Corporate entrepreneurship: application of moderator method.Abstract Corporate entrepreneurship en·tre·pre·neur n. A person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture. [French, from Old French, from entreprendre, to undertake; see enterprise. is becoming increasingly important for the competitiveness of organisations as they face dynamic competition unleashed by globalisation. Internal environmental factors play a crucial role in translating entrepreneurship into performance. There is a need to understand the factors and their dynamics for stimulating corporate entrepreneurship. The key findings of an empirical research Noun 1. empirical research - an empirical search for knowledge inquiry, research, enquiry - a search for knowledge; "their pottery deserves more research than it has received" are based on data collected from 181 senior managers. Systematic methodology, including design and validation See validate. validation - The stage in the software life-cycle at the end of the development process where software is evaluated to ensure that it complies with the requirements. of questionnaire, factor analysis was utilised to enhance reliability of the findings. Moderator moderator - A person, or small group of people, who manages a moderated mailing list or Usenet newsgroup. Moderators are responsible for determining which email submissions are passed on to the list or newsgroup. method has been used and the findings have been presented which is of more value for practical application. Key words: Corporate Entrepreneurship, Internal environment, Moderator Method Introduction The Indian economy is having 17.9 per cent rate of entrepreneurial en·tre·pre·neur n. A person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture. [French, from Old French, from entreprendre, to undertake; see enterprise. activity (Manimala et al, 2002). According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry report on the Indian manufacturing sector, to achieve an overall growth of 8 per cent per annum Per annum Yearly. , it is essential that the manufacturing sector grew at more than 11 per cent. The share of the manufacturing sector in India's GDP GDP (guanosine diphosphate): see guanine. is around 17 per cent. Corporate entrepreneurship has been emphasised as a growth strategy and an effective means for achieving competitive advantage. To continue with the high rate of growth, this sector needs to be competitive. Thus, it is important that we understand the drivers of corporate entrepreneurial activities for developing countries. Corporate entrepreneurship (CE) has been defined as entrepreneurial activities in the form of product, process, and organisational innovations (Zahra and Covin COVIN, fraud. A secret contrivance between two or more persons to defraud and prejudice another of his rights. Co. Litt 357, b; Com. Dig. Covin, A; 1 Vin. Abr. 473. Vide Collusion; Fraud. , 1995). CE processes refer to creation of new business ventures, and other innovative activities such as development of new products services, technologies, administrative techniques, strategies, and competitive postures (Antoncic and Hisrich, 2000). This study seeks to understand the internal drivers of corporate entrepreneurship. The analysis has been done on the basis of the moderator method. The literature survey reveals that various parameters such as rewards and reinforcements reinforcements reinforce npl (Mil) → renfort(s) m(pl) , organisational flexible boundaries, intelligence generation and dissemination dissemination Medtalk The spread of a pernicious process–eg, CA, acute infection Oncology Metastasis, see there determine the degree of CE success. The study aims to explore using these determinants of corporate entrepreneurship for strategy formulation formulation /for·mu·la·tion/ (for?mu-la´shun) the act or product of formulating. American Law Institute Formulation and implementation. It aims to answer the following questions: * How is the interaction of management support and risk-taking affect CE? * How is the interaction of management support and rewards affect CE? * How is the interaction of management support and intelligence generation affect CE? Empirical studies Empirical studies in social sciences are when the research ends are based on evidence and not just theory. This is done to comply with the scientific method that asserts the objective discovery of knowledge based on verifiable facts of evidence. conducted by many researchers suggest that internal organisational factors play a major role in encouraging corporate entrepreneurship (Zahra and Covin, 1995). Entrepreneurial actions are the conduit conduit /con·du·it/ (kon´doo-it) channel. ileal conduit the surgical anastomosis of the ureters to one end of a detached segment of ileum, the other end being used to form a stoma on the through which CE is practised practised Adjective expert or skilled because of long experience in a skill or field: the doctor answered with a practised smoothness Adj. 1. in established organisations (Hitt, Ireland, Camp, and Sexton sex·ton n. An employee or officer of a church who is responsible for the care and upkeep of church property and sometimes for ringing bells and digging graves. , 2001). In its broadest conception, entrepreneurial behaviour is a comprehensive term that captures all actions related to the discovery, evaluation, and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000). Entrepreneurial actions involve use of new resources, interactions with new customers, involvements with new markets and/or with new combinations of its existing resource portfolio, customer base, and served markets. Entrepreneurial behaviour has been emphasised as an important path to competitive advantage and improved performance in firms of all types and sizes (Covin et al, 2000). Some authors believe that firms failing to effectively use entrepreneurial actions in a fast-paced and complex global economy reduce the probability of successful competition in their chosen markets. The literature survey reveals that various methodologies have been used to understand the determinants of entrepreneurial actions. Some of these methods have been applied in practice. Most of these methods are applications of linear programming, mixed integer programming Integer programming Variant of linear programming in which the solution values must be integers. , and other quantitative approaches. Using the moderator method, it strives to understand how the determinants of CE success interact with each other to moderate the out come of CE practice. Hornsby et al, (2002) has identified five important organisational factors of CE process. Some of these criteria are qualitative, for example, organisational flexible boundaries. However, there are other quantitative factors. So far, few attempts have been made to understand the interaction of these antecedents of CE. For developing such strategic framework, moderator tool has been used to understand the significance of each determinants and their influence on the CE process. The following section focuses on the literature review of corporate entrepreneurship and the internal organisational factors for stimulating corporate entrepreneurship. This discussion is followed by an empirical study conducted to measure the influence of these key internal organisational factors on CE success using moderator analysis. The results of the study and their implications for research and managerial practice are discussed in the final section. Literature Review CE involves the pursuit of creative or new solutions to challenges confronting the firm, including the development or enhancement of old and new products and services, markets, and administrative techniques and technologies for performing organisational functions (Antoncic and Hisrich, 2000). In this context, changes in strategy, organisational structures and systems, and methods of dealing with competitors may all be seen as innovations in the broadest sense of the term. It is also defined as a process by which individuals inside organisations pursue opportunities without regard to the resources they currently control (Stevenson and Jarillo, 1990). Previous views of corporate entrepreneurship can be classified on four dimensions: (a) new business venturing, (b) innovativeness, (c) self-renewal, and (d) proactiveness. New business venturing is the most salient characteristic of corporate entrepreneurship since it can result in new business creation within an existing organisation (Stopford and Baden-Fuller, 1994) by redefining the company's products or services and/or by developing new markets (Zahra, 1991). In large corporations, it could also include formation of more formally autonomous or semi-autonomous units or firms (Hisrich and Peters, 1984). For all organisations regardless of size, the new business venturing dimension refers to the creation of new businesses that are related to existing products or markets regardless of the level of autonomy. The innovativeness dimension refers to product and service innovation with emphasis on development and innovation in technology (Covin and Slevin, 1991). The self-renewal dimension reflects the transformation of organisations through the renewal of key ideas on which they are built (Zahra, 1991). Proactiveness is related to aggressive posturing posturing Neurology The positioning of the body and limbs. See Decerebrate posturing, Decorticate posturing, Postural fixation Psychology1. The adoption of a rationalized mental stance 2. The making of gestures and leadership relative to competitors (Covin and Slevin 1991). Figure 1 summarises the dimensions of corporate entrepreneurship. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Theoretical Underpinning un·der·pin·ning n. 1. Material or masonry used to support a structure, such as a wall. 2. A support or foundation. Often used in the plural. 3. Informal The human legs. Often used in the plural. Corporate entrepreneurship success is defined as the number of products, services, and markets developed (Antoncic and Hisrich, 2000; Zahra, 1991). The research diagram diagram /di·a·gram/ (di´ah-gram) a graphic representation, in simplest form, of an object or concept, made up of lines and lacking pictorial elements. is given in Figure 1. Rewards refer to the design of rewards based on performance, and achievements. Reward has been measured in terms of recognition, appraisal, increasing job responsibilities, and removing obstacles (Kanter, 1985). An organisational flexible boundary (OFB OFB Open For Business OFB Oregon Food Bank OFB Output Feedback OFB Output Feedback Mode (cryptography) OFB On Frozen Blog (Washington Capitals hockey blog) OFB Ohio Farm Bureau OFB Out For Blood ) is defined as existence of a supportive organisational structure providing the administrative mechanisms by which ideas are evaluated, chosen and implemented (Burgelman and Sayles, 1986). Flexible organisational boundaries have been measured by work performance (in terms of time, amount, quality, and timeliness) clarity of standards of performance, absence of standard operating procedures standard operating procedure Medtalk A technique, method or therapy performed 'by the book,' using a standard protocol meeting internally or externally defined criteria; a formal, written procedure that describes how specific lab operations are to be performed. , written rules and procedures, and administrative processes. Intelligence generation is defined as the ability to recognise the value of new information (intelligence management), assimilate as·sim·i·late v. 1. To consume and incorporate nutrients into the body after digestion. 2. To transform food into living tissue by the process of anabolism. (process and store and disseminate dis·sem·i·nate v. dis·sem·i·nat·ed, dis·sem·i·nat·ing, dis·sem·i·nates v.tr. 1. To scatter widely, as in sowing seed. 2. ), and use it strategically for innovation. The firms engage in greater level of information-scanning activities (process). Intelligence generation has been measured by free flow of information, feedback (polling end users), independence (independent information generation about competitors being generated by several departments), periodical periodical, a publication that is issued regularly. It is distinguished from the newspaper in format in that its pages are smaller and are usually bound, and it is published at weekly, monthly, quarterly, or other intervals, rather than daily. review, evaluation (macroeconomic mac·ro·ec·o·nom·ics n. (used with a sing. verb) The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors. information), and contacts (with officials of government and regulatory bodies in order to collect and evaluate pertinent PERTINENT, evidence. Those facts which tend to prove the allegations of the party offering them, are called pertinent; those which have no such tendency are called impertinent, 8 Toull. n. 22. By pertinent is also meant that which belongs. Willes, 319. information) (Nonaka and Toyama, 2002). Intelligence dissemination (ID) is defined as sharing of knowledge of the other person (through teams' experiences with one another). Some authors argue that it increases the mutual predictability of team members' actions; similarly, self-disclosure increases mutual trust, all leading to increase in expected interaction and cooperation, effective organisational interfacing, and good team spirit and communication. Intelligence dissemination has been measured by periodical circulation (of important reports, for example, customer need), cross-functional meetings, sharing information (about technology for new products development), and interdepartmental in·ter·de·part·men·tal adj. Involving or representing different departments, as of a business, an academic institution, or a government: "the petty interdepartmental squabbling that surrounds the making of . . . collaboration. Management support (MS) is defined as the willingness of management to promote entrepreneurial behaviour; including the championing of innovative ideas and providing the resources people require taking entrepreneurial actions. Management support has been measured by receptivity receptivity, n the state of being open to the action of a drug or homeopathic remedy. See also reactivity. (to employees' ideas), promoting innovative ideas, management encouragement, financial support, awarding ideas, and unconditional HEIR, UNCONDITIONAL. A term used in the civil law, adopted by the Civil Code of Louisiana. Unconditional heirs are those who inherit without any reservation, or without making an inventory, whether their acceptance be express or tacit. Civ. Code of Lo. art. 878. UNCONDITIONAL. support (Kuratko et al, 1993). Intelligence generation (IG) is defined as the ability to recognise the value of new information (intelligence management), assimilate (process and store and disseminate), and use it strategically for innovation. The firms engage in greater level of information-scanning activities (process). Intelligence generation has been measured by free flow of information, feedback (polling end users), independence (independent information generation about competitors being generated by several departments), periodical review, evaluation (macroeconomic information), contacts (with officials of government and regulatory bodies in order to collect and evaluate pertinent information) (Nonaka and Toyama, 2002). Work discretion (WD) refers to the degree of autonomy given for entrepreneurial efforts. Work discretion has been measured by autonomy in work methods, judgment, abilities and decision-making decision-making, n the process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment. decision-making, evidence-based, n a type of informal decision-making that combines clinical expertise, patient concerns, and evidence gathered from (Hornsby et al, 2002). Time availability (TA) is defined as evaluating workloads to ensure that individuals have the time needed to pursue innovations and their jobs are structured in ways that support efforts to achieve short- and long-term Long-term Three or more years. In the context of accounting, more than 1 year. long-term 1. Of or relating to a gain or loss in the value of a security that has been held over a specific length of time. Compare short-term. organisational goals. Availability of time has been measured by design of work methods, and workload The term workload can refer to a number of different yet related entities. An amount of labor While a precise definition of a workload is elusive, a commonly accepted definition is the hypothetical relationship between a group or individual human operator and task demands. (Slevin and Covin, 1997). Methodology In order to investigate the existence of internal organisational factors that encourage corporate entrepreneurship within manufacturing organisations, an empirical study was conducted. This study measured the various parameters of CE including reward and reinforcements; organisational flexible boundaries, intelligence generation and dissemination. These eight areas, therefore, constitute the theoretical basis for the 60 items generated for the questionnaire. The questionnaire used Likert-type scales with 1 representing strongly disagree to 6 representing strongly agree. The participants were recruited from service and manufacturing organisations throughout India. A total of 81 firms agreed to participate. These organisations came from north, south, east, and west of India. Analysis Moderator analysis (Darrow et al, 1992) was used to identifying the influence of these factors on CE success. The data were examined to understand how these determinants of influence each other for CE outcomes. To analyse an·a·lyse v. Chiefly British Variant of analyze. analyse or US -lyze Verb [-lysing, -lysed] or -lyzing, the same, hierarchical A structure made up of different levels like a company organization chart. The higher levels have control or precedence over the lower levels. Hierarchical structures are a one-to-many relationship; each item having one or more items below it. regression regression, in psychology: see defense mechanism. regression In statistics, a process for determining a line or curve that best represents the general trend of a data set. has been performed on three terms: (a) Z-score of the dependent variable (Z-score of the determinant determinant, a polynomial expression that is inherent in the entries of a square matrix. The size n of the square matrix, as determined from the number of entries in any row or column, is called the order of the determinant. of CE success), (b) Z-score of the moderating variable, and (c) Z-score of the Interaction term, that is, product of the Z-score of independent variable and Z-score of the moderating variable. While performing the hierarchical regression analysis In statistics, a mathematical method of modeling the relationships among three or more variables. It is used to predict the value of one variable given the values of the others. For example, a model might estimate sales based on age and gender. , the sequence of adding the terms is very important. First, the Z-score pf the Independent variable is added, then the Z-score of the moderating variable is added, and lastly, the Z-score of the interaction term is added. For this, hierarchical regression analysis has been performed treating each dimension of internal environment for CE success as an independent variable. The significant results are in Table 1. To determine the direction of relationship (Choudhary, 2005), the median of the interaction variables was calculated and the mean scores for the dependent variable was found out in four possible cases. The scores below the median value Noun 1. median value - the value below which 50% of the cases fall median statistics - a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population (or equal to the median value) were treated as low, whereas the scores above the median value were treated as high. The four cases were (1) Independent scores above the median value were treated as high. The four cases were (2) Independent variable low and moderating variable low (selected all the cases having value high (selected all cases having value greater than the median for the moderating variable) and Moderating variable low, (3) Independent variable low and Moderating variable high, and (4) Independent variable high and moderating variable high. The graphs are plotted for the mean values of the dependent variable (Figure 2). [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] The mean scores for CE indicate that CE is highest when management support is highest and the risk-taking is moderate. CE is lowest when management support is low and risk-taking is high. This implies that moderate risk-taking is considered best for maximum outcome of CE efforts. The mean scores for CE indicate that CE is highest when management support and reward is high and vice versa VICE VERSA. On the contrary; on opposite sides. . This implies that management support is necessary for proper design of reward system to make CE successful. The mean scores for CE indicate that CE is lowest when management support is low and the organisation flexible boundary is low. CE is highest when management support and organisation flexible boundary is high. The mean scores for CE indicate that CE is lowest when an organisational flexible boundary and the work discretion are low. CE is highest when work discretion and organisation flexible boundary is high. Conclusion The methodology needs further empirical work to review its relationship to such measures as the number of ideas generated in an organisation; time spent on entrepreneurial ideas; and employee willingness to break through organisational boundaries. Secondly, while this study has initiated an important exploration, it is necessary to further support the relationship between the dimensions of corporate entrepreneurship. For example, researchers may link these seven dimensions to financial measures of organisational performance. While companies initiate corporate entrepreneurship efforts for varying reasons, ultimately, senior management expects corporate entrepreneurship efforts to improve the company's financial position. Consequently, future researchers should study the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship dimensions and financial performance measures. One possible methodology is to compare and contrast firms who score high and low on the seven factors of the framework. Finally, additional research into whether or not such variables as industry type and culture play a role in the corporate entrepreneurial environment is necessary. In summary, this study provides empirical evidence regarding the existence of organisational factors believed to enhance corporate entrepreneurship. The study's results and proposed interaction offer a foundation for developing a reliable and valid measure of the firm's internal factors for corporate entrepreneurship. References Antoncic B and RD Hisrich, 2000. "Intrapreneurship Modeling in Transition Economies: A Comparison of Slovenia and the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. ", Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol 5 No 1, pp 20-25. Burgelman RA, 1984. "Designs for Corporate Entrepreneurship", California Management Review, Vol 26, pp 154-166. Choudhary M, 2005. "Organizational Change--A Study of Select Diagnostic Study", PhD Thesis, Department of Management Studies, IIT-Delhi. Covin JG, DP Slevin, and MB Heeley, 2000. "Pioneers and Followers followers see dairy herd. : Competitive Tactics, Environment, and Firm Growth", Journal of Business Venturing, Vol 15, pp 175-210. Covin JG and DP Slevin, 1991. "A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behaviour", Entrepreneurship Theory Practice, Vol 16 No 1, pp 7-25. Darrow AL and DR Kahl, 1992. "A Comparison of Moderated Regression Techniques Considering Strength of Effect", Journal of Management, Vol 8 No 2, pp 35-47. Hornsby JS, DF Kuratko and SA Zahra, 2002. "Middle Managers' Perception of the Internal Environment for Corporate Entrepreneurship: Assessing a Measurement Scale", Journal of Business Venturing, Vol 17, pp 253-273. Hitt MA, RD Ireland, SM Camp and DL Sexton, 2001. "Strategic Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Strategies for Wealth Creation", Strategic Management Journal, Vol 22, pp 479-491. Hisrich RD and MP Peters, 1984. "Establishing a New Business Venture Unit within a Firm", Journal of Business Venturing, Vol 1, pp 307-322. Kanter RM, 1985. "Supporting Innovation and Venture Development in Established Companies", Journal of Business Venturing, Vol 1, pp 47-60. Kuratko DF, JS Hornsby, DW Naffziger and RV Montagno, 1993. "Implementing Entrepreneurial Thinking in Established Organizations", Advanced Management Journal, Vol 58 No 1, p 33. Manimala JM, 2002. "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor", India Report 2002, pp 1-82. Nonaka I and H Takeuchi, 1995. The Knowledge Company: How Japanese Companies This is a list of companies from Japan. Note that 株式会社 can be (and frequently is) read both kabushiki kaisha and kabushiki gaisha (with or without a hyphen). See that article for more details. Create the Dynamics of Innovation. Oxford University Press, New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of . Nonaka I and R Toyama, 2002. "A Firm as a Dialectic dialectic (dīəlĕk`tĭk) [Gr.,= art of conversation], in philosophy, term originally applied to the method of philosophizing by means of question and answer employed by certain ancient philosophers, notably Socrates. Being: Toward the Dynamic Theory of the Firm", Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol 11, pp 995-1109. Sage AP, 1977. Interpretive in·ter·pre·tive also in·ter·pre·ta·tive adj. Relating to or marked by interpretation; explanatory. in·ter  pre·tive·ly adv. Structural Modelling: Methodology for
Large Scale Systems, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Shane S and S Venkataraman, 2000. "The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research", Academy of Management Review, Vol 25, pp 217-226. Slevin DP and JG Covin, 1997. "Time, Growth, Complexity and Transitions: Entrepreneurial Challenges for the Future", Entrepreneurship Theory. Practice, Vol 22, pp 43-68. Stevenson HH and JC Jarillo, 1990. "A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management", Strategic Management Journal, Vol 11, pp 17-27. Stopford JM and CW Baden-Fuller, 1994. "Creating Corporate Entrepreneurship", Strategic Management Journal, Vol 15, pp 521-536. Zahra SA, 1991. "Predictors and Financial Outcomes of Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory Study", Journal of Business Venturing, Vol 6 No 4, pp 259-285. Zahra SA and JG Covin, 1995. "Contextual Influences on the Corporate Entrepreneurship-Performance Relationships: A Longitudinal lon·gi·tu·di·nal adj. Running in the direction of the long axis of the body or any of its parts. Analysis", Journal of Business Venturing, Vol 10 No 1, pp 43-580. BR Bhardwaj Sushil K Momaya Department of Management Studies Indian Institute The Indian Institute in central Oxford, England is located at the north end of Catte Street on the corner with Holywell Street and faching down Broad Street from the east.[1] of Technology, Delhi
Table 1: Results of Hierarchical Regression
Interaction Variable Dependent Variable Beta Values
(Significance)
Management Support x Risk Corporate Entrepreneurship 0.595 (0.000)
Taking
Management Support x Corporate Entrepreneurship 0.671 (0.000)
Reward
Management Support x Work Corporate Entrepreneurship 0.777 (0.004)
Discretion
Management Support x Corporate Entrepreneurship 0.646 (0.000)
Organisational Flexible
Boundaries
Management Support x Time Corporate Entrepreneurship 0.653 (0.000)
Availability
Management Support x Corporate Entrepreneurship 0.633 (0.026)
Intelligence Generation
Management Support x Corporate Entrepreneurship 0.812 (0.000)
Intelligence
Dissemination
Intelligence Generation x Corporate Entrepreneurship 0.789 (0.000)
Intelligence
Dissemination
Table 2a: Mean Scores: CE as a Function of Interaction
between Management Support and Risk-taking
Management Support
Low High
Risk-Taking Low 1.17 1.67
High 5.33 5.17
Table 2b: Mean Scores: CE as a Function of Interaction
between Management Support and Rewards
Management Support
Low High
Rewards Low 1.17 2
High 5.17 5.67
Table 2c: Mean Scores: CE as a Function of Interaction
between Management Support and Organisational
Flexible Boundaries
Management Support
Low High
Organisation Flexible Low 1.33 1.5
Boundaries High 5.15 5.67
Figure 2d: Mean Scores: CE as a Function of Interaction
between Work Discretion and Organisational
Flexible Boundaries
Work Discretion
Low High
Organisation Flexible Low 1.88 1.5
Boundaries High 5.63 5.67
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