Comparative growth performance of early juvenile Haliotis asinina fed various artificial diets.ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to compare artificial diets for early juvenile abalone abalone (ăbəlō`nē), popular name in the United States for a univalve gastropod mollusk of the genus Haliotis, members of which are also called ear shells, or sea ears, as their shape resembles the human ear. , Haliotis Haliotis a marine shelled snail; grown commercially in culture-based coastal fisheries. Called also abalone. See Table 23. asinina, containing different sources of protein. Juvenile H. asinina with mean initial shell length of 5.3-5.6 mm were fed artificial diets for 90 days. Diets contained 30% crude protein from different sources: casein casein (kā`sēn), well-defined group of proteins found in milk, constituting about 80% of the proteins in cow's milk, but only 40% in human milk. , fish meal, soybean soybean, soya bean, or soy pea, leguminous plant (Glycine max, G. soja, or Soja max) of the family Leguminosae (pulse family), native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Asia, where it has been meal, and rice bran. The diets were fed to abalone at 5-10% body weight once daily in the afternoon. Abalone fed Acanthophora sp. served as a control. The results showed that the abalone fed fresh Acanthophora sp. and those receiving the casein-based diet had the highest growth rates Growth Rates The compounded annualized rate of growth of a company's revenues, earnings, dividends, or other figures. Notes: Remember, historically high growth rates don't always mean a high rate of growth looking into the future. in shell length (96.7 [+ or -] 8.0 [micro]m/day and 96.3 [+ or -] 6.7 [micro]m/day, respectively). Those fed the casein-based diet showed the highest growth rate in weight (8.6 [+ or -] 0.3 [micro]g/day g/day grams per day ). The best survival rates were found in abalone fed Acanthophora sp., the soybean-based diet and the casein-based diet (88.9%, 81.1%, and 78.9%, respectively). The casein diet yielded the maximum rate of growth and survival. KEY WORDS: comparative growth performance, early juvenile, artificial diets, Haliotis asinina INTRODUCTION The donkey's ear abalone, Haliotis asinina Linnaeus Lin·nae·us , Carolus Known as "Karl Linné.". 1707-1778. Swedish botanist and founder of the modern binomial classification system for plants and animals. , a very promising commercial abalone in the Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, region of Asia (1990 est. pop. 442,500,000), c.1,740,000 sq mi (4,506,600 sq km), bounded roughly by the Indian subcontinent on the west, China on the north, and the Pacific Ocean on the east. region, is a tropical species. It is distributed widely in coastal reef zones of Southeast Asia. In Thailand Thailand (tī`lănd, –lənd), Thai Prathet Thai [land of the free], officially Kingdom of Thailand, constitutional monarchy (2005 est. pop. 65,444,000), 198,455 sq mi (514,000 sq km), Southeast Asia. , research into abalone culturing techniques began in the early 1990s (Singhagraiwan 1989, Singhagraiwan & Doi 1993, Jarayabhand & Paphavasit 1996). Feeding, growth, and survival (Singhagraiwan 1991a, 1991b, Singhagraiwan & Sasaki Sasaki (佐々木) is the 14th most common Japanese surname. People named Sasaki:
Culture of H. asinina in Thailand is divided into two phases. The first phase is the culture of newly settled spats spat 1 v. A past tense and a past participle of spit1. spat 2 n. pl. spat or spats 1. on corrugated plastic Corrugated plastic, also known under the tradenames of Coroplast, Correx, Corriflute or Twinplast, refers to a wide range of extruded twinwall plastic sheet products produced from high impact polypropylene resin with a similar make up to corrugated fiberboard. plates coated with diatoms diatoms a series of unicellular algae, microscopic in size, with cell walls containing silica. Members of the family Diatomaceae. Their remains accumulate as geological deposits and are mined. See diatomaceous earth. until a shell length of 5-10 mm is attained at·tain v. at·tained, at·tain·ing, at·tains v.tr. 1. To gain as an objective; achieve: attain a diploma by hard work. 2. . The second phase is the culture of juveniles on corrugated cor·ru·gate v. cor·ru·gat·ed, cor·ru·gat·ing, cor·ru·gates v.tr. To shape into folds or parallel and alternating ridges and grooves. v.intr. cement cement, binding material used in construction and engineering, often called hydraulic cement, typically made by heating a mixture of limestone and clay until it almost fuses and then grinding it to a fine powder. plates with seaweed seaweed, name commonly used for the multicellular marine algae. Simpler forms, consisting of one cell (e.g., the diatom) or of a few cells, are not generally called seaweeds; these tiny plants help to make up plankton. until they reach a marketable Marketable are securities that can be easily converted into cash. Such securities will generally have highly liquid markets allowing the security to be sold at a reasonable price very quickly. size (40-50 mm in shell length) (Singhagraiwan & Doi 1993). There are many problems, however, in using natural seaweed, such as seasonality and accessibility (Uki & Watanabe Watanabe (渡辺 "crossing area") is the fifth most common Japanese surname. The first to be named Watanabe were 'kuge (court nobles), direct descendants of the Emperor Saga (786-842). 1992). Artificial diets could solve these problems. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of research groups developing artificial diets to supplement or replace seaweeds in abalone culture (Uki & Watanabe 1992, Viana Viana is the name of some places:
British bacteriologist who discovered penicillin in 1928. He shared a 1945 Nobel Prize for this achievement. et al. 1996, Britz For Britz in the district of Barnim, see Britz, Brandenburg. Britz is part of the Berlin district of Neukölln. It is known for being the site of the transmission facility of RIAS, now Deutschlandradio. 1996a, 1996b, Capinpin & Corre 1996, Moss 1997, Corazani & Illanes 1998, Lopez Lo·pez , Nancy Born 1957. American golfer who in 1987 achieved her 35th career victory and was inducted into the Ladies Professional Golf Association Hall of Fame. et al. 1998, Chen & Lee 1999, Kruatrachue et al. 2000, Serviere-Zaragoza et al. 2001, Boarder & Shpigel 2001, Shipton Shipton is the name of a number of English villages and hamlets (see List of generic forms in British place names):
1 City (1990 pop. 37,446), seat of Jackson co., S Mich., on the Grand River; inc. 1857. It is an industrial and commercial center in a farm region. et al. 2001). Growth of abalone feeding on macroalgae and artificial diets has been studied for H. discus discus /dis·cus/ (dis´kus) pl. dis´ci [L.] disk. dis·cus n. pl. dis·ci A flat circular surface; a disk. discus pl. disci [L.] 1. Reeve REEVE. The name of an ancient English officer of justice, inferior in rank to an alderman. 2. He was a ministerial officer, appointed to execute process, keep the king's peace, and put the laws in execution. (Ogino & Ohta 1963), H. discus hannai Ino (Uki et al. 1985, Nie et al. 1986, Uki et al. 1986a, 1986b, Corazani & Illanes 1998), H. fulgens Philippi Philippi (fĭlĭp`ī), ancient city, E Macedonia. Inhabited by Thracians and then Thasians, it was renamed (probably 356 B.C.) by Philip II of Macedon, who developed and fortified it. (Viana et al. 1993, Serviere-Zaragoza et al. 2001), H. asinina (Capinpin & Corre, 1996, Upatham et al. 1998, Capinpin et al. 1999, Bautista-Teruel & Millamena 1999, Kruatrachue et al. 2000, Jackson et al. 2001), H. iris Gmelin Gmelin may refer to:
n. Chiefly British A dealer in textiles, especially silks. [Middle English, from Old French mercier, trader, from merz, merchandise, from Latin merx 1995, Lopez et al. 1998), H. luevigata Donovan Don·o·van , William Joseph Known as "Wild Bill." 1883-1959. American army officer and public official who founded and directed (1942-1945) the Office of Strategic Services, an intelligence-gathering agency that was a forerunner of the CIA. (Morrison Mor·ris·on , Toni Originally Chloe Anthony Wofford. Born 1931. American writer who won the 1993 Nobel Prize for literature. Her novels, such as Sula (1973) and Beloved (1987), examine the experiences of African Americans. & Whittington Whit·ting·ton , Richard 1358?-1423. English merchant and mayor of London (1397-1399, 1406-1407, and 1419-1420) who loaned large sums of money to Henry IV and Henry V. 1991), H. rufescens Swainson (Corazani & Illanes 1998), H. australis Gmelin (Moss 1997), H. diversicolor supertexta Lischke (Chen & Lee 1999), and H. midae Linnaeus (Britz 1996a, Knauer et al. 1996, Shipton & Britz 2001). Among these extensive studies, only a few reported on early juvenile growth of abalone. For commercial abalone culture, it is important to enhance the growth at all stages and therefore information is required on the dietary requirements of each size class. This study was carried out to investigate the growth and survival of early juvenile H. asinina fed four artificial diets with different sources of protein: casein, fish meal, soybean meal, and rice bran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Abalone Three month old juvenile H. asinina (5.5 [+ or -] 0.2 mm in length. 45.3 [+ or -] 3.7 in weight) were obtained from the Coastal Aquaculture aquaculture, the raising and harvesting of fresh- and saltwater plants and animals. The most economically important form of aquaculture is fish farming, an industry that accounts for an ever increasing share of world fisheries production. Development Center, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province Prachuap Khiri Khan (Thai ประจวบคีรีขันธ์) is one of the central provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Phetchaburi in the north and Chumphon in the south. , Thailand. They were placed in the rearing system for acclimatization acclimatization Any of numerous gradual, long-term responses of an individual organism to changes in its environment. The responses are more or less habitual and reversible should conditions revert to an earlier state. and fed Acanthophora sp. seaweed for two weeks before collection of initial data. Preparation of Diets Diet formulations are presented in Table 1. The diets were prepared following Uki et al. (1986a), using different sources of protein-casein, fishmeal fish·meal n. A nutritive mealy substance produced from fish or fish parts and used as animal feed and fertilizer. fishmeal Noun ground dried fish used as feed for farm animals or as a fertilizer , soybean meal, and rice bran. The vitamin mix in Cetavit 1,000 g was obtained from the Eastern Marine Co., Ltd., Thailand, and mineral mix in Premix premix a finite mixture of nutritional supplements such as minerals and vitamins, usually combined with a carrier and ready for mixing with a total ration. 1,000 g was obtained from Chanaphant Industry Co., Ltd., Thailand (Table 2). Equivalent amounts of vitamins and minerals were added to all diets (Table 1). All dry ingredients were mixed together and then cod liver oil cod liver oil an oil pressed from the fresh liver of the cod and purified. It is one of the best-known natural sources of vitamin D, and a rich source of vitamin A. Because cod liver oil is more easily absorbed than other oils, it was formerly widely used as a nutrient and tonic, and vegetable oil added. The sodium alginate sodium alginate n. A colorless or light yellow powdery or crystalline compound, C6H7O6Na, used as a food thickener and stabilizer and in medicines, paint, and paper coating. was heated in 60-80 mL distilled water Noun 1. distilled water - water that has been purified by distillation H2O, water - binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; at 60-80[degrees]C, until it melted melt v. melt·ed, melt·ing, melts v.intr. 1. To be changed from a solid to a liquid state especially by the application of heat. 2. , then poured into the mixed ingredients and kneaded immediately to obtain a homogeneous The same. Contrast with heterogeneous. homogeneous - (Or "homogenous") Of uniform nature, similar in kind. 1. In the context of distributed systems, middleware makes heterogeneous systems appear as a homogeneous entity. For example see: interoperable network. paste. The paste was flattened flat·ten v. flat·tened, flat·ten·ing, flat·tens v.tr. 1. To make flat or flatter. 2. To knock down; lay low: The boxer was flattened with one punch. with a kitchen roller roller, common name for brightly colored Old World birds noted for performing somersaults in flight. They include the rollers proper (subfamily Coraciinae) and ground rollers (subfamily Brachypteraciinae to a thickness of 0.5 cm. Pieces 1.5 x 1.5 cm in dimension were cut and stored in the freezer freezer the compartment in which meat and offal are stored at freezing temperatures of 10 to 16°F (-12 to -9°C) although there is a trend to lower temperatures of 0 to -22°F (-18 to -30°C). until feeding. Experimental Procedure There were four dietary treatments: (1) casein-based diet; (2) fish meal-based diet; (3) soybean meal-based diet; and (4) rice bran-based diet. Fresh seaweed (Acanthophora sp.) was fed to the control group. Early juvenile abalone (5.3-5.6 mm in shell length, 40-50 mg in weight) were kept in rectangular rec·tan·gu·lar adj. 1. Having the shape of a rectangle. 2. Having one or more right angles. 3. Designating a geometric coordinate system with mutually perpendicular axes. 5-L plastic aquaria a·quar·i·a n. A plural of aquarium. . Thirty abalone were allocated to each trial aquarium aquarium, name for any supervised exhibit of aquatic animals and plants. Aquariums are known to have been constructed in ancient Rome, Egypt, and Asia. Goldfish have been bred in China for several hundred years and are still the most commonly kept fish in home (three replicates per diet), and all 12 aquaria were floated in 700-L fiberglass fiberglass, thread made from glass. It is made by forcing molten glass through a kind of sieve, thereby spinning it into threads. Fiberglass is strong, durable, and impervious to many caustics and to extreme temperatures. tanks under a close system with aeration aeration /aer·a·tion/ (ar-a´shun) 1. the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen by the blood in the lungs. 2. the charging of a liquid with air or gas. aer·a·tion n. and filter system. The tanks were covered to prevent animals from escaping. UV-sterilized and filtered seawater seawater Water that makes up the oceans and seas. Seawater is a complex mixture of 96.5% water, 2.5% salts, and small amounts of other substances. Much of the world's magnesium is recovered from seawater, as are large quantities of bromine. (salinity sa·line adj. 1. Of, relating to, or containing salt; salty. 2. Of or relating to chemical salts. n. 1. A salt of magnesium or of the alkalis, used in medicine as a cathartic. 2. 32-34 ppt ppt abbr. 1. parts per thousand 2. parts per trillion , pH 8.4-8.5) was changed every morning for 90 days. The abalone were fed every afternoon with artificial diets and macroalgae at 5-10% of their body weights. Any uneaten food was collected the following morning to estimate the feed consumed con·sume v. con·sumed, con·sum·ing, con·sumes v.tr. 1. To take in as food; eat or drink up. See Synonyms at eat. 2. a. and the food conversion rate (FCR FCR feed conversion rate. ). The light/dark sequence was 12h/12h and the temperature was 29-32[degrees]C. Water quality parameters (DO, pH, and temperature) were randomly measured weekly. The total ammonia ammonia, chemical compound, NH3, colorless gas that is about one half as dense as air at ordinary temperatures and pressures. It has a characteristic pungent, penetrating odor. and the total nitrite nitrite Any salt or ester of nitrous acid (HNO2). The salts are inorganic compounds with ionic bonds, containing the nitrite ion (NO2−) and any cation. were within the standard ranges (0.013-0.191 ppm (Pages Per Minute) The measurement of printer speed. See gppm. PPM - Portable Pixmap and 0.016-0.053 ppm, respectively). The dry weight of artificial diets and algae algae (ăl`jē) [plural of Lat. alga=seaweed], a large and diverse group of primarily aquatic plantlike organisms. These organisms were previously classified as a primitive subkingdom of the plant kingdom, the thallophytes (plants that were determined by drying in a hot air oven at 80[degrees]C until a constant weight was reached. Growth was measured biweekly bi·week·ly adj. 1. Happening every two weeks. 2. Happening twice a week; semiweekly. n. pl. bi·week·lies A publication issued every two weeks. adv. 1. Every two weeks. as gain in weight and shell length and expressed in terms of shell length ([micro]m/day) and body weight (mg/day). Mortality was also recorded every two weeks. The FCR was calculated on the basis of the total dry weight gain of abalone and the dry weight of teed consumed as follows (Leighton Leighton is the name of a number of places:
FCR = Dry weight feed consumed (g)/Dry weight gain (g) At the beginning of the experiment, 15 animals were sampled out to determine their total dry weight. Similarly, at the end of the experiment (90 days), the total dry weight of those animals that survived from each treatment was determined. These animals were weighed and dried at 80[degrees]C until a constant weight was reached. Statistical Analysis Differences in growth and survival rates, and FCR among the different dietary treatments were determined by one-way one-way adj. 1. Moving or permitting movement in one direction only: a one-way street. 2. Providing for travel in one direction only: a one-way ticket. ANOVA anova see analysis of variance. ANOVA Analysis of variance, see there . The multiple comparisons, Duncan's multiple range test, was further used to determine significant differences between treatments. SPSS A statistical package from SPSS, Inc., Chicago (www.spss.com) that runs on PCs, most mainframes and minis and is used extensively in marketing research. It provides over 50 statistical processes, including regression analysis, correlation and analysis of variance. for Windows (Version 6,0) was the statistical software used for all statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was used as the significance level. RESULTS Growth Rate The results obtained from each artificial diet and the control diet are shown in Table 3 and Figures 1 and 2. Growth rates (shell length and body weight increase/day) of H. asinina were significantly different (P < 0.05) among feed treatments. In terms of shell length, three statistically different groups could be recognized (P < 0.05): (1) control and casein-based diet; (2) fish meal-based and soybean meal-based diets; and (3) rice bran-based diet (Table 3). Four statistically different groups (P < 0.05) could be differentiated on weight increase: (1) casein based diet: (2) control; (3) fish meal-based and soybean meal based diets; and (4) rice bran based diet (Table 3). [FIGURES 1-2 OMITTED] Shell Length The maximum cumulative increases in shell length were 161.2% and 164.7% for the control and casein-based diet, respectively (Fig. 1). These equated to growth rates of 96.7 and 96.3 [micro]m/day, respectively (Table 3). Lower cumulative increases of shell length were obtained with abalone fed fish meal-based (111.2%) and soybean meal-based diets (107.8%) (Fig. 1). These gains corresponded to growth rates of 68.1 and 67.0 [micro]m/day, respectively (Table 3). The lowest cumulative increase in shell length was found in abalone fed the rice bran-based diet (81.5%), which equated to a growth rate of 48.5 [micro]m/day (Fig. 1, Table 3). Body Weight The maximum cumulative weight increase (1683.6%) was found in the casein-based diet group that gave a growth rate of 8.6 rag/day (Fig. 2, Table 3). The control also had a high cumulative weight increase (1283.7%) and growth rate of 6.3 mg/day. Abalone fed soybean meal- and fish meal-based diets had lower cumulative increases in weight (621% and 569.6%, respectively) (Fig. 2, Table 3). These equated to growth rates of 3.2 and 2.9 rag/day, respectively (Table 3). The lowest cumulative increase in weight was found in abalone fed the rice bran-based diet (327.4%) that resulted in a growth rate of 1.6 mg/day. Survival Rate The survival rates of H. asinina fed different artificial diets and on algal algal pertaining to or caused by algae. algal infection is very rare but systemic and udder infections are recorded. See protothecosis. algal mastitis the algae Prototheca trispora and P. control diet were significantly different (P < 0.05) (Fig. 3, Table 3). Two different groups could he recognized: (1) control (88.9%), soybean meal-based diet (81.1%), and casein-based diet (78.9%/; (2) rice bran-based diet (74.4%) and fish meal-based diet (71.1%) groups. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] Food Conversion Rate The dry weight FCR was significantly different (P < 0.05) among tour dietary groups (Table 4): (l) control (0.3): (2) casein-based diet (1.5); (3) soybean meal based diet (4.0); (4) fish meal-based diet (6.1); and rice bran-based diet (6.4). DISCUSSION Early juvenile H. asinina provided Acanthophora sp. and a casein-based diet (as a main source of protein) produced superior growth rates (for shell length and body weight) and survival rates compared with juveniles fed fish meal-based, soybean meal-based, and rice bran-based diets. The growth and survival rates of the casein-based diet group were not significantly different from those fed macroalgae (control). The dietary value of casein-based diet was comparable to that of the macroalgae. The growth rates in shell length (96.8 [micro]m/day in the macroalgae group and 96.3 [micro]m/ day in the casein-based diet group) are comparable with that reported by Kunavongdate et al. (1995), who found that juvenile H. asinina (31 mm in shell length) fed Laurencia sp. yielded a growth rate of 98 [micro]m/day (Table 5). Upatham et al. (1998) reported a lower growth rate (70 [micro]m/day) in juvenile H. asinina (13 mm in shell length) fed Gracilaria Gracilaria is a genus of red algae (Rhodophyta) notable for its economic importance as an agarophyte, as well as its use as a food for humans and various species of shellfish. tenuistipitata. In comparison, Kruatrachue et al. (2000) reported very low growth rates (29-36 [micro]m/ day) for juvenile H. asinina (13 mm in shell length) fed casein-based diets containing various species of red algae red algae: see seaweed; Rhodophyta. (Table 5). They suggested that these formulated for·mu·late tr.v. for·mu·lat·ed, for·mu·lat·ing, for·mu·lates 1. a. To state as or reduce to a formula. b. To express in systematic terms or concepts. c. diets were unsuitable and significant leaching leaching, method of extraction in which a solvent is passed through a mixture to remove some desired substance from it. A simple example is the passage of boiling water through ground coffee to dissolve and carry out the chemicals necessary for producing the beverage. of some trace nutrients might occur, resulting in poor growth rates (Kruatrachue et al. 2000). Jackson et al. (2001) studied the suitability of Australian Australian pertaining to or originating in Australia. Australian bat lyssavirus disease see Australian bat lyssavirus disease. Australian cattle dog a medium-sized, compact working dog used for control of cattle. formulated diets for aquaculture of H. asinina and found that a natural diet of G. edulis still produced the highest growth rate (56 [micro]m/day; Table 5), while four formulated diets from two Australian abalone feed companies produced lower growth rates of 19-54 [micro]m/day (Table 5). However, the growth rates of H. asinina of our study were low when compared with the study of Capinpin & Corre (1996) who reported that the growth rates of juvenile H. asinina fed G. heteroclada and a commercial artificial diet were 193 and 192 [micro]m/day, respectively (Table 5). Capinpin et al. (1999) also recorded a shell length growth rate of 164 [micro]m/day for H. asinina reared in sea cages and fed G. bailinae. Bautista-Teruel & Millamena (1999) achieved growth rates ranging from 222 to 247 [micro]m/day over 90 days when 20 juvenile H. asinina (18.3 mm in shell length) were housed in large 60-L containers and fed either of three formulated diets. These are the highest growth rates ever reported for Haliotis species (Table 5). In this study, H. asinina were reared in small (5-L) enclosures, which may have contributed significantly to the lower growth rates (49-96 [micro]m/day) compared to other studies. The results are not directly comparable because of differing experimental conditions and the smaller size of juvenile H. asinina used in this study. In general, certain species of red algae seemed to produce higher growth rates in H. asinina than artificial diets. Table 5 also summarizes the reported data on growth rates of abalone fed artificial diets. Most studies evaluated the quality of several protein sources in diets such as casein, fishmeal, and soybean meal. A casein-based diet produced a higher growth rate (133 [micro]m/day) in juvenile H. discus hannai (34 mm), compared with those fed either a soybean-based diet (106 [micro]m/day) or a fishmeal-based diet (74 [micro]m/day) for 40 days (Uki et al. 1985). Uki et al. (1986b) also reported a higher growth rate (82 [micro]m/day) in juvenile H. discus hannai fed a casein-based diet than in those fed a fishmeal-based diet (47 [micro]m/day), for 50 days. These reported results were in agreement with the results of this study on juvenile H. asinina (5-6 mm). In comparison Britz (1996a, 1996b) reported that a fish meal-based diet produced a higher growth rate (65, 83-96 [micro]m/day) than a casein-based diet (45 [micro]m/day) in juvenile H. midae (20-21 mm) (Table 5). Similarly, Lopez et al. (1998) also reported that a fish meal-based diet resulted in a higher growth rate (135 [micro]m/day) than a casein-based diet (119 [micro]m/day) (Table 5) in H. tuberculata (3.2 ram). However, Viana et al. (1993) reported that a casein-based diet and a fish meal-based diet produced similar growth rates (98 [micro]m/day and 101 [micro]m/day, respectively) in H. fulgens (13 mm) (Table 5). In H. asinina of this study, fish meal-based and soybean meal-based diets produced the second highest growth rates (68 [micro]m/day and 67 [micro]m/day, respectively). The source and the processing of the fishmeal used in these studies may account for these differences. A soybean meal-based diet was also reported to produce high growth rates in H. discus hannai (106 [micro]m/day) (Uki et al. 1985) and H. diversicolor supertexta (105-163 [micro]m/day) (Chert chert: see flint. & Lee 1999) (Table 5). The most appropriate diet for H. asinina culture depends on the availability and cost of various protein sources and the growth rates produced. Although a casein-based diet produced the highest growth rate in this study, casein is unlikely to be widely used as a primary protein source in practical diets because of its high cost. Fishmeal is more appropriate since it is readily available and less expensive than casein. Even though a fish meal-based diet produced a lower growth rate than casein-based diet in H. asinina, in other Haliotis species it produced higher growth rates. There is, however, an increasing concern about the future supply and demand for fish meal, and this concern has led to efforts to reduce its use as the major protein source in commercial aquaculture feed formulations (Barlow bar·low n. An inexpensive, one- or two-bladed pocketknife. [After Barlow, the family name of its makers, two brothers in Sheffield, England.] 1989, Ramsey Ramsey, residential borough (1990 pop. 13,228), Bergen co., NE N.J.; settled 1846, inc. 1908. Dairy and truck farms are in the area. 1993). Because Haliotis are naturally herbivorous herbivorous /her·biv·o·rous/ (her-biv´ah-rus) subsisting upon plants. animals with a digestive Ulcers (Digestive) Definition In general, an ulcer is any eroded area of skin or a mucous membrane, marked by tissue disintegration. In common usage, however, ulcer usually is used to refer to disorders in the upper digestive tract. and enzymatic enzymatic of, relating to, caused by, or of the nature of an enzyme. physiology physiology (fĭzēŏl`əjē), study of the normal functioning of animals and plants during life and of the activities by which life is maintained and transmitted. It is based fundamentally on the activities of protoplasm. equipped for processing plant materials, Shipton and Britz (2001) studied the partial and total replacement of fishmeal with selected plant protein sources (soy meal, sunflower sunflower, any plant of the genus Helianthus of the family Asteraceae (aster family), annual or perennial herbs native to the New World and common throughout the United States. meal, torula Torula former name for cryptococcus. yeast yeast, name applied specifically to a certain group of microscopic fungi and to commercial products consisting of masses of dried yeast cells or of yeast mixed with a starchy material and pressed into yeast cakes. , corn gluten Noun 1. corn gluten - gluten prepared from corn gluten - a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains; gives cohesiveness to dough , and Spirulinu) in diets for H. midae, a South African species. No significant differences were found in the growth rates between the control diet (100% fishmeal; 83 [micro]m/day) and diets in which 30% of the fishmeal component was replaced by plant proteins (Table 5). Among the plant protein sources, fishmeal with torula yeast produced the highest growth rate (91 [micro]m/day) (Table 5). The lowest growth rate was found in fishmeal and corn gluten (70 [micro]m/day) (Table 5). Substitution Substitution Arsinoë put her own son in place of Orestes; her son was killed and Orestes was saved. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 32] Barabbas robber freed in Christ’s stead. [N.T.: Matthew 27:15–18; Swed. Lit. of 50% fishmeal with either soy meal or Spirulina spirulina Any cyanobacteria in the genus Spirulina. A traditional food source in parts of Africa and Mexico, spirulina is an exceptionally rich source of vitamins, minerals, and protein, and one of the few nonanimal sources of vitamin B12. did not affect growth rates. Replacement of either 75% or 100% fishmeal with plant protein sources (sunflower meal, soy meal, and Spirulina) produced growth rates comparable to that of the control. Shipton and Britz (2001) concluded that there was a potential to replace fish meal with plant protein sources in commercial diets for Haliotis, especially considering the low raw material costs associated with soybean meal and sunflower meal. This study shows that for H. asinina, the soybean meal-based diet, yielded similar growth rates to fishmeal-based diet, and the survival rate was higher. Other factors also affect the growth rate of abalone, including water temperature, (Leighton 1974, Leighton et al. 1981, Uki et al. 1981, Hahn 1989, Lopez et al. 1998), the species of abalone (Uki & Kikuchi 1979), the rearing system (Moss 1997, Chen & Lee 1999) changing the diet of juveniles from diatoms to seaweeds, or artificial diets at the appropriate size. These factors will also affect the early growth of juvenile H. asinina and need to be investigated. In general, abalone fed artificial diets have displayed higher rates of weight gain and length increase, and lower FCR compared with those fed macroalgae (Table 5). FCRs obtained for macroalgae have also differed among species (Table 5). H. asinina fed G. tenuistipitata and Acanthophora spicifera showed lower FCRs (3.3 and 5.7, respectively) while those fed G. salicornia. G. fisheri, and Laurencia sp. showed higher FCRs (15.5 and 20.4, 7.4 and 29.5. and 18.0, respectively) (Singhagraiwan 1991b, Kunavongdate et al. 1995, Upatham et al. 1998; Table 5). The FCRs of H. asinina fed casein-based diets containing various species of macroalgae were higher than those of macroalgae (Upatham et al. 1998, Kruatrachue et al. 2000; Table 5). In contrast, abalone fed artificial diets showed lower FCRs, for example, H. tuberculata (0.8-0.9: Lopez et al. 1998), H. midae (0.7-1.0; Britz 1996b, Shipton & Britz 2001), H. diversicolor supertexta (3.0; Chen & Lee 1999), H. asinina (1.4-1.8; Bautista-Teruel & Millamena 1999, Jackson et al. 2001; Table 5). In this study, other than the control (Acanthophora sp.), the FCR of the casein-based diet was low (1.5) and similar to those reported by Bautista-Teruel and Millamena (1999) and Jackson et al. (2001). Fleming et al. (1996) reviewed the formulated diets of temperate temperate /tem·per·ate/ (tem´per-at) restrained; characterized by moderation; as a temperate bacteriophage, which infects but does not lyse its host. tem·per·ate adj. abalone offered by various feed manufacturers around the world and reported an FCR range of 0.77 to 3.33. The FCR value for the casein-based diet of this study compares favorably fa·vor·a·ble adj. 1. Advantageous; helpful: favorable winds. 2. Encouraging; propitious: a favorable diagnosis. 3. .
TABLE 1.
Composition of four artificial diets for juvenile abalone
H. asinina (% inclusion).
Protein Based Diet (%)
Ingredients Casein Fish Meal Soybean Meal Rice Bran
Casein 25
Fish meal 39
Soybean meal 68
Rice bran 68
Sodium alginate 16 16 16 16
Dextrin 21.5 14.5 0 0
Cellulose 21.5 14.5 0 0
Vitamins 5 5 5 5
Minerals 5 5 5 5
Cod liver oil 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Vegetable oil 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Calcium chloride 1 1 1 1
TABLE 2.
Composition of vitamins and minerals mixes.
Composition Weight
Vitamins
Vitamin A 15,000,000 units
Vitamin [D.sub.3] 3,000,000 units
Vitamin C 83.0 g
Vitamin E 27.5 g
Vitamin K 4.67 g
Vitamin [B.sub.1] 25.0 g
Vitamin [B.sub.2] 25.0 g
Vitamin [B.sub.6] 5.0 g
Vitamin [B.sub.12] 0.05 g
Nicotinamide 20.0 g
Calcium-D-Panthothenate 5.0 g
Folic acid 0.4 g
Minerals
Manganese 5,400 g
Iron 14,200 g
Copper 1,000 g
Zinc 2,900 g
Sodium 3,300 g
Iodine 0.019 mg
Potassium 0.9 g
Cobalt 1.1 g
Medium 971.18 g
TABLE 3.
Growth and survival rates of H. asinina fed different artificial
diets over a period of 90 days.
Survival
Diet Rate (%)
Control 88.9 [+ or -] [3.8.sup.a]
Casein-based 78.9 [+ or -] [7.7.sup.a,b]
Fish meal-based 71.1 [+ or -] [8.4.sup.b]
Soybean meal-based 81.1 [+ or -] [3.8.sup.a,b]
Rice bran-based 74.4 [+ or -] [8.4.sup.b]
Shell Length
(mm)
Diet Initial Final
Control 5.4 [+ or -] 0.2 14.1 [+ or -] [0.8.sup.a]
Casein-based 5.3 [+ or -] 0.1 13.9 [+ or -] [0.5.sup.a]
Fish meal-based 5.5 [+ or -] 0.2 11.7 [+ or -] [0.3.sup.b]
Soybean meal-based 5.6 [+ or -] 0.2 11.6 [+ or -] [0.6.sup.b]
Rice bran-based 5.4 [+ or -] 0.4 9.8 [+ or -] [0.1.sup.c]
Body Wet Weight
(mg)
Diet Initial Final
Control 44.7 [+ or -] 4.2 615.0 [+ or -] [79.7.sup.b]
Casein-based 46.0 [+ or -] 2.0 820.0 [+ or -] [26.5.sup.a]
Fish meal-based 46.0 [+ or -] 3.5 307.0 [+ or -] [6.1.sup.c]
Soybean meal-based 46.0 [+ or -] 3.5 332.3 [+ or -] [38.1.sup.c]
Rice bran-based 44.0 [+ or -] 5.3 186.7 [+ or -] [10.2.sup.d]
% Cumulative
Increase
Diet Length
Control 161.2 [+ or -] [13.1.sup.a]
Casein-based 164.7 [+ or -] [14.4.sup.a]
Fish meal-based 111.2 [+ or -] [12.1.sup.b]
Soybean meal-based 107.8 [+ or -] [8.6.sup.b]
Rice bran-based 81.5 [+ or -] [13.6.sup.c]
% Cumulative
Increase
Diet Weight
Control 1,283.7 [+ or -] [205.0.sup.b]
Casein-based 1,683.6 [+ or -] [52.1.sup.a]
Fish meal-based 569.6 [+ or -] [46.0.sup.c]
Soybean meal-based 621.1 [+ or -] [28.6.sup.c]
Rice bran-based 327.4 [+ or -] [45.7.sup.d]
Growth
Length
Diet ([micro]m/day)
Control 96.7 [+ or -] [8.0.sup.a]
Casein-based 96.3 [+ or -] [6.7.sup.a]
Fish meal-based 68.1 [+ or -] [5.0.sup.b]
Soybean meal-based 67.0 [+ or -] [5.3.sup.b]
Rice bran-based 48.5 [+ or -] [4.5.sup.c]
Growth
Weight
Diet (mg/day)
Control 6.3 [+ or -] [0.9.sup.b]
Casein-based 8.6 [+ or -] [0.3.sup.a]
Fish meal-based 2.9 [+ or -] [0.1.sup.c]
Soybean meal-based 3.2 [+ or -] [0.4.sup.c]
Rice bran-based 1.6 [+ or -] [0.1.sup.d]
Means and standard deviations are presented (n = 90). Analysis of
variance and Duncan's multiple range test were performed on the
means of shell length and body weight increases; the same letter
identities the values that are not significantly different
(P < 0.05).
TABLE 4.
Food conversion rate of H. asinina fed different diets
over a period of 90 days.
Number and Total
Wet Weight *
Initial
Diet Number Weight (g)
Control 90 4.1 [+ or -] 0.4
Casein-based 90 4.1 [+ or -] 0.2
Fish meal-based 90 4.1 [+ or -] 0.3
Soybean meal-based 90 4.1 [+ or -] 0.6
Rice bran-based 90 3.9 [+ or -] 0.5
Number and Total
Wet Weight *
Final
Diet Number Weight (g)
Control 80 49.6 [+ or -] 2.3
Casein-based 71 58.2 [+ or -] 3.5
Fish meal-based 64 19.8 [+ or -] 1.4
Soybean meal-based 73 24.1 [+ or -] 2.8
Rice bran-based 67 12.7 [+ or -] 0.5
Total Wet Total Dry
Weight Gain Weight Gain
Diet (g) (g)
Control 45.5 [+ or -] 2.7 28.9 [+ or -] 1.7
Casein-based 54.1 [+ or -] 1.4 35.2 [+ or -] 0.3
Fish meal-based 15.7 [+ or -] 0.5 9.9 [+ or -] 0.1
Soybean meal-based 20.0 [+ or -] 1.1 14.1 [+ or -] 0.7
Rice bran-based 8.8 [+ or -] 0.4 6.0 [+ or -] 0.3
Dry Weight
of Food
Diet Intake (g) FCR
Control 8.7 [+ or -] 0.0 0.3 [+ or -] [0.1.sup.a]
Casein-based 56.3 [+ or -] 0.2 1.5 [+ or -] [0.1.sup.b]
Fish meal-based 60.4 [+ or -] 0.6 6.1 [+ or -] [0.4.sup.d]
Soybean meal-based 56.4 [+ or -] 0.5 4.0 [+ or -] [0.4.sup.c]
Rice bran-based 38.4 [+ or -] 0.2 6.4 [+ or -] [1.1.sup.d]
Means and standard deviations are presented (n = 90). Analysis of
variance and Duncan's multiple range test were performed on the
means of growth rate; the same letter identifies the values that
are not significantly different (P < 0.05); * three replicates.
TABLE 5.
Comparative growth of different species of Haliotis
fed artificial diets and macroalgae.
Size Duration
Species (mm) Diet (day)
H. discus hannai 34 Casein-based (30% protein) 40
24 Fish meal-based (32% 40
protein)
34 Soybean meal-based 40
(31% protein)
31 Casein-based (4.8-43.1% 50
protein)
31 Fish meal-based (5.6-43.1% 50
protein)
7 Artificial diet 70
13 Artificial diet 70
21 Artificial diet 270
H. fulgens 13 Casein-based (44% protein) 90
13 Fish meal-based (35% 90
protein)
17 Artificial diet 106
H. midae 7.9 Artificial diet (35.5% 30
protein)
20 Fish meal-based (27-47% 95
protein)
21 Casein-based (31% protein) 124
21 Fish meal-based (29% 124
protein)
10.6 Fish meal-based (34% 180
protein)
10.6 Fish meal/torula yeast 180
10.6 Fish meal/soy meal 180
10.6 Fish meal/sunflower meal 180
10.6 Fish meal/Spirulina 180
10.6 Fish meal/corn gluten 180
H. diversicolor 26 Soybean-based (30% 33
supertexta protein)
26 Soybean-based (30% 395
protein)
H. tuberculata 3.2 Casein-based (36% protein) 105
3.2 Fish meal-based 105
H. rufescens 21 Artificial diet 270
H. australis 3-6 Artificial diet 365
H. asinina 28 Gracilaria salicornia 120
31 G. fisheri 120
31 Laurencia sp. 120
15 G. heteroclada 90
15 Kappaphycus alvarezii 90
15 Artificial diet (32% 90
protein)
13 G. tenuistipitata 184
13 G. fisheri 184
13 G. salicornia 184
13 Acanthophora spicifera 184
15 G. bailinae 90
13 Formulated diets 90
13 Casein + G. tenuistipitata 140
13 Casein + G. fisheti 140
13 Casein + G. salicornia 140
18 Artificial diets 168
5.3- Casein-based 90
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Fish meal-based 90
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Soybean meal-based 90
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Rice bran-based 90
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Acanthophora sp. 90
5.6
Growth Rate
Size ([micro]m/
Species (mm) Diet day)
H. discus hannai 34 Casein-based (30% protein) 133
24 Fish meal-based (32% 74
protein)
34 Soybean meal-based 106
(31% protein)
31 Casein-based (4.8-43.1% 32-82
protein)
31 Fish meal-based (5.6-43.1% 32-47
protein)
7 Artificial diet 135
13 Artificial diet 101
21 Artificial diet 62
H. fulgens 13 Casein-based (44% protein) 98
13 Fish meal-based (35% 101
protein)
17 Artificial diet 42
H. midae 7.9 Artificial diet (35.5% 59
protein)
20 Fish meal-based (27-47% 83-96
protein)
21 Casein-based (31% protein) 45
21 Fish meal-based (29% 65
protein)
10.6 Fish meal-based (34% 83
protein)
10.6 Fish meal/torula yeast 91
10.6 Fish meal/soy meal 85
10.6 Fish meal/sunflower meal 87
10.6 Fish meal/Spirulina 92
10.6 Fish meal/corn gluten 70
H. diversicolor 26 Soybean-based (30% 105-163
supertexta protein)
26 Soybean-based (30% 42-68
protein)
H. tuberculata 3.2 Casein-based (36% protein) 119
3.2 Fish meal-based 135
H. rufescens 21 Artificial diet 45
H. australis 3-6 Artificial diet 40-47
H. asinina 28 Gracilaria salicornia 51
31 G. fisheri 21
31 Laurencia sp. 98
15 G. heteroclada 193
15 Kappaphycus alvarezii 59
15 Artificial diet (32% 192
protein)
13 G. tenuistipitata 70
13 G. fisheri 48
13 G. salicornia 59
13 Acanthophora spicifera 62
15 G. bailinae 164
13 Formulated diets 222-247
13 Casein + G. tenuistipitata 36
13 Casein + G. fisheti 36
13 Casein + G. salicornia 29
18 Artificial diets 19-54
5.3- Casein-based 96
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Fish meal-based 68
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Soybean meal-based 67
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Rice bran-based 49
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Acanthophora sp. 97
5.6
Size
Species (mm) Diet FCR
H. discus hannai 34 Casein-based (30% protein)
24 Fish meal-based (32%
protein)
34 Soybean meal-based
(31% protein)
31 Casein-based (4.8-43.1%
protein)
31 Fish meal-based (5.6-43.1%
protein)
7 Artificial diet
13 Artificial diet
21 Artificial diet
H. fulgens 13 Casein-based (44% protein)
13 Fish meal-based (35%
protein)
17 Artificial diet 0.02
H. midae 7.9 Artificial diet (35.5%
protein)
20 Fish meal-based (27-47%
protein)
21 Casein-based (31% protein) 0.7
21 Fish meal-based (29% 0.8
protein)
10.6 Fish meal-based (34% 0.92
protein)
10.6 Fish meal/torula yeast 0.8
10.6 Fish meal/soy meal 0.82
10.6 Fish meal/sunflower meal 1.0
10.6 Fish meal/Spirulina 0.97
10.6 Fish meal/corn gluten 0.98
H. diversicolor 26 Soybean-based (30%
supertexta protein)
26 Soybean-based (30% 3.0
protein)
H. tuberculata 3.2 Casein-based (36% protein) 0.8
3.2 Fish meal-based 0.9
H. rufescens 21 Artificial diet
H. australis 3-6 Artificial diet
H. asinina 28 Gracilaria salicornia 20.4
31 G. fisheri 29.5
31 Laurencia sp. 18
15 G. heteroclada
15 Kappaphycus alvarezii
15 Artificial diet (32%
protein)
13 G. tenuistipitata 3.3
13 G. fisheri 7.4
13 G. salicornia 15.5
13 Acanthophora spicifera 5.7
15 G. bailinae
13 Formulated diets 1.4-1.8
13 Casein + G. tenuistipitata 27.5
13 Casein + G. fisheti 29.8
13 Casein + G. salicornia 19.2
18 Artificial diets 1.4-1.8
5.3- Casein-based 1.5
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Fish meal-based 6.1
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Soybean meal-based 4.0
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Rice bran-based 6.4
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Acanthophora sp. 0.3
5.6
Size
Species (mm) Diet Reference
H. discus hannai 34 Casein-based (30% protein) Uki et al.
(1985)
24 Fish meal-based (32%
protein)
34 Soybean meal-based
(31% protein)
31 Casein-based (4.8-43.1% Uki et al.
protein) (1986b)
31 Fish meal-based (5.6-43.1%
protein)
7 Artificial diet Nie et al.
(1986)
13 Artificial diet
21 Artificial diet Corazani &
Illanes
(1998)
H. fulgens 13 Casein-based (44% protein) Viana et al.
(1993)
13 Fish meal-based (35%
protein)
17 Artificial diet Set viere-
Zaragoza
et al.
(2001)
H. midae 7.9 Artificial diet (35.5% Knauer et al.
protein) (1996)
20 Fish meal-based (27-47% Britz (1996a)
protein)
21 Casein-based (31% protein) Britz (1996b)
21 Fish meal-based (29%
protein)
10.6 Fish meal-based (34% Shipton &
protein) Britz
(2001)
10.6 Fish meal/torula yeast
10.6 Fish meal/soy meal
10.6 Fish meal/sunflower meal
10.6 Fish meal/Spirulina
10.6 Fish meal/corn gluten
H. diversicolor 26 Soybean-based (30% Chen & Lee
supertexta protein) (1999)
26 Soybean-based (30%
protein)
H. tuberculata 3.2 Casein-based (36% protein) Lopez et al.
(1998)
3.2 Fish meal-based
H. rufescens 21 Artificial diet Corazani &
Illanes
(1998)
H. australis 3-6 Artificial diet Moss (1997)
H. asinina 28 Gracilaria salicornia Singhagraiwan
(1996b)
31 G. fisheri Kunavongdate
et al.
(1995)
31 Laurencia sp.
15 G. heteroclada Capinpin &
Corre
(1996)
15 Kappaphycus alvarezii
15 Artificial diet (32%
protein)
13 G. tenuistipitata Upatham et
al. (1998)
13 G. fisheri
13 G. salicornia
13 Acanthophora spicifera
15 G. bailinae Capinpin et
al. (1999)
13 Formulated diets Bautista-
Teruel &
Millamena
(1999)
13 Casein + G. tenuistipitata Kruatrachue
et al.
(2000)
13 Casein + G. fisheti
13 Casein + G. salicornia
18 Artificial diets Jackson et
al. (2001)
5.3- Casein-based Present study
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Fish meal-based
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Soybean meal-based
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Rice bran-based
5.6 (30% protein)
5.3- Acanthophora sp.
5.6
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Biological and ecological ecological emanating from or pertaining to ecology. ecological biome see biome. ecological climax the state of balance in an ecosystem when its inhabitants have established their permanent relationships with each studies on the propagation The transmission (spreading) of signals from one place to another. of the ormer Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus. II. Influence of food and density on the growth of juveniles. La Mer 17:43-45. Kruatrachue, M., S. Sawatpeera, E. S. Upahtam, T. Singhagraiwan & Y. P. Chitramvong. 2000. The utilization of artificial diets by Haliotis asinina Linnaeus. J. Med. & Appl. Malacol. 10:77-86. Kunavongdate, P., W. Sakares & S. Muangsakorn. 1995. Experimental rearing on abalone, Haliotis asinina Linne with three species of seaweed. Technical Paper No. 39/1995. Coastal Aquaculture Division, Department of Fisheries fisheries. From earliest times and in practically all countries, fisheries have been of industrial and commercial importance. 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Acceleration of development and growth in young green abalone (Haliotis fulgens) using warmed effluent effluent waste from an abattoir carried away in liquid form. Disposal is a major problem because of the need to avoid pollution of waterways. See aerobic effluent treatment, anaerobic effluent treatment. seawater. J. World Maricult. Soc. 12:170-180. Lopez, L. M., P. A. Tyler & M. T. Viana. 1998. The effect of temperature and artificial diets on growth rates of juvenile Haliotis tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758). J. Shellfish Res. 17:657-662. Mgaya. Y. D. & J. P. Mercer. 1995. The effects of size grading and stocking density on growth performance of juvenile abalone, Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus. Aquaculture 136:297-312. Morrison, J. & J. Whittington. 1991. Development of an artificial feed for abalone. Australia Aquaculture 5:53-54. Moss, G. A. 1997. Early juvenile growth of the abalone Haliotis australis in culture. Moll. Res. 18:153-159. Nie, Z. Q., P. 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Juvenile growth of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, fed certain benthic miicroalgae related to temperature. Bull. Tohoku Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 43:59-63. Uki, N., A. Kemuyama & T. Watanabe. 1985. Nutritional evaluation of several protein sources in diets for abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 51:1835-1837. Uki, N., A. Kemuyama & T. Watanabe. 1986a. Optimum protein level in diets for abalone. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 52:1005-1012. Uki, N., M. Sugiura & T. Watanabe. 1986b. Dietary value of sea-weeds occurring on the Pacific coast of Tohoku for growth of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 52:257-266. Viana. M. T., L. M. Lopez & A. Salas. 1993. Diet development for juvenile abalone Haliotis fulgens--evaluation of two artificial diets and macroalgae. Aquaculture 117:149-156. Upatham, E. S., S. Sawatpeera, M. Kruatrachue, Y. P. Chitramvong, T. Singhagraiwan. T. Pumthong & P. Jarayabhand. 1998. Food utilization by Haliotis asinina Linnaeus. J. Shellfish Res. 17:771-776. M. KRUATRACHUE, (1), * S. SAWATPEERA, (2) Y. CHITRAMVONG, (1) P. SONCHAENG, (2) E. S. UPATHAM, (3) AND S. SANGPRADUB (4) (1) Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University The Faculty of Science was founded as a Premedical School in 1958 by Prof. Dr. Stang Mongkolsuk, and took the name of Faculty of Science, Mahidol University in 1969. The Faculty is located on Rama VI Road, Phaya Thai District, Bangkok, Thailand. , Bangkok Bangkok (băng`kŏk'), Thai Krung Thep, city (1990 pop. 8,538,610), capital of Thailand and of Bangkok prov., SW Thailand, on the east bank of the Chao Phraya River, near the Gulf of Thailand. 10400 Thailand; (2) Institute of Marine Science, Burapha University Burapha University (Thai: มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา) is one of Thailand's major public universities located in the coastal town of Bangsaen, Chonburi Province. Chonburi 20131, Thailand; (3) Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand; (4) Coastal Aquaculture Development Center, Prachuap Khiri Khan Prachuap Khiri Khan is a town in Thailand and is the capital of the Prachuap Khiri Khan province. Prachuap Khiri Khan is on the coast at one of the narrowest stretches in Thailand, only 10km from the Burmese/Myanamer border. 77000, Thailand * Corresponding author. E-mail: scmkt@mahidol.ac.th |
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