Chemical symbols of elements 110 and beyond.Introduction In the February 2002 issue of Word Ways my article "The Symbols of the Chemical Elements" examined the symbols for the chemical elements with atomic numbers atomic number, often represented by the symbol Z, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, as well as the number of electrons in the neutral atom. Atoms with the same atomic number make up a chemical element. 1 to 109. Viewing the symbols as a sequence of 210 letters, I presented words that occurred "naturally" in that sequence (CLARK and CONIC CONIC - ["Dynamic Configuration for Distributed Systems", J. Kramer et al, IEEE Trans Soft Eng SE-11(4):424-436 (Apr 1985)]. were five-letter examples), words that could be made by transposition transposition /trans·po·si·tion/ (trans?po-zish´un) 1. displacement of a viscus to the opposite side. 2. of the letters in adjacent symbols (e.g. SPORTIER can be formed from the symbols Re Os Ir Pt with atomic numbers 75-78), and words that can be made by transposition of symbols and partsymbols (e.g. CATARRH catarrh /ca·tarrh/ (kah-tahr´) inflammation of a mucous membrane, particularly of the head and throat, with free discharge of mucus.catar´rhal ca·tarrh n. can be formed from the symbols (F)r Ra Ac Th with atomic numbers 87-90). At the end of that article I promised an exploration of the symbols for the theoretical chemical elements with atomic numbers from 110 onwards on·ward adj. Moving or tending forward. adv. also on·wards In a direction or toward a position that is ahead in space or time; forward. Adv. 1. . Elements 110-999 The basis for the remainder of this article is Dmitri Borgmann's article "New Elemental elemental emanating from or pertaining to elements. elemental diet see elemental diet. Vistas" in the February 1987 issue of Word Ways (a Dmitri Borgmann memorial issue). In that article, Dmitri described a systematic naming convention
binomial nomenclature of inorganic chemistry inorganic chemistry, the study of all the elements and their compounds with the exception of carbon and its compounds, which fall under the category of organic chemistry. within the Intemational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Pure and Applied Chemistry (abb. Pure Appl. Chem.) is the official journal for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It is published monthly and contains recommendations and reports, and lectures from symposia. (IUPAC IUPAC: see International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. ) in 1978. Dmitri's article describes the naming convention succinctly suc·cinct adj. suc·cinct·er, suc·cinct·est 1. Characterized by clear, precise expression in few words; concise and terse: a succinct reply; a succinct style. 2. : "The new nomenclature rules ... convert the atomic numbers of elements into verbal names by replacing each digit of the atomic number with a literal particle, as follows: 0 = nil 1 = un 2 = bi 3 = tri 4 = quad 5 = pent 6 = hex 7 = sept 8 = oct 9 = enn These particles are combined to represent the element's atomic number, and followed by the termination--IUM to complete the element's systematic name. If the final I of BI or TRI TRI Toxics Release Inventory (US EPA) TRI Touch Research Institute TRI Taux de Rentabilité Interne (French: internal rate of return) TRI Taux de Rentabilité Interne TRI Tile Roofing Institute occurs immediately before--IUM, it is omitted. If the final N of ENN ENN Environmental News Network ENN Emergency Nutrition Network (Oxford, UK) ENN Electronic News Network ENN Electronic Neural Network ENN Expanded Neural Network occurs immediately before NIL, it is likewise dropped." Dmitri gave 35 examples of the names generated for atomic numbers 101 to 900. Here are a few: 104 unnilquadium 105 unnilpentium 106 unnilhexium 107 unnilseptium 108 unniloctium 109 unnilennium 110 ununnilium 120 unbinilium 130 untrinilium 140 unquadnilium 150 unpentnilium 160 unhexnilium 170 unseptnilium 180 unoctnilium 200 binilnilium 300 trinilnilium 400 quadnilnilium 500 pentnilnilium 900 enniinilium It is now quite straightforward to generate the name for any of the (theoretical) elements. For example, the element with atomic number 123 would be UNBITRIUM; the element with atomic number 444 would be QUADQUADQUADIUM; the element with atomic number 690 would be HEXENNILIUM; and the element with atomic number 999 would be ENNENNENNIUM. Indeed the systematic names and symbols for chemical elements 104-109 were used in my earlier article, with the authority of several dictionaries: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate col·le·giate adj. 1. Of, relating to, or held to resemble a college. 2. Of, for, or typical of college students. 3. Of or relating to a collegiate church. Dictionary (10th edition, 1998 printing), The Concise Oxford Dictionary (9th edition, 1995), and The Chambers Dictionary The tenth edition of the Chambers Dictionary of the English language was published in 2006 by Chambers Harrap. Originally published in 1901 as Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (1998 edition). In that article, the symbols for these theoretical elements are simply composed of the correct combination of the initial letters of the ten particles. Thus, 104 unnilquadium is Unq, 105 unnilpentium un·nil·pen·ti·um n. See dubnium. [Latin  nus, one; see union + Latin n is Unp, 106 unnilhexium un·nil·hex·i·um n. See seaborgium. [Latin nus, one; see union + Latin n is
Unh, 107 unnilseptium un·nil·sep·ti·um n. See bohrium. [Latin nus, one; see union + Latin n is Uns, 108 unniloctium un·nil·oc·ti·um n. See hassium. [Latin nus, one; see union + Latin n is Uno, and 109
unnilennium un·nil·en·ni·um n. See meitnerium. [Latin nus, one; see union + Latin n is Une. It can be seem that any symbol is created from the
initial letters of the ten particles: N for 0, U for 1, B for 2, T for
3, Q for 4, P for 5, H for 6, S for 7, O for 8, and E for 9.
As there are ten different initial letters for the particles, there will be a precise one-to-one match between a given atomic number and its symbol. No symbol will be used for more than one atomic number, and no atomic number can generate more than one symbol. It also seems obvious that no atomic number can begin with the letter N, as this merely represents the equivalent of a leading zero. Element 675 would be just that, 675 (Hsp), and not 0675 (Nhsp). Given that we now have a method of generating names and symbols for the chemical elements 110 and upwards, let's examine them in more detail and see what items of logological interest can be discovered. If the symbols for elements 110-999 are written down in sequence, that's a total of 890 symbols, and (with three letters per symbol) that's 2670 letters. Question 1 Using the 2670-letter sequence, what real words (four-letter and longer) are spelled out in order by adjacent letters of the symbols? Of course, we can only consider words using the letters NUBTQPHSOE. Not surprisingly, there is a whole slew of four-letter words four-let·ter word n. Any of several short English words generally regarded as vulgar or obscene. four-letter word Noun . Any word beginning and ending with the same letter will provide an answer (in part) to this question. Here are 16 words, presented in increasing order of atomic number: Boob Boo-B(oe) 288-289 Tout Tou-T(ob) 281-382 Tost Tos-T(oo) 387-388 Toot Too-T(oe) 388-389 Tent Ten-T(eu) 390-391 Test Tes-T(eo) 397-398 Poop Poo-P(oe) 588-589 Hunh Hun-H(uu) 610-611 Hush Hus-H(uo) 617-618 Heth Het-H(eq) 693-694 Onto Ont-O(nq) 803-804 Otto Ott-O(tq) 833-834 Oppo Opp-O(ph) 855-856 Epee Epe-E(hn) 959-960 Esne Esn-E(su) 970-971 Esse Ess-E(so) 977-978 This list can be extended by adding words beginning and ending with S, except for SEES (as the symbol See, atomic number 799, is followed by Onn, atomic number 800). Here are 15 more: Suns Sun-S(uu) 710-711 Subs Sub-S(ut) 712-713 Suqs Suq- S(up) 714-715 Sues Sue-S(bn) 719-720 Shes She-S(sn) 769-770 Sobs Sob-S(ot) 782-783 Sots Sot-S(oq) 783-784 Sops Sop-S(oh) 785-786 Sohs Soh-S(os) 786-787 Sens Sen-S(eu) 790-791 Sons Son-S(ou) 780-781 Sous Sou-S(ob) 781-782 Sets Set-S(eq) 793-794 Another 16 words can be added by noting that any word beginning with H and ending with S is also valid: Hubs (Ub)h-Ubs 126-127 Huts (Ut)h-Uts 136-137 Hups (Up)h-Ups 156-157 Huss (Us)h-Uss 176-177 Hues (Ue)h-Ues 196=197 Hons (On)h-Ons 806-807 Hobs (Ob)h-Obs 826-827 Hots (Ot)h-Ots 836-837 Hops (Op)h-Ops 856-857 Hohs (Oh)h-Ohs 866-867 Hoss (Os)h-Oss 876-877 Hoes (Oe)h-Oes 896-897 Hens (En)h-Ens 906-907 Hets (Et)h-Ets 936-937 Heps (Ep)h-Eps 956-957 Hehs (Eh)h-Ehs 966-967 I have omitted the word HUNS, generated by (Un)h-Uns, as this corresponds to atomic numbers 106-107, outside of the range of this article, and presented in my earlier article. Further four-letter examples can be added, but these have to be generated by inspection, seeking likely combinations of adjacent symbols. Here are 4 examples: Bust (Us)b-Ust 172-173 Push (Us)p-Ush 175-176 Bent (En)b-Ent 902-903 Best (Es)b-Est 972-973 That's a total of 51 four-letter examples. There are probably many others that can be found by further careful inspection. Are there any five-letter examples? I have only been able to discover three such words: Thoth Tho-Th(e) 368-369 Shush Shu-Sh(b) 761-762 Sense Sen-Se(u) 790-791 A fourth word, UNSUN (from Uns-Un(o) 107-108 appeared in my earlier article. At the six-letter level, I have only been able to find three examples, one marred by a hyphen hyphen: see punctuation. : Bon-ton (On)b-Ont-On(q) 802-804 Benten (En)b-Ent-En(q) 902-904 Bestes (Es)b-Est-Es(q) 972-0\974 BON-TON is hyphenated hy·phen·at·ed adj. 1. Having a hyphen: a hyphenated adjective. 2. Often Offensive Of or relating to naturalized citizens or their descendants or culture. in the Oxford English Dictionary Oxford English Dictionary (OED) great multi-volume historical dictionary of English. [Br. Hist.: Caught in the Web of Words] See : Lexicography , but spelled as two words, BON Bon Popular annual festival in Japan, usually observed July 13–15, in honor of the spirits of deceased family members and of all the dead. As at the New Year festival, the dead are believed to return to their birthplaces. TON, in Webster's Third. BENTEN is from Webster's Second. BESTES is the plural PLURAL. A term used in grammar, which signifies more than one. 2. Sometimes, however, it may be so expressed that it means only one, as, if a man were to devise to another all he was worth, if he, the testator, died without children, and he died leaving one of beste, an obsolete form of beast and best in both the OED OED abbr. Oxford English Dictionary Noun 1. OED - an unabridged dictionary constructed on historical principles O.E.D., Oxford English Dictionary and Webster's Second. Question 2 Using the 2670-letter sequence, what sets of adjacent symbols can be transposed trans·pose v. trans·posed, trans·pos·ing, trans·pos·es v.tr. 1. To reverse or transfer the order or place of; interchange. 2. to create real words? Within this question, I am looking to use all the letters of the symbols used rather than just one or two of the three letters. As an example, the word STUNTS can be generated from the two symbols Tsn and Tsu (atomic numbers 370-371), as well as the symbols Stn and Stu (atomic numbers 730-731). There doesn't seem to be any systematic way of generating such words--careful inspection is required. Here are 19 examples, all six letters long, in atomic number order (any more?): Pushup Uph-Ups 156-157 Bennet Bee-Tnn 299-300 Tenths The-Tsn 369-370 Stunts Tsn-Tsu 370-371 Teston Tse-Ton 379-380 Pushup Puh-Pus 516-517 Epopee Peo-Pee 598-599 Stunts Stn-Stu 730-731 Boosts Sob-Sot 782-783 Ensues Sen-Seu 790-791 Besets Seb-Set 792-793 Phonon Onp-Onh 805-806 Boosts Osb-Ost 872-873 Bootee Oeb-Oet 892-893 Bennet Enb-Ent 902-903 Epopee Epo-Epe 958-959 Ensues Esn-Esu 970-971 Besets Esb-Est 972-973 Bootee Eob-Eot 982-983 Notice how BENNET bennet excludes the devil; used on door frames. [Medieval Folklore: Boland, 56] See : Protection can be generated from two very different (and distant!) pairs of symbols, those for atomic numbers 299-300 and 902-903. What about longer specimens? I haven't been able to find any genuine nine-letter examples, but there are some near misses. Here are 5 of those: Nonsenses Sno-Sne-Sne 708-709-709 Sebestens Sen-Seb-Set 790-792-793 Sebestens Esn-Esb-Est 970-972-973 Septettes Tep-Tes-Tes 395-397-397 Septettes Etp-Ets-Ets 935-937-937 I had hoped to be able to find the word HEPTETTES, a possible variant of SEPTETTES. If HEPTETTES existed, that would provide us with Heptettes Tep-The-Tes 395-396-397 Heptettes Etp-Eth-Ets 935-936-937 For example, both HEPTANGULAR and SEPTANGULAR exist with the same meaning. So do HEPTANE hep·tane n. A volatile, colorless, highly flammable liquid hydrocarbon, C7H16, obtained in the fractional distillation of petroleum and used as a standard in determining octane ratings, as an anesthetic, and as a solvent. and SEPTANE, and HEPTAVALENT Hep`tav´a`lent a. 1. (Chem.) Having seven units of attractive force or affinity; - said of heptad elements or radicals. and SEPTAVALENT. Question 3 What transposals can be found for the new systematic names? At the end of his 1987 article, Dmitri commented "The first task, as I see it, is to find perfect transposals of each (new, systematic) name. I have started the ball rolling by transposing NEUTON into both UNTONE and NUTONE. The ball is now in your hands." Bearing in mind that NEUTON, a once suggested name for the element with atomic number zero, is outside of the new naming system, I don't see this as much of a contribution. I suspect Dmitri's comment about finding transposals was a throwaway throwaway See for your information (FYI). remark, made in the belief that the new systematic names were long, full of repeated letters, and therefore unlikely to be transposable transposable /trans·pos·a·ble/ (trans-poz´ah-b'l) capable of being interchanged or put in a different place or order. . What Dmitri failed to realise was that many of the new element names were mutual transposals of each other. For example, here is a six-way transposal Trans`pos´al n. 1. The act of transposing, or the state of being transposed; transposition. : Quadpenthexium (456) Quadhexpentium (465) Pentquadhexium (546) Penthexquadium (564) Hexquadpentium (645) Hexpentquadium (654) However, it's not as simple as inferring that each element name has six mutual transpositions. Consider the case of element 114, called UNUNQUADIUM. This can be transposed to UNQUADUNIUM (element 141) and QUADUNUNIUM (element 411). Because of the repeated UN particles, the number of transposals halves to just three transposals. In general, if there is a particle repeated, there can only be a maximum of three transposals. Even so, further care still needs to be taken with various element names: * Those involving the BI and TRI particles, since the trailing I is dropped before--IUM * Those involving the ENN and NIL particles, since ENNNIL is reduced to ENNIL * Those involving the NIL particle, since element names cannot begin with NIL Question 4 For which elements in the atomic number range 110-999 are there no mutual transposals? First off, none of the atomic numbers 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 is transposable, because of the non-allowability of leading zeroes. Secondly, atomic numbers 111, 222, 333, 444, 555, 666, 777, 888 and 999 are not transposable-at least not to names of other chemical elements Thirdly, atomic numbers 112, 113, 442, 443, 552, 553, 662, 663, 772, 773, 882, 883, 992, and 993 (the first two particles repeated and the third particle BI or TRI) are not transposable--at least not to names of other chemical elements. However, elements with atomic numbers 223 and 332 are transposable, since the dropped-I issue applies equally to BI and TRI, allowing them to be interchanged. Fourthly Fourth´ly adv. 1. In the fourth place. Adv. 1. fourthly - in the fourth place; "fourthly, you must pay the rent on the first of the month" fourth , elements with atomic numbers 220-229 and 330-339 are not transposable, with the exception of 223 and 332 as already noted--at least not to the names of other chemical elements. Fifthly, elements with atomic numbers 202, 303, 402, 403, 502, 503, 602, 603, 702, 703, 802, 803,902 and 903 are not transposable, with the exceptions of 302 and 203. Sixthly, watch out for the ENN-NIL combination becoming ENNIL. Any valid transposals involving ENNIL needs to keep this sequence of letters intact. Element 190 can be transposed to element 901, as can the pairs 490-904, 590-905, 690-9096, 790-907, 890-908 and 990-909, but 290 and 902 are not mutually transposable, nor are 390 and 903, because of the BI/TRI problem. By my reckoning, that means that at least 67 of the 890 element names in the atomic number range are not transposable, leaving (up to) 823 which are transposable? Perhaps I've overlooked some rules about non-transposability. Any readers care to identify further examples? Question 5 Can ordinary transposals be found for the new systematic names--i.e not transposing to systematic names of other elements in the 110-999 atomic number range? If not, what about near misses--such as transdeletions, especially single-letter ones? Though this article is concerned with elements 110-999, I couldn't help but notice that UNNILPENTIUM (element 105) and UNNILSEPTIUM (element 107) can both be transdeleted (by removal of three letters) to NEPTUNIUM neptunium (nĕpt  `nēəm), radioactive chemical element; symbol Np; at. no. 93; at. wt. 237.0482; m.p. about 640°C;; b.p. 3,902°C; (estimated); sp. gr. 20. (element 93), an element whose name isn't
part of the new systematic convention.
Consider the name NEPTUNIUM carefully. Its letters can be broken into the parts UN, PENT and IUM IUM Independent University of Moscow IUM Interim Use Material IUM Interim Use Manual IUM Intelligent User Module IUM Internet User Manager IUM Inter-Urban Mobility IUM Internet Usage Manager . So, any element names using these three parts can be transdeleted to NEPTUNIUM? By my reckoning, that's 54 element names; we've already seen that element 105, UNNILPENTIUM, qualifies. Further, because the particle SEPT is only an N short of PENT, it's apparent that any element name using the parts UN and IUM and any of NIL/UN/PENT/ENN (to provide the missing N) can also be transdeleted to NEPTUNIUM. That's another 19 element names with atomic numbers 117, 171,711,107, 170, 701, 710, 157, 175, 517, 571, 715, 751, 179, 197, 719, 791, 917 and 971--we've already seen that UNNILSEPTIUM qualifies. Taking care not to double-count certain names (e.g. 517), this is a total of 67 names. So, we can unhesitatingly claim that the names of 67 elements in the atomic number range 100-999 can be transdeleted to NEPTUNIUM, or 65 if we only consider the range 110-999, thereby excluding elements 105 and 107. How about single-letter transdeletions? * MULTIUNION is a single letter short of the parts NIL, UN, OCT OCT ornithine carbamoyltransferase; oxytocin challenge test. OCT ornithine carbamoyl transferase, a liver specific enzyme. OCT Oxytocin stress test, see there and IUM. So elements 108, 180, 801 and 810 can all be single-letter transdeleted to MULTIUNION. * CONTINUUM is a single letter short of the parts kiN, UN, OCT and IUM. So elements 118, 181 and 811 can all be single-letter transdeleted to CONTINUUM. * COMPUTERIST com·put·er·ist n. One who uses a computer or is enthusiastic about computer technology. is a single letter short of the parts SEPT, OCT, TR (without the I) and IUM. So elements 783 and 873 can both be single-letter transdeleted to COMPUTERIST. * INCOMPETENTS is a single letter short of the parts SEPT, OCT, ENN and IUM. So elements 789, 798, 879, 897, 978 and 987 can all be single-letter transdeleted to INCOMPETENTS. I believe these four words are the only single-letter transdeletions of all the element names in the atomic number range 110-999. Anyone care to prove me wrong? Beyond Element 999 So far in this article, I have concentrated on elements with atomic numbers in the range 110-999. As Dmitri Borgmann pointed out in his 1987 article: "In this scheme of things element 999 acquires the systematic name ENNENNENNIUM. It seems inconceivable to come so close to the magic number 1000 and stop just short of it. I propose the name MILLENIUM (sic Latin, In such manner; so; thus. A misspelled or incorrect word in a quotation followed by "[sic]" indicates that the error appeared in the original source. ! It should have two N's) for element 1000--the millennium (sic) will surely be at hand when scientists succeed in producing element 1000 in the laboratory." Let's suppose that we can go beyond, wildly beyond, element 999. Assuming that the IUPAC naming convention for elements up to 999 could be extended upwards, i.e. from 1000, what interesting discoveries await us? Dmitri's suggestion of MILLENIUM (or even MILLENNIUM) for element 1000 clearly won't wash. The new systematic name is simply composed of the particles UN, NIL, NIL, NIL and the IUM ending--thus UNNILNILNILIUM, with the symbol Unnn. Question 6 In the atomic number range 1000-9999, how many elements have symbols which are legitimate four-letter words? Quite simply, this is a question of finding the four-letter words spelled from the letters NUBTQPHSOE, where letters can be repeated, but barring all words beginning with N. There are 271 such four-letter words in Official Scrabble Scrabble Game in which two to four players compete in forming words with lettered wooden tiles on a 225-square board. Words spelled out by letters on the tiles interlock like words in a crossword puzzle. Words are scored by adding up the point values of their letters. Words (International Edition), and probably hundreds more if Webster's Third and the OED are dredged. Here are just a few: Bean, Best, Ebbs EBBS European Brain and Behaviour Society EBBS Electronic Bulletin Board System EBBS Earnings Before Bad Stuff , Epee, Hobo, Hush, Oboe, Onus, Open, Pent, Qoph qoph n. The 19th letter of the Hebrew alphabet. See Table at alphabet. [Hebrew qôp, of Phoenician origin; akin to Hebrew qôp, ape; akin to ; perhaps akin to Sanskrit , Seen, Stop, Thus and Upon. In the atomic number range 1000-9999, which is the first element (i.e. with lowest atomic number) whose symbol is a real word? To address this, we need to bear in mind that the initial letters of the particles increase in the order NUBTQPHSOE. In Official Scrabble Words, the element with the lowest atomic number is Unbe (atomic number 1024). But the Oxford English Dictionary weighs in with Unne (atomic number 1009); unne is an obsolete verb verb, part of speech typically used to indicate an action. English verbs are inflected for person, number, tense and partially for mood; compound verbs formed with auxiliaries (e.g., be, can, have, do, will) provide a distinction of voice. meaning "to grant or allow". In the same atomic number range, which is the last element whose symbol is a real word? In Official Scrabble Words it's Eons (atomic number 9807). Again, the Oxford English Dictionary can better this with Eese (atomic number 9979); eese is an obsolete form of ease. Question 7 Still in the atomic number range 1000-9999, what words can be formed as transposals of adjacent symbols? I have been able to find eight-letter examples, but none of twelve letters: Botonnee Oneb-Onet 8092-8093 Botonnee Oenb-Oent 8902-8903 Botonnee Enob-Enot 9082-9083 Botonnee Eonb-Eont 9802-9803 Outshout Utoh-Utos 1386-1387 Outshout Uoth-Uots 1836-1837 Outshout Tuoh-Tuos 3186-3187 Outshout Touh-Tous 3816-3817 Outshout Outh-Outs 8136-8137 Outshout Otuh-Otus 8316-8317 Sneeshes Sehe-Sesn 7969-7970 Sneeshes Eshe-Essn 9769-9770 Nonettes Tnes-Tneo 3097-3098 Nonettes Tens-Teno 3907-3908 Nonettes Ents-Ento 9037-9038 Nonettes Etns-Etno 9307-9308 Potshots Tsop-Tsoh 3785-3786 Potshots Tosp-Tosh 3875-3876 Potshots Stop-Stoh 7385-7386 Potshots Sotp-Soth 7835-7836 Potshots Otsp-Otsh 8375-8376 Potshots Ostp-Osth 8735-8736 Obviously, SNEESHES is the most interesting of these, as it involves changes in the third and fourth digits of the atomic number, while the others only involve a changed fourth digit. Question 8 Going way beyond the first 9999 elements, what's of interest for elements 10000 and onward on·ward adj. Moving or tending forward. adv. also on·wards In a direction or toward a position that is ahead in space or time; forward. ? Specifically, what five-letter words correspond to element symbols with the lowest and highest atomic numbers in the atomic number range 10000-99999? What about progressively longer words in each of the atomic number ranges 100 ... 000 to 999 ... 999? [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Yes, I know that these are ridiculously large and unachievable atomic numbers, with the highest here being just over 281 trillion! Can readers make any improvements on my offerings? Or find any symbols/words longer than 15 letters? While researching and writing this article, I searched the Internet for occurrences of many of the element names referred to. The following websites both offer information o the element names above atomic number 100: www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/AtWt/element.html, and www.resourceworld.net/IUPACnam.htm. But there are many others! I was surprised to find over 500 websites referring to UNNILQUADIUM, and many references for higher elements. DARRYL FRANCIS Thursby, Cumbria, England darrylfrancis@yahoo.co.uk Length Lowest number Symbol/Word 5 10093 Unnet 6 100936 Unneth 7 1009367 Unneths 8 10093697 Unnethes 9 102133807 Unbuttons 10 2133802176 Buttonbush 11 39018170977 Tenuousness 12 213380217597 Buttonbushes 13 2801398170977 Bounteousness 14 79071817097797 Sensuousnesses 15 281039817097797 Bounteousnesses 5 99797 Eeses 6 903690 Eothen 7 9779097 Essenes 8 97581797 Espouses 9 977906813 Essenhout 10 9779068137 Essenhouts 11 82979097797 Obesenesses 12 823179097797 Obtusenesses 13 3901817097797 Tenuousnesses 14 79071817097797 Sensuousnesses 15 281039817097797 Bounteousnesses |
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