Cocaine's latest victim: 'the waters run red.' (environmental damage from cocaine production)(includes related articles on International Narcotics Control Board report and worldwide drug control)

From a fixed wing aircraft, Peruvian anti-narcotic officers track a winding stream through the mountain jungles. Through the rain forest canopy, they watch for a change in the water's natural tint. "When it starts running red", one of them says, "you know you're getting close."

By most accounts the cocaine trade has claimed the environment among its latest victims. Many experts agree that cocaine production has caused extensive, even irreparable environmental damage to the Andean highlands. An innovative drug control effort shared by the United Nations and the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has not only been effective, but has revealed new linkages between illicit drug production and environmental harm.

Across four millennia, coca has been a cultural staple in the Andes. Today, scientists say the explosion of the illicit cocaine trade since the 1970s has caused widespread damage in the higher elevations of Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. Using violent land clearing methods, coca farmers have razed 10 per cent of Peru's upper jungles and have ruined vast stretches of soil. The greatest environmental harm, however, may come not from deforestation, but from the chemicals needed to refine cocaine.

The essential chemicals--mostly acids, solvents and bases--are used first to unlock the leaves' cocaine alkaloids and then to purify the drug in order to ensure higher value. Although the amount of chemical by-products discharged is uncertain, their effects are clear. One scientist estimates that 20 million litres of cocaine chemicals are dumped each year in the Colombian jungles, while in Bolivia, a leading environmental group says some 38,000 tons of toxic waste are discharged annually in the Chapare and Yungas regions.

Nowhere have cocaine chemicals caused more damage than in Peru, Consider that nearly two thirds of the world's cocaine supply originates from coca leaf grown in a 150-mile stretch of mountain jungle in the country's Upper Huallaga Valley. Because of the large amounts of water needed for processing, cocaine labs there are often built near rivers and streams. These waterways serve not only as constant water supplies, but convenient dump sites for spent chemicals.

According to one environmental expert, the rivers and streams in that Valley "are flooded year after year with vast quantities of toxic waste and pollution". More than 150 streams and rivers have suffered "irreparable harm" and have lost entire species of plant life. Streams, once teeming with life, are now dead. and the fish that do survive are feared poisoned or suffer from genetic defects. Reportedly, fish have been found with twisted spines and other deformities. When the chemicals are carried downstream, they threaten water supplies and irrigation systems in the lowlands. Worse, some scientists believe the chemicals hay. e now reached humans through the food chain, but their long-term effects may not be known for years.

Scientists have been prevented from conducting detailed research, because the most severely affected areas are controlled by traffickers and insurgents. In 1989, for instance, a leading scientist was caught and stoned to death while conducting research in the upper jungles of Peru.

The chemicals most widely used to refine cocaine and heroin have numerous legitimate uses. The question for Governments then is how to prevent these dual-use chemicals from reaching illicit drug labs without needlessly interfering in legitimate industry.

In recent years, the UN and the United States DEA have led an innovative and ambitious preventive effort, cosponsoring training schools on chemical control for police officials and providing technical assistance to regulatory, trade and enforcement bodies responsible for chemical oversight in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru.

In June 1993, the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) played a pivotal role in the first DEA international conference on chemical trafficking in Rome, with more than 100 officials from 49 countries attending. Experts from the INCB unveiled a plan for a computer network and database to make available to all countries the most current information on essential and precursor chemicals.

Recently, the DEA shared information with a UN advisor researching chemical trafficking in Southeast Asia. Also, an electric mail system devoted to chemical diversion came on-line in June, linking DEA and the INCB office in Vienna. This has enabled the DEA to share with the INCB real-time information on chemical shipments that might be diverted to the illicit drug trade.

Although these and other programmes have been successful, chemicals continue to fuel the illicit drug industries. As illicit drug production rises, so does the need for chemicals. Time is running out. Until these chemicals are cut off, the waters will continue to run red.

RELATED ARTICLE: Needed: Rapid reaction to a changing scene

An evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of international drug control treaties in preventing drug abuse and trafficking was the focus of the 1994 Report of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), released in February. The Board concludes that the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances are of crucial importance for effective international action. However, there are areas where provisions are not wholly adequate to the present international drug situation.

The key to more effective international drug control is not in drawing up new instruments or amending existing ones, but by universal adherence to those treaties, and their implementation on national and international levels. The international drug control system should be dynamic enough to react rapidly to the fast changing drug scene around the world, the Board declared.

The main goal and philosophy common to the three treaties is prevention of drug use for nonmedical purposes. The INCB rejects calls for legalization.

The World Situation

In its survey of the situation worldwide, the INCB--which is an independent, quasi-judicial body for implementation of UN drug control treaties--says Africa provides the most legal loopholes for existing treaties--14 African countries are not yet parties of the three major Conventions.

In Central America and the Caribbean the Board welcomes an initiative of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama to set up a permanent Central American Commission for the eradication of illicit production, traffic and use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

In South America, the Board warns of the strength gained in Colombia by the Cali cartel despite the death of Medellin cartel chief Pablo Escobar in late 1993.

Regarding North America, the Report acknowledges that the free flow of goods in Canada, Mexico and the United States under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) could create loopholes for traffickers.

The Board calls on the international community to help those States of the former Soviet Republics that lack even the basic resources for a drug control structure. It also calls for assistance aimed at preventing a resurgence of illicit cannabis and opium cultivation in Lebanon's Bequa's Valley.

An almost unrestricted availability of drugs of abuse had created considerable difficulties in some European cities, especially in Zurich.

The INCB notes signs of emerging cocaine-related problems in Asia, especially in the Republic of Korea and Japan.

Regarding countries of the South Pacific, the Board calls attention to the danger posed by a highly potent strain of cannabis being cultivated in Papua New Guinea, which is being sold at a premium on the illicit market.

Greg Gatjanis is a Foreign Policy Specialist with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration in Washington. D.C.