Complement modulating activity of Rwandan medicinal plants.Summary Forty-two ethanolic extracts of thirty-six Rwandan medicinal plants were investigated for their influence on complement-mediated hemolysis hemolysis (hĭmŏl`ĭsĭs), destruction of red blood cells in the bloodstream. Although new red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are continuously created and old ones destroyed, an excessive rate of destruction sometimes occurs. . The plants were selected on the base of their ethnomedicinal use in infections and autoimmune diseases. Eight plant extracts showed an inhibitory activity against the classical pathway of the complement system and ten plant extracts against the alternative pathway. Three plant extracts exhibited an interesting activity against both pathways, i.e. Aspilia pluriseta, Coleus coleus (kō`lēəs), common name for a genus of plants with large colorful leaves native to tropical Asia and Africa. Several species are grown as ornamentals. Plants of the genus Coleus are in the family Labiatae (mint family). kilimandschari, and Macaranga kilimandscharica (leaves and stem). Further study indicated that the complement inhibitory activity was not caused by chelation Chelation The process by which a molecule encircles and binds to a metal and removes it from tissue. Mentioned in: Heavy Metal Poisoning chelation of bivalent bivalent /bi·va·lent/ (bi-va´lent) 1. divalent. 2. the structure formed by a pair of homologous chromosomes by synapsis along their length during the zygotene and pachytene stages of the first meiotic prophase. cations or by direct action on the target erythrocytes. Keywords: African medicinal plants, screening, inflammation, complement system * Introduction The complement system is one of the major effector effector /ef·fec·tor/ (e-fek´ter) 1. an agent that mediates a specific effect. 2. an organ that produces an effect in response to nerve stimulation. pathways in the process of inflammation. Activated complement components are destructive to microorganisms by the following biological effects: cytolysis Cytolysis An important immune function involving the dissolution of certain cells. There are a number of different cytolytic cells within the immune system that are capable of lysing a broad range of cells. , inflammation, and opsonization. The system can be activated in the classical pathway by an immune reaction or in the alternative pathway by some polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, immune-complexes or aggregated immunoglobulins of classes (e.g. IgA) that do not usually activate the classical sequence (Pieters et al. 1999). Compounds that interfere with the complement system can be therapeutically important in four different cases. First, two hypersensitivity reactions can lead to the activation of complement: antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity hypersensitivity, heightened response in a body tissue to an antigen or foreign substance. The body normally responds to an antigen by producing specific antibodies against it. The antibodies impart immunity for any later exposure to that antigen. and immune-complex dependent hypersensitivity. Second, inhibitors of the alternative pathway of complement can show adjuvant activity by increasing the biological half-life time of an antigen which results in a prolonged immunostimulatory effect (Roitt et al. 2001). Third, inhibitors of the terminal pathway of complement can be of therapeutical use in the treatment of septic shock. The latter can be caused by the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) at gram-negative bacteria, followed by the release of endotoxins (Densen, 1991). Fourth, complement can be activated during ischaemia Noun 1. ischaemia - local anemia in a given body part sometimes resulting from vasoconstriction or thrombosis or embolism ischemia ischaemic stroke, ischemic stroke - the most common kind of stroke; caused by an interruption in the flow of blood to the brain . Inhibitors of complement would not only eliminate the direct effects of activation, but also decrease the intensity of the inflammatory response (Kilgore et al. 1994). Therefore, large-scale in vitro screening programs are needed to find strong and selective immunomodulators. Subsequently, the isolated compounds can be further tested for their in vivo complement-modulating activity. This strategy was successfully demonstrated for the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid fangchinoline, which was isolated from the roots of Isopyrum thalictroides and exhibited interesting in vitro and in vivo complement-inhibiting activities (Hristova and Istatkova, 1999; Ivanovska et al. 1999). In this study, the interference of Rwandan medicinal plants with the two pathways of the complement system was investigated. Since our research group is interested in the isolation and identification of biologically active phenolic phe·no·lic adj. Of, relating to, containing, or derived from phenol. n. Any of various synthetic thermosetting resins, obtained by the reaction of phenols with simple aldehydes and used as adhesives. compounds 80% ethanolic plant extracts were used. The plants were selected on the base of their ethnomedicinal use in infections and autoimmune diseases (Van Puyvelde et al. 1977; Baerts and Lehmann, 1989; Rwangabo, 1993). * Materials and Methodology Plant material All plants were collected by J. Mvukiyumwami in the district of Butare in Rwanda at a mean altitude of 1700 m. Voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium herbarium, collection of dried and mounted plant specimens used in systematic botany. To preserve their form and color, plants collected in the field are spread flat in sheets of newsprint and dried, usually in a plant press, between blotters or absorbent paper. of the Institut de la Recherche Scientique et Technique (IRST IRST Istituto per la Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica (Centre for Scientific and Technological Research, Istituto Trentino di Cultura, Trento, Italia) IRST infrared search and track (US DoD) ) at Butare, Rwanda. The air-dried plant material was ground and extracted with 80% ethanol by maceration mac·er·a·tion n. 1. Softening by soaking in a liquid. 2. Softening of the tissues after death by autolysis, especially of a stillborn fetus. . The macerate macerate /mac·er·ate/ (mas´er-at) to soften by wetting or soaking. mac·er·ate v. 1. To make soft by soaking or steeping in a liquid. 2. was filtered and the marc was percolated with 80% ethanol until exhaustion. The filtrate filtrate /fil·trate/ (fil´trat) a liquid or gas that has passed through a filter. fil·trate v. To put or go through a filter. n. and percolate percolate /per·co·late/ (per´kah-lat) 1. to strain; to submit to percolation. 2. to trickle slowly through a substance. 3. a liquid that has been submitted to percolation. were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40[degrees]C. The residue was taken up in 60% methanol and defatted with petroleum ether (non-polar fraction). The resulting polar fraction was lyophilized. An amount of 1 or 5 mg lyophilis ate was dissolved in 1 ml buffer to test the plant extracts on the classical or alternative pathway of complement system, respectively. Hemolytic he·mo·lyt·ic adj. Destructive to red blood cells; hematolytic. Hemolytic Referring to the destruction of the cell membranes of red blood cells, resulting in the release of hemoglobin from the damaged cell. complement assay The anticomplement activity was measured in a microassay according to the procedure developed by Klerx et al. (Klerx et al. 1983) and adapted in our laboratory (Lasure et al. 1994). Human pooled serum (HPS See Seer*HPS. ) from healthy volunteers was used as source of complement. The assay was performed in U-well microtiter plates (Falcon 3077). All samples were diluted in the mlcrotiter plate (7 consecutive logarithmic logarithmic pertaining to logarithm. logarithmic relationship when the logs of two variables plotted against each other create a straight line. dilutions) with the appropriate buffer resulting in a final volume in each well of 50 or 100 [micro]l for the classical or alternative pathway, respectively. Subsequently, 50 [micro]l of a CPHPS (classical pathway, CP) or 25 [micro]l of an AP-HPS (alternative pathway, AP) was added to each well. After incubating for 30 mm at 37[degrees]C, 50 [micro]l of a sensitized sheep erythrocytes suspension (CP) or 25 [micro]l uncoated rabbit erythrocytes suspension (AP) was added and the plates were then incubated for 60 mm at 37[degrees]C. Subsequently, the plates were centrifuged at 800 g for 6 mm. To quantify hemolysis, 50 [micro]l of the supematant was mixed with 200 [micro]l water in a flat-bottom microtiter plate (Falcon 3072) and the absorbance absorbance /ab·sor·bance/ (-sor´bans) 1. in analytical chemistry, a measure of the light that a solution does not transmit compared to a pure solution. Symbol . 2. at 414 nm was measured in an automatic plate reader (Multiscan MCC/340). Controls in this assay consisted of erythrocytes incubate incubate /in·cu·bate/ (in´ku-bat) 1. to subject to or to undergo incubation. 2. material that has undergone incubation. in·cu·bate v. 1. d in demineralized water (100% hemolysis), erythrocytes incubated in buffer (0% hemolysis), erythrocytes incubated with sample (color and toxicity control), erythrocytes incubated in buffer and HPS (50% hemolysis control), and the color of HPS-dilution (complement blank). The HPS-dilution used in the classical and alternative standard assays gave rise to approximately 50% hemolysis. Inhibitory activities were evaluated by comparing the concentrations (w/v) inducing 50% inhibition of hemolysis ([IC.sub.50] value). The test was conducted in quadruplicate quad·ru·pli·cate adj. 1. Multiplied by four; quadruple. 2. Fourth in a group of four identical things. n. One of a group of four identical things. tr. & intr.v. and the data were collected as mean [+ or -] S.E. Dextran dextran /dex·tran/ (dek´stran) a high-molecular-weight polymer of d-glucose, produced by enzymes on the cell surface of certain lactic acid bacteria. sulfate sulfate, chemical compound containing the sulfate (SO4) radical. Sulfates are salts or esters of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal (e.g., sodium) or a radical (e.g., ammonium or ethyl). (Calbiochem, Germany) and rosmarinic acid (Extrasynthese, France) were used as positive controls in the classical and the alternative pathways of the complement system, respectively. The [IC.sub.50] values of dextran sulfate and rosmarinic acid were found to be 0.096 [micro]g/ml [+ or -] 0.024 and 120.8 [micro]g/ml [+ or -] 41.6 for the classical and alternative pathway, respectively. * Results and discussion Forty-two ethanolic extracts of thirty-six Rwandan medicinal plants were tested for their inhibition of the classical (CP) and alternative (AP) pathways of the complement system (Table 1). The results are shown in Table 2 and are expressed as [IC.sup.50] values. Plant extracts with [IC.sub.50] values lower then 10 [micro]g/ml for the CP and lower then 100 [micro]g/ml for the AP are considered as being active. These [IC.sub.50] values are good selection criteria, since rosmarmnic acid, which is a generally accepted positive control in the complement assay, possesses [IC.sub.50] values of 29.2 [micro]g/ml [+ or -] 1 and 120.8 [micro]g/ml [+ or -] 41.6 for respectively the CP and AR Eight plant extracts showed [IC.sub.50] values lower then 10 [micro]g/ml for the CP of complement system, i.e. Monechma subsessile, Aspilia pluriseta, Guizotia scabra, Spilanthes mauritiana, Macaranga kilimandscharica (stem and leaves), Coleus kilimandschari, and Rumex bequaertii. Coleus kilimandschari was the most active with an [IC .sub.50] value of 2.1 pg/ml. Ten plant extracts exhibited [IC.sub.50] values of lower then 100 [micro]g/ml for the ALP of complement system, i.e. Cyathula uncinulata, A. pluriseta, Micro glossa glos·sa n. pl. glos·sas or glos·sae The tongue. pyrifolia, Cassia cassia (kăsh`ə): see cinnamon; senna. cassia Spice, also called Chinese cinnamon, consisting of the aromatic bark of the Cinnamomum cassia plant, of the laurel family. didymobotrya, Clutia abyssinica, M. kilimandscharica (stem and leaves), C. kilimandschari, Clematis clematis (klĕm`ətĭs, kləmăt`ĭs), any plant of the large genus Clematis (sometimes subdivided into three or four genera), widely distributed herbs or vines of the family Ranunculaceae (buttercup family), many of them hirsuta, and Lantana lantana (lăntā`nə): see verbena. lantana Any of more than 150 shrubs that make up the genus Lantana in the verbena family, native to the New World and African tropics. trifolia. Cyathula uncinulata was the most active with an [IC.sub.50] value of 17.2 [micro]g/ml Three plant extracts showed an interesting activity against both pathways of complement, i.e. A. pluriseta, M. kilimandscharica (leaves and stem), and C. kilimandschari. In order to investigate whether the inhibitory effects of plant extracts could be due to feasible artifacts, two ways were explored (Simons et al. 1990). First, the active plant extract was incubated with twofold and fourfold increasing [Ca.sup.2+] and [Mg.sup.2+] concentrations for the CP and with a twofold and fourfold increasing [Mg.sup.2+] concentration for the AP. The [IC.sub.50] values of the plant extracts tested were similar. Therefore, the inhibition of hemolysis was not caused by chelation of [Mg.sup.2+] or [Ca.sup.2+] ions. Second, the active plant extract was preincubated with erythrocytes for 2, 15 and 30 minutes. The [IC.sub.50] values were not influenced by the preincubation period, excluding a direct interaction of the plant extract with the target erythrocytes. In a previous study, we tested the same Rwandan plant extracts for their influence on lymphocyte proliferation with and without the presence of the mitogen mitogen /mi·to·gen/ (mit?o-jen) a substance that induces mitosis and cell tranformation, especially lymphocyte transformation.mitogen´ic mi·to·gen n. phytohemagglutinin phytohemagglutinin /phy·to·hem·ag·glu·ti·nin/ (-hem?ah-glldbomact´in-in) a hemagglutinin of plant origin. phy·to·he·mag·glu·ti·nin n. Abbr. (Lasure et al. 1995). Eleven plant extracts induced an inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation, while none of the tested plant extracts showed a significant stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation. Only the ethanolic extract of Clematis hirsuta showed an activity in both the lymphocyte proliferation and the complement assay. The ethanolic extract of C. hirsuta could therefore exhibit interesting anti-inflammatory properties, since complement activation and the subsequent formation of pro-inflammatory products as well as lymphocyte proliferation are involved in many inflammatory processes. In addition, this clearly demonstrates the importance of choosing the right immunomodulating assay, since immunomodulative activity may be expressed on quite different factors of the immune system (Labadie et al. 1989). In conclusion, the selection of plant extracts on ethnomedicinal base is a reliable way to discover natural products with important biological activities. The results of our screening experiments selected several plant extracts to use in further bioassay-guided isolation.
Table 1
List of Rwandan medicinal plants studied (Baerts and Lehmann, 1989;
Rewangabo, 1993).
Family and species Vernacular name
ACANTHACEAE
Monechma subsessile (Oliv.) Umubazi
C.B. Clarke
AMARANTHACEAE
Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Igifashi
Schinz
APIACEAE
Caucalis incognita (Norman) Akaturambisiti
Heywood et Jury
ASTERACEAE
Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf. Icyumwa cy'agasozi
Berkheya spekeana Oliv. Ikigwarara
Bidens pilosa L. Inyabarasanya
Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. Igishikashike
Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Umuhe
Kuntze
Senecio maranguensis O. Hoffm. Imbatura
Spilanthes mauritiana (Rich. Gashegenyura
et Pers.) DC.
Tagetes minuta L. Nyiramunukanabi
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Ikicamahirwe
A. Gray
Vernonia amygdalina Del. Umubilizi
Vernonia miombicola Wild. Idoma
CAESALPINIACEAE
Cassia didymobotrya Fresen. Umubagabaga
CHENOPODIACEAE
Chenopodium ugandae (Aellen) Umugombe
Aellen
CRASSULACEAE
Kalanchoe crenata (Andr.) Haw. Igitenetene
EUPHORBIACEAE
Clutia abyssinica Jaub. Umutarishonga
et Spach.
Macaranga kilimandscharica Pax Umusekera
FABACEAE
Eriosema montanum Baker f. Umugfunyantoke
Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex Umusororo
A. Rich
HYPERICACEAE
Hypericum revolutum Vaml. Ikinyamucucu
LAMIACEAE
Coleus kilimandschari Gurke Igicunshu
Leonotis nepetaefolia R.Br. Igicumucumu
MALVACEAE
Hibiscus fuscus Garcke Umutozo
MELASTOMATACEAE
Dissotis throthae Gilg Icyeba
PEDALIACEAE
Sesamum angolense Welw. Delele, Sope
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Phytolacca dodecandra l'Herit. Umuhoko
POLYGONACEAE
Rumex bequaertii De Wild Nyiramuko
RANUNCULACEAE
Clematis hirsuta Per. et Guill. Umunkamba
Var. hirsuta
RUBIACEAE
Pavetta ternifolia (Oliv.) Hiern. Umumenamabuye
Pentas longiflora Oliver Isagara
Virectaria major (Schumann) verdc. Umukilyi
TILIACEAE
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Umushyigura
VERBENACEAE
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Umukuzanyana
R.Br. ex Vatke
Lantana trifolia L. Umuhengeri
Family and species Traditional Uses
ACANTHACEAE
Monechma subsessile (Oliv.) Acne, cough, dehydration
C.B. Clarke
AMARANTHACEAE
Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Dehydration, diarrhoea, wounds
Schinz
APIACEAE
Caucalis incognita (Norman)
Heywood et Jury
ASTERACEAE
Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf. Kwashiorkor, worms, wounds
Berkheya spekeana Oliv. Anthrax, cough
Bidens pilosa L. Furuncle, hepatitis, otitis,
wounds
Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. Agalactia, gonorrhoea,
hepatitis
Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Cough, elephantiasis, wounds
Kuntze
Senecio maranguensis O. Hoffm. Cough, otitis, wounds
Spilanthes mauritiana (Rich. Malaria, pneumonia,
et Pers.) DC. tonsillitis
Tagetes minuta L. Impotence, toothache
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Ascariasis, diarrhoea
A. Gray
Vernonia amygdalina Del. Ascariasis, hepatitis, malaria
Vernonia miombicola Wild. Gonorrhoea, malaria, worms
CAESALPINIACEAE
Cassia didymobotrya Fresen. Ascariasis, neuropsychopathy
CHENOPODIACEAE
Chenopodium ugandae (Aellen) Eczema, hepatitis, snake bite
Aellen
CRASSULACEAE
Kalanchoe crenata (Andr.) Haw. Otitis, skin diseases
EUPHORBIACEAE
Clutia abyssinica Jaub. Abortifacient, gonorrhoea
et Spach.
Macaranga kilimandscharica Pax Afterpains
FABACEAE
Eriosema montanum Baker f. Conjunctivitis, cough,
snake bite
Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex Emetic, furuncle, scabies
A. Rich
HYPERICACEAE
Hypericum revolutum Vaml. Cough, respiratory diseases
LAMIACEAE
Coleus kilimandschari Gurke Cough, worms
Leonotis nepetaefolia R.Br. Hepatitis, pneumonia, wounds
MALVACEAE
Hibiscus fuscus Garcke Diarrhoea, pneumonia, sprain
MELASTOMATACEAE
Dissotis throthae Gilg Diarrhoea, wounds
PEDALIACEAE
Sesamum angolense Welw. Skin diseases
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Phytolacca dodecandra l'Herit. Emetic, otitis, pneumonia
POLYGONACEAE
Rumex bequaertii De Wild Furuncle, kwashiorkor, worms
RANUNCULACEAE
Clematis hirsuta Per. et Guill. Abortifacient, urinary
Var. hirsuta diseases
RUBIACEAE
Pavetta ternifolia (Oliv.) Hiern. Skin diseases, worms
Pentas longiflora Oliver Fever, worms
Virectaria major (Schumann) verdc. Eye diseases, wounds
TILIACEAE
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Abortifacient, snake bite
VERBENACEAE
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Constipation, hepatitis,
R.Br. ex Vatke syphilis
Lantana trifolia L. Gonorrhoea, heart failure
Table 2
List of Rwandan medicinal plants and their inhibition of the classical
(CP) and alternative pathway (AP) of complement.
Family and species (a) Plant [IC.sub.50]
([mu]g/ml)
Part
CP
ACANTHACEAE
Monechma subsessile LF, ST 6.8 [+ or -] 1.3
(Oliv.) C.B. Clarke
AMARANTHACEAE
Cyathula uncinulata RT 21.4 [+ or -] 1.0
(Schrad.) Schinz
APIACEAE
Caucalis incognita (Norman) LF 93.8
Heywood et Jury
ASTERACEAE
Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf. LE, ST 4.2 [+ or -] 0.5
Berkheya spekeana Oliv. LF, ST 54.8 [+ or -] 1.9
Bidens pilosa L. LF 18.5 [+ or -] 1.9
Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. LF 7.7 [+ or -] 2.5
Microglossa pyrifolia LF 17.5 [+ or -] 3.6
(Lam.) Kuntze
Microglossa pyrifolia ST 11.8 [+ or -] 2.0
(Lam.) Kuntze
Senecic maranguensis ST 79.9 [+ or -] 12.4
O. Hoffm.
Spilanthes mauritiana LE 6.1 [+ or -] 1.5
(Rich. et Pers.) DC.
Tagetes minuta L. LF 25.9 [+ or -] 4.6
Tithonia diversifolia LF 18.1 [+ or -] 2.4
(Hemsl.) A. Gray
Vernonia amygdalina Del. LF 36.1 [+ or -] 2.0
Vernonia miombicola Wild. LF 29.6 [+ or -] 4.9
CAESALPLNIACEAE
Cassia didymobotrya Fresen. LF 11.9 [+ or -] 0.3
CHENOPODIACEAE
Chenopodiuin ugandac LF 28.0 [+ or -] 4.8
(Aellen) Aellen
CRASSULACEAE
Kalanchoe crenata LF 11.0 [+ or -] 0.2
(Andr.) Haw.
Kalanchoe crenata ST 14.0 [+ or -] 0.6
(Andr.) Haw.
EUPHORBIACEAE
Clutia abyssinica LF 38.4 [+ or -] 1.9
Jaub. Et Spach.
Macaranga LF 7.1 [+ or -] 1.0
kilimandscharica Pax
Macaranga ST 6.3 [+ or -] 1.9
kilimandscharica Pax
FABACEAE
Erioseina montanum LF 20.6 [+ or -] 4.2
Baker f.
Indigofera arrecta LF 61.1
Hochst. ex A. Rich
HYPERICACEAE
Hypericum revolutwn Vaml. LF 12.0 [+ or -] 5.8
LAMIACEAE
Coleus kilimandschari Gurke LF 2.1 [+ or -] 0.3
Leonotis nepetaefolia R.Br. LF 18.1 [+ or -] 0.4
MALVACEAE
Hibiscus fuscus Garcke LF 67.7 [+ or -] 9.3
Hibiscus fuscus Garcke RT 22.8 [+ or -] 5.5
MELASTOMATACEAE
Dissotis throthae Gilg LF 21.9
PEDALIACEAE
Sesainum angolense Welw. LF 12.6 [+ or -] 0.3
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Phytolacca dodecandra LF 13.2 [+ or -] 2.4
l'Herit.
POLYGONACEAE
Ruinex bequaertii De Wild LF 6.8 [+ or -] 0.7
RANUNCULACEAE
Clematis hirsuta Per. et LF 52.3 [+ or -] 14.7
Guill. var. hirsuta
RUBIACEAE
Pavetta ternifolia (Oliv.) Hiern. LF 35.5 [+ or -] 17.2
Pavetta ternifolia (Oliv.) Hiern. RT 122.4 [+ or -] 23.0
Pentas longiflora Oliver RT 379.7 [+ or -] 55.4
Pentas longiflora Oliver LF 23.0 [+ or -] 4.3
Virectaria major (Schumann) verdc. LF 48.7 [+ or -] 0.4
TILIACEAE
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. LF 11.3 [+ or -] 1.2
VERBENACEAE
Clerodendrum myricoides LF, ST 95.2 [+ or -] 11.3
(Hochst.) R.Br. ex Vatke
Lantana trifolia L. LF 12.0 [+ or -] 2.1
Family and species [IC.sub.50] ([mu]g/ml)
AP
ACANTHACEAE
Monechma subsessile 178.6 [+ or -] 46.1
(Oliv.) C.B. Clarke
AMARANTHACEAE
Cyathula uncinulata 17.2 [+ or -] 2.6
(Schrad.) Schinz
APIACEAE
Caucalis incognita (Norman) (b) nt
Heywood et Jury
ASTERACEAE
Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf. 35.2 [+ or -] 0.8
Berkheya spekeana Oliv. 779.6 [+ or -] 161.8
Bidens pilosa L. 184.0 [+ or -] 43.3
Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. 263.5 [+ or -] 8.7
Microglossa pyrifolia 101.4 [+ or -] 18.5
(Lam.) Kuntze
Microglossa pyrifolia 88.4 [+ or -] 4.4
(Lam.) Kuntze
Senecic maranguensis 241.1 [+ or -] 7.3
O. Hoffm.
Spilanthes mauritiana 174.1 [+ or -] 18.4
(Rich. et Pers.) DC.
Tagetes minuta L. 433.4 [+ or -] 161.9
Tithonia diversifolia 170.9 [+ or -] 10.0
(Hemsl.) A. Gray
Vernonia amygdalina Del. 889.2 [+ or -] 141.8
Vernonia miombicola Wild. 1038.0 [+ or -] 105.2
CAESALPLNIACEAE
Cassia didymobotrya Fresen. 83.0 [+ or -] 30.3
CHENOPODIACEAE
Chenopodiuin ugandac 141.8 [+ or -] 32.8
(Aellen) Aellen
CRASSULACEAE
Kalanchoe crenata 198.4 [+ or -] 31.5
(Andr.) Haw.
Kalanchoe crenata 178.4 [+ or -] 10.5
(Andr.) Haw.
EUPHORBIACEAE
Clutia abyssinica 47.0
Jaub. Et Spach.
Macaranga 97.3 [+ or -] 19.3
kilimandscharica Pax
Macaranga 98.2 [+ or -] 37.9
kilimandscharica Pax
FABACEAE
Erioseina montanum 491.6 [+ or -] 53.8
Baker f.
Indigofera arrecta 585.0 [+ or -] 15.6
Hochst. ex A. Rich
HYPERICACEAE
Hypericum revolutwn Vaml. 264.2 [+ or -] 46.9
LAMIACEAE
Coleus kilimandschari Gurke 37.0 [+ or -] 3.2
Leonotis nepetaefolia R.Br. 1223 [+ or -] 48.0
MALVACEAE
Hibiscus fuscus Garcke 504.4 [+ or -] 33.3
Hibiscus fuscus Garcke 359.3 [+ or -] 50.0
MELASTOMATACEAE
Dissotis throthae Gilg (b) nt
PEDALIACEAE
Sesainum angolense Welw. 693.8 [+ or -] 199.8
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Phytolacca dodecandra 526.0 [+ or -] 154.9
l'Herit.
POLYGONACEAE
Ruinex bequaertii De Wild 152.9 [+ or -] 8.1
RANUNCULACEAE
Clematis hirsuta Per. et 55.1 [+ or -] 12.3
Guill. var. hirsuta
RUBIACEAE
Pavetta ternifolia (Oliv.) Hiern. 2448 [+ or -] 503
Pavetta ternifolia (Oliv.) Hiern. 730.3 [+ or -] 44.0
Pentas longiflora Oliver 2422 [+ or -] 78.3
Pentas longiflora Oliver 732.2 [+ or -] 33.7
Virectaria major (Schumann) verdc. 716.0 [+ or -] 138.8
TILIACEAE
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 430.5 [+ or -] 17.0
VERBENACEAE
Clerodendrum myricoides 932.5 [+ or -] 132.2
(Hochst.) R.Br. ex Vatke
Lantana trifolia L. 82.5 [+ or -] 19.5
(a) LF - leaves; RT - roots; ST - stem
(b) not tested
Acknowledgements This work was supported by grant no. 92/94-09 of the Flemish Government. T. De Bruyne and S. Apers are postdoctoral researchers of the Fund for Scientific Research -- Flanders (Belgium). * References Baerts, M., Lehmann, J.: Guerisseurs et plantes medicinales de la region des cretes Zaire-Nil au Burundi, In: Annalen economische wetenschappen, Vol. 18, Ed. Koninklijk museum voor Midden-Afrika, Tervuren, Belgium, 1989. Densen, P.: Complement deficiencies and meningococcal disease. Clin. Exp. Immun. 86: S57-S62, 1991. Hristova, M., Istatkova, R.: Complement-mediated anti-inflammatory effect of bizbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid fangchinoline. Phytomedicine 6: 357-362, 1999. Ivanovska, N., Nikolova, P., Hristova, M., Philipov, S., Istatkova, R.: Complement modulatory activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids alkaloids, n alkaline phytochemicals that contain nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring structure. They can have powerful pharmacological effects and are more often used in traditional medicine than in herbal treatments. isolated from Isopyrum thalictroides -- I. Influence on classical pathway in human serum. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 21:325-336, 1999. Kilgore, K.S., Friedrichs, G.S., Homeister, J.W., Lucchesi, B.R.: The complement system in myocardial myocardial /myo·car·di·al/ (-kahr´de-al) pertaining to the muscular tissue of the heart. myocardial pertaining to the muscular tissue of the heart (the myocardium). ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc. Res. 28:437-444, 1994. Klerx, J.P.A.M., Beukelman, C.J., Van Dijck, H., Willers, J.M.N.: Microassay for colorimetric col·or·im·e·ter n. 1. Any of various instruments used to determine or specify colors, as by comparison with spectroscopic or visual standards. 2. estimation of complement activity in guinea pig, human and mouse serum. J. Immunol. Methods 63:215-220, 1983. Labadie, R.P., van der Nat, J.M., Simons, J.M., Kroes, B.H., Kosasi, S., van den Berg Van den Berg is the surname of:
Lasure, A., Van Poel, B., Pieters, L., Claeys, M., Gutpa, M., Vanden Berghe, D., Vlietinck, A.J.: Complement-inhibiting properties of Apeiba tibourbou. Planta Med. 60: 276-277, 1994. Lasure, A., Van Poel, B., De Clerck, L.S., Bridts, C.H., Stevens, W.J., Rwangabo, P.C., Pieters, L.A.C., Vlietinck, A.J.: Screening of Rwandese plant extracts for their influence on lymphocyte proliferation. Phytomedicine 4: 303-307, 1995. Pieters, L.A.C., De Bruyne, T.E., Vlietinck, A.J.: Low-molecular weight compounds with complement activity. In: Immunomodulatory agents from plants, Ed. H. Wagner, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, pp. 137-160, 1999. Roitt, L., Brostoff, J., Male, D.: Immunology. Mosby, London, 2001. Rwangabo, P.C.: La medecine traditionnelle au Rwanda. Paris: Editions Karthala et ACCT ACCT Cardiology A clinical trial–Amlodipine Cardiovascular Community Trial–that evaluated the effect of sex and age on response to the antihypertensive, amlodipine. See Amlodipine, Antihypertensive, Hypertension. , 1993. Simons, J.M., 't Hart, L.A., Labadie, R.P., van Dijck, H., de Silva, K.T.D.: Modulation of human complement activation and the human neutrophil neutrophil /neu·tro·phil/ (noo´tro-fil) 1. a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing very fine granules; cf. heterophil. 2. oxidative burst by different root extracts of Picrorhiza kurroa. Phytother. Res. 4: 207-211, 1990. Van Puyvelde, L., Mukarugambwa, S., Rwangabo, P.C., Ngaboyisonga, M., Runyinya, B.: Plantes medicinales et toxiques du Ruanda (II). Afr. Med. 16: 531-534, 1977. * Address A.J. Vlietinck, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp University of Antwerp (Dutch: Universiteit Antwerpen) is a university located in Antwerp, Belgium. History It was founded in 2003 after the merger of the three universities that were previously known as RUCA (State University Centre Antwerp), UFSIA (University Faculties , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium Tel.: ++32-3-820 27 33; Fax: ++32-3-820 27 09; e-mail: vlietink@uia.ua.ac.be |
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