial Benefits) and Social Comparison. It is interesting to note that that Perception of Resources in kind (F6) and Perception of Resources in monetary terms (F8) emerged as two distinct factors without combining into one. Perception of Financial Benefits (F10) and Perception of Other-Benefits (F5) also remained as two distinct factors, indicating two distinct benefits of philanthropy in the donor's perceptions. The first was named 'Self interest' and the latter, 'Image'. When ranked on factor means (Refer table A-4.), the first factor with the highest mean is Image, indicating the significance of non-financial benefits in terms of image-benefits in corporate philanthropy. NPO-Strategy and Confidence in NPO ranked the last in the order. The second factor in ranking is Disposition--the willingness or the positive attitude the company possesses. The rest to follow in terms of ranking are: Awareness about NPO, Cause, Resources-in-kind, Social Comparison, Resources-monetary, Top Management, Self-Interest self-in·ter·est n. 1. Selfish or excessive regard for one's personal advantage or interest. 2. Personal advantage or interest. self , Confidence in NPO and NPO-Strategy, in that order. In terms of ranking, as the last column in table 4 shows, the most important factors remain a mix of Organisational and External factors. Awareness is the only NPO-related factor with a high rank (Third Rank). The other two NPO-related factors are at the end of the order (tenth and eleventh In music or music theory an eleventh is the note eleven scale degrees from the root of a chord and also the interval between the root and the eleventh. Since there are only seven degrees in a diatonic scale the eleventh degree is the same as the subdominant and the interval ), indicating that while all the factors are important (all means are above 3.00 on the Likert scale), it is the Organisational and External factors which could be relatively more dominant factors underlying CP, with the sole exception of one NPO-factor which is Awareness of NPO. 6. TESTS ON SEGMENTS Most NPOs, as this study in its preliminary stage found out, do not follow complex segmentation strategies but follow very simple 2-group segments, for example, Indian and MNC MNC See: Multinational corporation donors or Consumer and Industrial product companies etc. Keeping this practice in mind, T tests for significant difference between two sample means were done for six types of different segments within the data and wherever significant differences were found, one tailed tests were done to know the direction of the difference. Segments examined are: * Consumer companies and Industrial companies * Indian and MNC companies * Direct contributors to beneficiaries and Indirect contributors (through NPO and combined mode) * Regular Contributors (no break in contribution within the last three years) and irregular HEIR, IRREGULAR. In Louisiana, irregular heirs are those who are neither testamentary nor legal, and who have been established by law to take the succession. See Civ. Code of Lo. art. 874. contributors * Companies with no explicit social policy and companies with social policy * Companies in CFPC CFPC College of Family Physicians of Canada CFPC California Forest Products Commission CFPC Child & Family Policy Center (Iowa) CFPC Centre Français du Patronat Chrétien CFPC Community Family Planning Council CFPC Central Florida Pregnancy Center, Inc. (cigarette/Fertiliser/Pharmaceutical/chemical) category and in the others category. 7. CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions emerged from the study. 1. The critical factors, ranked on factor scores are Image, Disposition, Awareness about NPO, Cause, Resources-In-kind, Social comparison, Resources-Monitory, Top Management, Self-Interest, Confidence in NPO, Strategy of NPO. 2. Perception of Resources-in-kind and perception of Resources-monetary are two, distinct factors to be treated separately. 3. Image Benefits and other Benefits (Called 'Self-Interest') are distinct factors in the mind of the donor. 4. Theoretical Model of CP as Produced by the Study: The study produced a theoretical model for Corporate Philanthropy. The 11 critical factors transcribed into the three main domains give rise to a theoretical framework for CP (figure.1), which is a contribution to theory on CP. It can also act as the basis for determining NPO strategies for fundraising. The model can also be used by NPOs as a basic checklist for a range of strategic purposes like setting targets, self-evaluation etc. 5. The table showing the results of T tests (table A-5), indicates the significant factor for each type of segmentation. An NPO can look for the thrust variables for the particular type of segmentation it follows in its fundraising and accordingly factor these variables into its efforts for its target segment. 8. CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY Critical factors of CP in India are being explored empirically at a time where such findings could have a high relevance for strategies to fill up the current gap between NPO resources and NPO requirements in terms of funding for developmental causes. The study attempts to fill up an important research gap in literature on CP by integrating donor, agency and external factors into one study. The study produces a theoretical model for CP, which can add to the current understanding on CP and thereby to theory on CP. The study gives basic customer insights to NPOs and thrust variables for strategy building. Inputs for Factor Analysis: Initial Variables, Item numbers in questionnaire, and Codes used in analysis
TABLE A-1: PROFILE OF THE DATA
Segment No. of Segment No. of
Responses Responses
s
Indian Companies 132 Consumer Product 106
companies
MNC Companies 46 Industrial Product 72
Companies
Total 178 Total 178
CFPC 32 Contribution Policy 110
Companies (Chemical/ Organisations
Pharmaceuticals/
Pharmaceuticals
Other Companies 146 No Policy 68
organisations
Total 178 Total 178
Direct Contributors 52 Irregular 10
(Directly donating Contributors
to beneficiaries,
not involving NPOs)
Combined-Mode Donors 126 Rejular Contributors 168
(donating through NPOs (regular donations
anddirectly to for last 3ears
beneficiaries)
TABLE A-2: FACTOR ANALYSIS
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Items & Items & Items & Items & Items & Items &
Loadings Loadings Loadings Loadings Loadings Loadings
MS1 CP1 AW1 NR7 SI5 RS3
0.744 0.492 0.637 0.926 0.828 -0.619
MS2 CP2 AW2 NR8 S16 RS4
0.763 0.472 0.735 0.891 0.899 -0.595
MS3 CP3 AW3
0.523 0.665 0.694
MS4 CP4
0.841 0.867
MS5 CP5
0.84 0.788
ST1 CP6
0.846 0.773
ST2 CR1
0.725 0.700
CR2
0.664
CR3
0.584
F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 N=178
Items & Items & Items & Items & Items &
Loadings Loadings Loadings Loadings Loadings Items=38
CS1 RS1 CE1 SI1 NR1 Variance
0.753 0.535 0.843 0.745 0.806 =80.825
CS2 RS2 CE2 S12 NR5
0.778 0.812 0.722 0.715 0.538
CS3 CE3 S14
TABLE A-3: FACTOR NAMES, EIGEN VALUES AND VARIANCE
Factor Eigen Value Cumulative
Total % Variance Variance
F1 Strategy of NPO 8.407 22.124 22.124
F2 Confidence in NPO 5.035 13.249 35.373
F3 Awareness about NPO 3.136 8.251 43.624
F4 Disposition 2.838 7.467 51.092
F5 Image 2.346 6.173 57.264
F6 Resources in Kind 2.205 5.801 63.066
F7 Cause 1.700 4.474 67.540
F8 Resources-Monetary 1.443 3.797 71.337
F9 To Management 1.305 3.433 74.770
F10 Self Interest 1.238 3.259 78.029
F11 Social Comparison 1.062 2.796 80.825
TABLE A-4: FACTOR RANKINGS
Rank Factor Factor Mean Domain
1 Image 4.5169 Organisational
2 Disposition 4.1629 Organisational
3 Awareness about NPO 4.0562 Agency
4 Cause 3.8689 External
5 Resources in Kind 3.7640 Organisational
6 Social Comparison 3.7360 External
7 Resources- Monetary 3.7303 Organisational
8 Top Management 3.5131 Organisational
9 Self Interest 3.3633 Organisational
10 Confidence in NPO 3.3425 Agency
11 Strategy of NPO 3.0674 Agency
TABLE A-5: T TESTS FOR SEGMENTS
Factors T Signific One tailed result
Consumer Industrial
Resource Perception- 2.242 0.026 Higher --
Monetary
Social Comparison -2.661 0.008 -- Higher
Factors T Signific Indian MNC
Cause -2.309 0.022 -- Higher
Confidence in NPO 2.769 0.006 Higher --
Image Benefits -5.666 .000 -- Higher
Resource Perception- 4.611 0.000 Higher --
Monetary
Self interest 2.689 0.008 Higher --
Social Comparison -2.472 0.014 -- Higher
Factors T Signific Direct Indirect
Confidence in NPO 1.961 0.052 -- Higher
Self interest -2.871 0.005 Higher --
Factors T Signific Regular Irregular
Image -2.975 0.003 Higher --
Resource Perception- 2.914 0.004 -- Higher
Nonmonetary
Strategy of NPO 2.689 0.008 -- Higher
Factors T Signific Policy No Policy
Awareness about NPO 5.680 0.000 -- Higher
Cause -6.291 0.000 Higher --
Disposition -2.931 0.004 Higher --
Resource Perception- -3.500 0.001 Higher --
Non monetary
Resource Perception- -4.870 0.000 Higher --
Monetary
Self Interest -4.503 0.000 Higher --
Strategy of NPO -2.227 0.027 Higher --
Factors T Signific Other CFPC
Awareness about NPO -3.590 0.000 -- Higher
Image Benefits -1.881 0.062 -- Higher
Resource Perception- 4.630 0.000 Higher --
Monetary
Self interest 2.108 0.036 Higher --
Social Comparison -4.281 0.000 -- Higher
Strategy of NPO 2.881 0.004 Higher --
Variable Item Code
No.
Social Comparison 1 NR1
2 NR5
Disposition 3 NR7
4 NR8
Cause 5 CS1
6 CS2
7 CS3
Top Management 8 CE1
Involvement 9 CE2
10 CE3
Resource Perception 11 RS1
-Monetary 12 RS2
Resource Perception 13 RS3
-in -Kind 14 RS4
Financial Benefits 15 SI1
16 SI2
17 SI4
Image Benefits 18 SI5
19 SI6
Awareness about 20 AW1
NPOs 21 AW2
22 AW3
Efficiency of NPO 23 CP1
24 CP2
Effectiveness of NPO 25 CP3
26 CP4
Specialisation of NPO 27 CP5
28 CP6
Credibility of 29 CR1
NPO 30 CR2
31 CR3
NPO-Message- 32 MS1
Informativeness 33 MS2
NPO-Message- 34 MS3
Persuasion 35 MS4
36 MS5
NPO-Staff 37 ST1
Strategy 38 ST2
Table 2-1: Disasters in Higher Education (Sources: FEMA, "Building a
Disaster-Resistant University", Draft-5/10, 2000), (Michigan State
University Disaster Recovery Planning, 2003; www.drp.msu.edu/)
YEAR LOCATION DISASTER DAMAGE
1989 Stanford Loma Prieta Damaged many
University earthquake buildings, 11 seriously
enough to be closed
1992 University of Hurricane Andrew School closed for one
Miami month
1994 California State Northridge School closed for one
University, earthquake month
Northridge and
two other CSU
campuses
1997 University of Red River of the Relocate facilities,
North Dakota North flood including the computer
center, and closed for
one month
1997 Colorado State Local flooding Bookstore and library
University damaged, school closed
for one week
1998 Syracuse Severe windstorm Damage to buildings,
University trees and utilities
1999 Columbia Power outage due Loss of irreplaceable
University to heat wave research materials
1999 East Carolina Flooding caused by Campus not fully
University Hurricane Floyd operational for weeks
1999 Michigan State Radical group set Extensive fire damage,
University a fire faculty offices
relocated
2000 Seton Hall Dormitory fire Three students killed,
University 12 injured
YEAR ESTIMATED
COST
1989 $300M over ten
years
1992 $17M
1994 $407M
1997 $46M
1997 $100M
1998 $4M
1999 "Many millions
of dollars"
1999 Unknown
1999 $.4M
2000 Unknown
FIGURE 1-2: 2003 DOWNTIME AVERAGE COSTS OF MAJOR FINANCIAL
INDUSTRIES--(SOURCE Sprint Seminars, Business Continuity Solutions for
Financial IT, March 6, 2003, www.webseminarslive.com)
Cost of Downtime Financial Retail
14 Days Incalculable Incalculable
182 Hours $3.0 B $9.57 M
127 Hours $2.0 B $6.90 M
73 Hours $1.2 B $3.90 M
36 Hours $567 M $1.95 M
3.5 Hours $58 M $1.95 M
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Across the Board, The Conference Board Report, April (11.) Myra, Al-person (1995), ' Corporate Giving Strategies that Add Business Value: A Research Report', The Conference Board Report, 1126-95-RR (12.) Nunnally, Jum C. (1967), Psychometric psy·cho·met·rics n. (used with a sing. verb) The branch of psychology that deals with the design, administration, and interpretation of quantitative tests for the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence, aptitude, and Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York (13.) Patton, Michael Q. (1984), Qualitative Evaluation Methods, Sage Publications This article or section needs sources or references that appear in reliable, third-party publications. Alone, primary sources and sources affiliated with the subject of this article are not sufficient for an accurate encyclopedia article. , Beverly Hills, London (14.) Platzer, Linda Cardillo (1986), Annual Survey of Corporate Contributions, ed: New York, NY: Conference Board (15.) Sherry, John F. (1983), 'Gift Giving in a falling inwards; a collapse. See also: Giving Anthropological Perspective', Journal of Consumer Research, 10 September, pp157-168 Useem, Michael (1988),' Market and Institutional Factors in Corporate Contributions', California California (kăl'ĭfôr`nyə), most populous state in the United States, located in the Far West; bordered by Oregon (N), Nevada and, across the Colorado River, Arizona (E), Mexico (S), and the Pacific Ocean (W). Management Review, 30 (2), pp.77-88 (16.) SRI (IMRB IMRB Indian Market Research Bureau IMRB Improved Main Rotor Blade IMRB Insensitive Munitions Review Board IMRB Independent Motorized Rifle Battalion ) & Action Aid (1997), Survey on Corporate Philanthropy in India, Business World, 22 November- 7 December (17.) White, Arthur H. (1980), 'Corporate Philanthropy; Impact on Public Attitudes' in Corporate Philanthropy in the Eighties, Washington D.C: National Chamber Foundation Sangeeta Mansur, AC NIELSEN ORG-MRG, Bangalore, India R. Srinivasan, Indian Institute of Science Impressed by Swami Vivekananda's views on science, and leadership abilities, Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata wanted him to guide his campaign. Vivekananda endorsed the project with enthusiasm, and Tata, with the aim of advancing the scientific capabilities of the country, constituted a , Bangalore, India AUTHORS PROFILES Dr. Sangeeta Mansur earned her Ph.D. at the Indian Institute of Science, Banglore in 2002 under supervision of Dr. R. Srinivasan. She worked for an International Market Research Agency in Dubai till recently. Currently she is a consultant with AC NIELSEN ORG-MARG in Bangalore. Dr. R. Srinivasan is a professor in Department of Management Studies at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He earned his Doctorate (Fellow Programme) at the Indian Institute The Indian Institute in central Oxford, England is located at the north end of Catte Street on the corner with Holywell Street and faching down Broad Street from the east.[1] of Management, Bangalore in 1981. He holds a bachelor's and master's degrees master's degree n. An academic degree conferred by a college or university upon those who complete at least one year of prescribed study beyond the bachelor's degree. Noun 1. in Engineering. He has more than 25 years of experience in Industry and Academia. |
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