Coronado and the cities of gold: in 1540, a Spanish conquistador set out from Mexico City in search of gold. What Francisco Coronado fund was a fascinating new land--the Southwest of the future United States.CAST * Francisco Coronado: Governor of the province of New Galicia New Galicia: see Nueva Galicia. , New Spain New Spain: see Mexico, country. * Pedro de Casteneda (cas-ta-NYA-duh): soldier historian Viceroy Mendoza: Royal Governor of New Spain * Whiskers See metal whiskers. : Indian Chief of Cicuye (thee-koo-YAY) * The Turk: Pawnee Indian Sopete. (so-PAY-tay): Wichita Indian # Soldiers 1-6 # Tigua Indians 1 and 2 * Indicates major character; # indicates fictional character INTRODUCTION Christopher Columbus started it all. After he accidentally found the New World for Spain in 1492, other Spanish adventurers were eager to set out for the Americas. In 1521, Hernando Cortes (kawr-TEHZ) conquered the Aztec kingdom of Mexico, which was renamed New Spain (see map, p. 17). Most of the land to the north, however, remained mysterious to Europeans. When explorers brought back tales of the Seven Cities of Cibola Seven Cities of Cibola the land of the Zunis (New Mexico); great wealth sought by Coronado. [Mex. Myth.: Payton, 614] See : Utopia (THEE-boh-lah), great cities of gold, ambitious men like Francisco Coronado set off in search of riches. SCENE 1 Narrator NARRATOR. A pleader who draws narrs serviens narrator, a sergeant at law. Fleta, 1. 2, c. 37. Obsolete. A: Most of what we know about Coronado's expedition comes from the memoir of Pedro de Casteneda, a soldier in Coronado's army. Casteneda (in his memoir): When we have something valuable in our hands and lose it, it causes a great pain in the heart. This happened to all of us who, in the year of Our Lord 1540, went with Francisco Coronado in search of the Seven Cities Seven Cities may refer to:
Narrator A: The story begins in Mexico City Mexico City Spanish Ciudad de México City (pop., 2000: city, 8,605,239; 2003 metro. area est., 18,660,000), capital of Mexico. Located at an elevation of 7,350 ft (2,240 m), it is officially coterminous with the Federal District, which occupies 571 sq mi , where the Viceroy of New Spain and Coronado have just heard exciting news from one of their scouts. Mendoza: Friar Marcos has seen one of the Seven Cities of Cibola! You must seize those cities for our King. Coronado: If the cities are as rich as they say, Your Excellency could become as famous as Cortes. Narrator A: In February 1540, Coronado sets out with a large army to find the cities of gold. But one day, a second scout rides into camp to speak secretly with Coronado. Soldier 1: Have you heard the rumor? The scout says that Friar Marcos lied about the golden cities. Soldier 2: And the natives there are ready to kill us like beasts! Narrator A: Nonetheless, Coronado and his men continue on their march. Just before Easter... Coronado: This army is moving too slowly. I will take 80 horsemen and ride ahead of the others. Narrator A: The journey is dangerous. In the Sierra Madre Sierra Madre, city, United States Sierra Madre (sēĕr`ə mä`drā), residential city (1990 pop. 10,762), Los Angeles co., S Calif., at the foot of Mt. Wilson; inc. 1907. There is some light manufacturing. mountain range, some horses slip from the rocks and fall to their deaths. Finally, Coronado reaches the Zuni River The Zuni (Zuñi) River, a tributary of the Little Colorado River, has its origin in Cibola County, New Mexico at the Continental Divide, flowing generally in a southwesterly direction through the Zuni Indian Reservation to join the Little Colorado River in north eastern Arizona. in present-day New Mexico New Mexico, state in the SW United States. At its northwestern corner are the so-called Four Corners, where Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah meet at right angles; New Mexico is also bordered by Oklahoma (NE), Texas (E, S), and Mexico (S). . There he comes into sight of a pueblo called Hawikuh [ah-WEE-kuh]. Castaneda: The first city of Cibola [Hawikuh] was no city of gold! It was a little, crowded village, looking as if it had been crumpled crum·ple v. crum·pled, crum·pling, crum·ples v.tr. 1. To crush together or press into wrinkles; rumple. 2. To cause to collapse. v.intr. 1. all up together. Narrator A: Facing Zuni Indian warriors This is a list of Indian warriors (both legendary and historical figures). Ancient warriors (includes legendary figures)
SCENE 2 Narrator B: Coronado sends scouting parties from Hawikuh to look for gold. His scouts become the first white men to see Hopi Indians and the Grand Canyon Grand Canyon, great gorge of the Colorado River, one of the natural wonders of the world; c.1 mi (1.6 km) deep, from 4 to 18 mi (6.4–29 km) wide, and 217 mi (349 km) long, NW Ariz. . Still--no gold. Casteneda: Some Indians came to Hawikuh from Cicuye, a village 200 miles east. Among them was a captain we called Whiskers, because he wore a long mustache. Whiskers: My people have received word of your desire to come in peace. If you visit Cicuye, you will be greeted as friends. Coronado: Excellent. Captain Alvarado will go with you and prepare the way for us. Narrator B: In Cicuye, Whiskers gives Alvarado a Pawnee Indian slave whom the Spanish call "the Turk." The Turk has some amazing stories
Amazing Stories magazine, sometimes retitled Amazing Science Fiction to tell. Turk: My country is north of here. We call it Quivira [kee-VEE-ruh]. We live in great houses where the plates and cups are made of gold. Coronado: Can you show us some of this gold? Turk: The one you call Whiskers--he stole golden bracelets from me when he took me from my people. Narrator B: Captain Alvarado questions Whiskers. Whiskers: The Turk is lying. In Quivira the people live in grass huts. There is no gold there. Narrator B: Alvarado doesn't believe Whiskers and puts him in chains. When the people of Cicuye hear about the arrest, they rise up in anger. Alvarado retreats in a rain of arrows. Casteneda: From this time on, the Indians began to doubt the word of the Spaniard'. SCENE 3 Narrator C: The Spaniards spend a miserable winter in Tiguex [TEE-gwaysh], a region in the Rio Grande Rio Grande, city, Brazil Rio Grande (rē`  grän`dĭ), city (1991 pop. valley. Their relationship with
the Tigua [TEE-gwah] Indians starts out bad and gets worse.Tigua 1: These Spaniards drive our people out into the snow to house their soldiers. Tigua 2: And they speak of peace, but only when they get what they want. Narrator C: Fighting breaks out. During one battle, a Spanish captain sets stakes in the earth and burns some of the Tigua alive! Casteneda: Coronado was horrified hor·ri·fy tr.v. hor·ri·fied, hor·ri·fy·ing, hor·ri·fies 1. To cause to feel horror. See Synonyms at dismay. 2. To cause unpleasant surprise to; shock. , but had no choice but to back his captain. Then we had to put down other Tigua revolts. Some of our men were hit by arrows poisoned by rattlesnakes. Narrator C: Finally spring comes, and the army leaves for Quivira. At Cicuye, Coronado sets Whiskers free. Whiskers: In return, I am giving you Sopete [so-PAY-tay], whom I captured from the Wichita people. But you won't like what he has to say. Sopete: I heard what the Turk told you about Quivira. It is a lie. Quivira is nothing but grass huts. There is no gold there. Coronado: I hope what you say is not so. I have come too far to turn back now. Narrator C: And so the army, led by the Turk, presses on into unexplored wilderness. SCENE 4 Narrator D: In Texas, the Spaniards meet Plains Indians The Plains Indians are the Indians who lived on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. Their greatest dominance lasted from approximately 1750 to 1890. and are the first white men to see buffalo. Coronado: These huge, woolly cows are amazing! They stretch as far as the eye can see. Narrator D: But the trek is difficult. Soldier 3: The plain is so flat, and there are so few landmarks, we have no idea where we are. Soldier 4: And our drinking water drinking water supply of water available to animals for drinking supplied via nipples, in troughs, dams, ponds and larger natural water sources; an insufficient supply leads to dehydration; it can be the source of infection, e.g. leptospirosis, salmonellosis, or of poisoning, e.g. is mostly mud. Casteneda: Things were getting desperate. Then one day, we met some Teyas Indians. They told us that Quivira was far to the north. The Turk was leading us in the wrong direction! Narrator D: Coronado takes 30 of his best horsemen and, with Sopete as a guide, races north. Thirty-five days later, they finally reach Quivira, in present-day Kansas. Coronado: It is what Whiskers and Sopete said it was--a village of grass houses. Turk, you have been lying all along! Turk: Should I let you come here and take everything? I wanted to lead you into the empty prairie to die. Narrator D: Furious soldiers strangle Strangle An options strategy where the investor holds a position in both a call and put with different strike prices but with the same maturity and underlying asset. This option strategy is profitable only if there are large movements in the price of the underlying asset. the Turk. Coronado is utterly discouraged. He thinks that the journey has been a complete failure. But not all the soldiers agree. Soldier 5: Look at this country. There is good soil, good water, plenty of open space. What do we have back in Spain? Nothing. Soldier 6: Here we can bring our families, and live like wealthy landowners. This is better than gold. Casteneda: Coronado led the men back to Tiguex for the winter, promising to return. SCENE 5 Narrator E: In December 1541, Coronado falls from his horse and is trampled. For weeks, he lingers near death. When he recovers, he insists on returning to Mexico. Many soldiers are angry. Casteneda: The general lost much respect among the men. Many abandoned him along the way, and he reached Mexico City with fewer than 100 men. Narrator E: Coronado is eventually put on trial for misconduct. His reputation never recovers. Casteneda: And the general's men? After being forced to abandon Quivira, their hearts wept for having lost it. AFTERWORD Coronado's soldiers never did get back to Quivira. But as the Zuni Indian elders predicted, other white men would come. Coronado helped lift the veil of mystery on a huge area of our present-day states of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. But the Spanish did not hesitate to enslave en·slave tr.v. en·slaved, en·slav·ing, en·slaves To make into or as if into a slave. en·slave  ment n. or kill Indians when it suited their purpose.Eventually, white settlers would claim most of the land, leaving the Indian tribes with tiny reservations. The Zuni were luckier than most. Today, about 10,000 Zuni live in western New Mexico. They have maintained much of their traditional religion, language, and culture. Words to Know * adobe (a-DOE-bee): brick or building material of sun-dried earth and straw * conquistador conquistador (kŏnkwĭs`tədôr, Span. kōng-kē'stäthôr`), military leader in the Spanish conquest of the New World in the 16th cent. (con-KEES-ta-dor): Spanish conqueror * memoir (MEM-war): personal account or story * (pueblo (PWEH-blow): village of stone or adobe houses stacked several stories high TIME LINE Spanish Explorers in North America North America, third largest continent (1990 est. pop. 365,000,000), c.9,400,000 sq mi (24,346,000 sq km), the northern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. 1492 Italian navigator Christopher Columbus, on the first of four voyages for Spain, reaches Cuba and Hispaniola. In 1493, Pope Alexander There have been eight popes named Alexander.
[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa crosses Panama and is the first European to see the eastern shore of the Pacific Ocean. Ponce do Leon discovers Florida. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] 1519-1521 Hernando Cortes conquers the Aztec kingdom of Mexico for Spain. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] 1528-1536 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca Ca·be·za de Va·ca , Álvar Núñez 1490?-1557?. Spanish explorer and colonial administrator who explored parts of present-day Florida, Texas, and Mexico and aroused Spain's interest in the region with his vivid stories of opportunities. , shipwrecked off the coast of Texas, treks 3,000 miles through the Southwest to New Spain, bringing word of seven golden cities. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] 1539 Friar Marcos de Niza Marcos de Niza (mär`kōs dā nē`sä), c.1495–1558, missionary explorer in Spanish North America. A Franciscan friar, he served in Peru and Guatemala before going to Mexico. and Esteban, a slave of the Cabeza de Vaca party, are sent north from Mexico City to investigate the Seven Cities of Cibola. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] 1539-1542 Hernando de Soto Hernando de Soto is the name of:
River, central U.S. It rises at Lake Itasca in Minnesota and flows south, meeting its major tributaries, the Missouri and the Ohio rivers, about halfway along its journey to the Gulf of Mexico. , where he is buried. 1540-1542 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado leads an expedition to find the Seven Cities of Cibola. His expedition is the first to find Pueblo Indians and the Grand Canyon.
Word Match
1. conquistador A. stone or
adobe village
2. pueblo B. sun-dried
brick
3. memoir C. conqueror
4. viceroy D. personal
account
5. adobe E. royal
governor
Think About It What was the most valuable thing the Spanish found when looking for Looking for In the context of general equities, this describing a buy interest in which a dealer is asked to offer stock, often involving a capital commitment. Antithesis of in touch with. the seven cities? LESSON PLANS OBJECTIVE Students should understand * Francisco Coronado led one of the most important expeditions in search of treasure in the New World, beginning in 1540. His journey laid the groundwork for Spanish conquest of the American Southwest. WORD TO KNOW viceroy: a governor of a country or province who rules as a King's or Queen's representative. TEACHING STRATEGY Ask students: "If you could talk with any European explorer who traveled to the New World during the 15th or 16th century, with whom would you speak? Why?" BACKGROUND The Spaniards of Mexico City had a lot at stake in the Coronado expedition. A number of people, particularly Viceroy Mendoza, had invested heavily, hoping to get rich. In the following decades, as the Spanish encountered the Native Americans of the Southwest, most tribes adopted the strategy of urging the invaders to go farther north in the hope that they would get lost in the Great Plains. The Spanish justified their enslavement en·slave tr.v. en·slaved, en·slav·ing, en·slaves To make into or as if into a slave. en·slave ment n. of Indians by arguing that these people were inferior
and would benefit from their conversion to Christianity Conversion to Christianity is the religious conversion of a previously non-Christian person to some form of Christianity. The exact understanding of what it means to attain salvation varies somewhat among denominations. .CRITICAL THINKING COMPREHENSION: Why did Coronado fail to heed Sopete's warning that Quivira was not filled with gold,. (Coronado s quest was fueled by greed and ambition. He had traveled too far to fall short of his goal. Also, he feared a mutiny if his soldiers knew that the expedition's objective was based on a falsehood.) ACTIVITY EXPLORER'S DIARY: Instruct students to imagine they are soldiers in Coronado's army. Students should write a journal entry describing the expedition's journey throughout the Southwestern U.S. STANDARDS SOCIAL STUDIES, GRADES 5-8 * People, places, and environment: How Spanish explorers trekked throughout North America, searching for gold and conquests. * Power, authority, and governance: How Spain set up colonies throughout North America and became wealthy and powerful from colonization. RESOURCES * Wilson, Leonore, The Spanish Exploration of the Southwest (Mason Crest Publishers, 2002). Grades 5-8. * Whiting, Jim, Francisco Vasquez De Coronado (Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2002). Grades 5-8. GROLIER WEB SITE KEY WORD * Francisco Coronado WEB SITES * European Explorers www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/
QUICK QUIZ
AMERICAN HISTORY PLAY: CORONADO AND
THE CITIES OF GOLD, PAGES 14-17
* Match the clue in the left column with the answer
in the right column.
--11. Hernando Cortes A. Native American
village
--12. Mexico City B. soldier who recorded
his travels with
Coronado
--13. Quivira C. Coronado's scouts
were the first Europeans
to see this
--14. Grand Canyon D. capital of New Spain
--15. Pedro Casteneda E. conquistador who
defeated the Aztec
in 1521
ANSWERS 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. E 5. B QUICK QUIZ ANSWERS 11. E 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. B |
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