Case markers in the Chhathare Limbu.Introduction Limbu has four major dialects--Panthare, Phedappe, Taplejunge and Chhathare. Among them, the Chhathare dialect is quite distinct from other dialects because its speakers can easily understand other dialects but the speakers of other dialects can hardly understand it. It is spoken in the Chhathar area which covers parts of the Dhankuta district Dhankuta district, a part of Kosi zone, is one of the seventy-five districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district covers an area of 891 km² and has a population (2001) of 166,479. that includes villages such as Jitpur, Marek Katahare, Hatikharka, Murtidhungga, Dhankuta municipality, Bhirgaun, Tangkhuwa, Teliya, Parewadin etc, and the Terhathum district Terhathum district, a part of Kosi zone, is one of the seventy-five districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district, with Terhathum as its district headquarters, covers an area of 679 km² and has a population (2001) of 113,111. which includes villages such as Pancha Kanya, Hamurjang, Okhre, Dangapa and so on. It belongs to the Kiranti group of the Tibeto--Burman family of languages. Both native and non-native speakers have ignored this dialect because it has no status as a lingua franca lingua franca (lĭng`gwə frăng`kə), an auxiliary language, generally of a hybrid and partially developed nature, that is employed over an extensive area by people speaking different and mutually unintelligible tongues in order to within the Limbu community, nor is it used in religious ceremonies or socio--cultural exchanges. So far, some works viz. Widert and Subba (1985), van Driem (1987) and Michailovsky (2001) have done on the Panchthare, Phedappe and Taplejunge dialects respectively but until now, no work has been done on the Chhathare dialect. This article is an attempt to explore the case markers of the Chhathare dialect of Limbu. Case Case is a grammatical category Noun 1. grammatical category - (grammar) a category of words having the same grammatical properties syntactic category grammar - the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics) used in the analysis of word classes or phrases to identify the syntactic relationship between words. In the Chhathare dialect, it is indicated by variations in the morphological forms of the word. Nouns and parts of speech used as nominals can be inflected in·flect v. in·flect·ed, in·flect·ing, in·flects v.tr. 1. To alter (the voice) in tone or pitch; modulate. 2. Grammar To alter (a word) by inflection. 3. for case. Chhathare Limbu includes the following cases: Absolutive ab·so·lu·tive adj. Of or relating to the grammatical case in ergative languages of the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. n. 1. The absolutive case. 2. An absolutive inflection. : Absolutive is a term used in grammatical description of languages, which has an ergative er·ga·tive adj. 1. Of or relating to a language, such as Georgian, in which the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb is expressed by one grammatical case, and the subject of a transitive verb is expressed by system. This system has a formal parallel between the object of a transitive verb Noun 1. transitive verb - a verb (or verb construction) that requires an object in order to be grammatical transitive, transitive verb form verb - the word class that serves as the predicate of a sentence and the subject of an intransitive in·tran·si·tive adj. Abbr. intr. or int. or i. Designating a verb or verb construction that does not require or cannot take a direct object, as snow or sleep. n. An intransitive verb. one, and these are referred to as 'absolutive'. For example, (1) a. napmi--ngaa pu ser-u man-Erg bird kill-3.Sg. A3SgP Pret "A man killed a bird." b. yangbaa-ngaa suba teps-u cat-Erg rat catch-3.Sg.A.3Sg P Pret "A cat caught a rat." c. kaap-phaang-ngaa naapmi laps-u your uncle--Erg man beat-3.Sg.A.3.Sg P Pret "Your uncle beat a man." In sentences given above in (1a,b,c) seru, teps-u and laps-u, are all transitive verbs and pu, suba and naapmi are objects which are unmarked. These unmarked objects can occur in the subject position without any change. For example, (2) a. pu pe bird- fly-3Sg. A. non-Pret "A bird flies." b. suba lokk-a rat run-3.Sg.A-Pret "A rat ran." c. napmi pher-aa man-come-3Sg.A-Pret "A man came." The sentences in (2a,b,c) contain pe, lokk-a and pher-aa which are intransitive verbs and pu, suba and napmi are their subjects. They are unmarked. Between the object of the transitive verb and the subject of the intransitive verb, there is a formal parallel that is marked by <-ing> when definite but unmarked when it is indefinite. For example, (3) a. a-ppaa taa my-father come-3.Sg.A. non-Pret "My father comes." b. pu pey-aa bird fly-3.Sg.A-Pret "A bird flew." c. henjaa kay-aa child fall-3.Sg.A- Pret "A child fell." d. a-ppaa-ing taa my-father-Def come-3.Sg.A. non-Pret "My father comes." e. pu-ing pey-aa bird-Def fly-3.Sg.A-Pret "The bird flew." f. henjaa-ing kay-aa child-Def fall-3.Sg.P-Pret "The child fell." The above sentences in (3a,b,c) contain the unmarked a-ppa, pu and henjaa as subjects to the transitive verbs taa, pey-aa and kay-aa respectively. They are indefinite subjects but the sentences in (3d,e,f) have definite subjects marked by the suffix suf·fix n. An affix added to the end of a word or stem, serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending, such as -ness in gentleness, -ing in walking, or -s in sits. tr.v. <-ing>. Similarly, the objects of the following transitive verbs are unmarked when indefinite: (4) a. koco-ngaa mendaak haar-u dog-ERG goat bite-3.Sg.A-3.Sg.P. Pret "A dog bit a goat." b. kaat-tuba-ngaa phaak cepp-u your-grandfather-Erg pig cut-3Sg.A-3.Sg.P.Pret "Your grandfather cut a pig." c. pit-naa naapmi thoks-u cow-Erg man hom-3.Sg.A-3Sg.P. Pret "A cow homed a man." d. koco-ngaa mendak-ing har-u dog-Erg goat-Def kill-3.Sg.A-3.Sg.P. Pret "A dog bit the goat." e. kaat-tuba-ngaa phaak-ing cep-pu your-grand father-Erg pig-Def cut-3.Sg.A-3.Sg.P.Pret "Your grandfather cut the pig." f. pit-naa napmi-ing thoks-u cow-Erg man-Def horn-3.Sg.A-3.Sg.P. Pret "A cow horned horned adj. Having a horn, horns, or a hornlike growth. Adj. 1. horned - having a horn or horns or hornlike parts or horns of a particular kind; "horned viper"; "great horned owl"; "the unicorn--a mythical horned beast"; the man." In the sentences (4a,b,c), mendaak, phaak and naapmi are unmarked objects to the verbs haar-u, cepp-u and thoks-u respectively, and they are indefinite. However, in the sentences (4d,e,f) they are definite objects marked by the suffix <-ing>. The definite marker suffix <-ing> undergoes some morphophonological changes. After the voiceless stops /p/, /t/ /k/ and /?/ the case ending is realized as /-ming/, e.g. baa cep-ming cuk-paa cuk "This basket is small.", as /-ning/ e.g. baa sawet-ningyam-baa cuk "This buffalo is big", as /-nging/ e.g. phaaknging pheraa "The pig came" etc. These variations are only in deference to homorganic homorganic /hom·or·gan·ic/ (hom?or-gan´ik) produced by the same organ or by homologous organs. hom·or·gan·ic adj. 1. Produced by the same organ. 2. assimilation of the stem-final consonant with the definite marker on the basis of the place of articulation In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active (moving) articulator (typically some part of the tongue) and a passive (stationary) in the fast speech made without any pause to the syllable break. The normal speech with a natural syllable break contains the clear definite marker <-ing> as in baa cep-ing cuk-paa cuk "This basket is small." After the vowels except /i/ basic form of the ending doesn't change, e.g. waa-ing phe-raa "The chicken came," myangbaa-ing pind-aa "The cat jumped", koco-ing yaat-aa "The dog whined" etc. However, after /i/, the definite marker suffix <-ing> is realized as /-ng/ lengthening the preceding vowel vowel Speech sound in which air from the lungs passes through the mouth with minimal obstruction and without audible friction, like the i in fit. The word also refers to a letter representing such a sound (a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y). , e.g. naapmi:ng pheraa "The man came." Ergative: The ergative case The ergative case is the grammatical case that identifies the subject of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages. In such languages, the ergative case is typically marked (most salient), while the absolutive case is unmarked. marks the agent of a transitive verb. The ergative suffix is <-ngaa>. (5) a. am-ma-ngaa yaang thag-u my-mother-Erg money earn-3.Sg.A-3.Sg.P. Pret "My mother earned money." b. phaak-ngaa caa ca pig-Erg food eat-3.Sg.A.Pret "A pig ate food." c. an-na cwaat thung-u horse-Erg water drink-3.Sg.A-3.Sg.P. Pret "A horse drank water." The sentences in (5a,b,c) contain transitive verbs thag-u, ca and thung-u respectively with the corresponding agents am-maa, phaak and an. The agents are marked by ergative suffix <-ngaa>. The ergative suffix is also divided into definite and indefinite. The indefinite ergative is unmarked as in (5a,b,c) but the definite ergative is marked by <-i> (6) a. koco-ngaa-i naapmi haar-u dog--Erg--Def man bite-3.Sg.A-3.Sg. P.Pret "The dog bit a man." b. kap-paa-ngaa-i baa sapla theks-u your father--Erg--Def this book tear-3Sg.A.3.Sg.P.Pret "Your father tore this book." c. ku-phaang-ngaa-i baa laaje thoks-u his uncle--Erg--Def this land plough-3.Sg.A-3.Sg. P.Pret "His uncle ploughed this land." d. koco-i-ngaa naapmi haar-u dog-Def-Erg man bite-3.Sg.A-3.Sg.P. Pret "A dog bit a man." e. kaap-paa-i-ngaa baa saplaa theks-u your father--Def Erg erg (ûrg), unit of work or energy in the cgs system of units, which is based on the metric system; it is the work done or energy expended by a force of 1 dyne acting through a distance of 1 centimeter. this book tear-3.Sg.A-3.Sg.P.Pret "Your father tore this book." f. kup-phaang-i-ngaa baa laaje thoks-u his uncle-DEF ERG tiffs land plough-3.Sg.A-3.Sg.P. Pret "His uncle ploughed this man." In the sentences (6a,b,c) the ergative suffix <-ngaa> is followed by the definite suffix <-i> and in rest of the sentences (6d,e,f) it is preceded by the definite marker<-i>. Instrumental: The instrumental suffix <-ngaa> is a form taken by a noun phrase noun phrase n. Abbr. NP A phrase whose head is a noun, as our favorite restaurant. Noun 1. noun phrase - a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb nominal, nominal phrase when it expresses a notion like "by means of'. For example, (7) a. khune yang-ngaa aambe ing-u he money-Inst mango buy-3.Sg.A-3.Sg.Thm-.Pret "He bought a mango with money." b. aa khebak -ngaa laamdhet hand-u-ng I key-Inst door open-3.Sg.P- 1.Sg. A. Pret "I opened the door with a key." c. khene phejaa-ngaa ka-jepp-u you dagger-Inst 2. Sg.A--cut-3.Sg.P "You cut it with a dagger." In the sentences given in (7a,b,c) instruments yaang, khebak and phejaa are marked by <-ngaa>, Though the instrument marker is identical to the ergative marker in form, the two are quite distinct in function. The genitive genitive (jĕn`ĭtĭv) [Lat.,=genetic], in Latin grammar, the case typically used to refer to a possessor. The term is used in the grammar of other languages, but the phenomenon referred to may not closely resemble a Latin genitive; thus a : The genitive case Noun 1. genitive case - the case expressing ownership genitive, possessive, possessive case oblique, oblique case - any grammatical case other than the nominative expresses possessive pos·ses·sive adj. 1. Of or relating to ownership or possession. 2. Having or manifesting a desire to control or dominate another, especially in order to limit that person's relationships with others: relationship by means of inflections. Limbu genitive case is marked by the suffix <-ngaang>. (8) a. aa-ppa-ngaang ku-baang my father-Gen his-house "My father's house." b. naapmi-ngaang ku-saaplaa man-Gen his-book "Man's book". c. pu-ngaang ku-haap bird-Gen his-nest "Bird's nest." The phrases in (8a,b,c) contain noun phrase like aap-paa or simply nouns such as naapmi and pu. They are marked by genitive suffix <-ngaang> which, in turn is followed by the third person possessive prefix <ku-> in the singular. However, in the case of the dual and plural nouns the third person singular possessive prefix <ku-> takes only one possessive form such as< khunchi->, which is called a non-singular possessive prefix. (9) a. pu-ghaachi-ngaang khunchi-haap bird-dl -Gen-their-nest "Birds' nest." b. pu-ghaa-ngaang khunchi-haap bird-pl -Gen their-nest "Birds' nest." In the phrases in (9a,b), the dual number marker <-ghaachi> and the plural number (Gram.) the number which designates more than one. See Number, n. os>, 8. See also: Plural marker <-ghaa> occur with the 3rd person non-singular possessive prefix<khuchi-> Vocative vocative (vŏk`ətĭv) [Lat.,=calling], in the grammar of certain languages (e.g., Latin), the case referring to a person addressed. In English a special intonation expresses the vocative, as in Look, Jack. : Vocative is a case form taken by a noun when it is used in the form of address. This case is marked by <-o> or <-e> as in aa-ppaa-o or aappaa-e but they are not interchangeable in all contexts. (10) a. aa-mmaa-e aa-mmaa-o my-mother-Voc my-mother-Voc "O my mother" "O my mother" b. aat-tubaa-e aa-ttubaa-o my-grandfather-Voc my-grandfather-Voc "O my grandfather" "O my grandfather" c. sebaa-e sebaa-o friend-Voc friend-Voc "O friend" "O friend" d. naapmi-e # naapmi-o man-VOC "O man" e. pu-e #pu-o bird-VOC "O bird" (# indicates that the form is unacceptable.) The examples cited in (10a,b, c) show that /-o/ can substitute /-e/ only in the context of low open back vowel A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. /aa/ immediately preceding it but when high, close, front vowel A front vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. /i/ or high close back vowel /u/ precedes the vocative case Noun 1. vocative case - the case (in some inflected languages) used when the referent of the noun is being addressed vocative oblique, oblique case - any grammatical case other than the nominative ending, /-o/ can't substitute it. Locative locative (lŏk`ətĭv) [Lat.,=placing], in the grammar of certain languages (e.g., Sanskrit), the case referring to location. Nouns in this case are often translatable into English phrases beginning with at, in, or on. : Locative refers to the form taken by a noun when it typically expresses the idea of location of an entity or an action. This case is marked by <-o>. (11) a. kuc-chaa aa-baang-o waa his-son my-house-Loc is "His son is in my house." b. saa aa-haa-o khipp-u meat my-tooth-Loo stick-3.Sg. A-3.Sg.P. Pret "The meat is stuck to my tooth." c. tare-baa yuknaa-o yung guest-male bed-Loc sit-3. Sg. A.non-Pret "The guest sits on the bed." d. khune kuk-ku-si-o teg-aa he his-maternal uncles-Loc go-3.Sg.A Pret "He went to his maternal uncle's house." e. khene kaap-paa-o kaa-de-i you your-father-Loc you-go-QUES "Do you go to your father's house?' The locative suffix <-o> in (11a, b,c) indicates location of an entity whereas the locative suffix in (11d,e) indicates that of action. The comitative co·mit·a·tive adj. Of, relating to, or being the grammatical case indicating accompaniment in some languages, as in Finnish professorine "(along) with the professor." n. 1. The comitative case. 2. : The comitative is a case form taken by a noun when it expresses the meaning "along with" or "accompanied by". It is marked by the suffix <-nung > "with", "along with" or "accompanied by". (12) a. khene aap-paa-nung kaa-de you my-father-Com 2. Sg.A. go-.non-Pret "You go with my father." b. aa khene-nung phen-naa I you-Com come-1.Sg.A.non-Pret "I come with you." c. aac-cha ku-dak-nung paangwaa my-son his-friend-Com play-3. Sg.A.non-Pret "My child plays with his friend." The marker <-nung> in sentences(12a,b,c) is the comitative case The comitative case is the case that denotes companionship, and is used where English would use "in company with" or "together with". It, and many other cases, are found in the Finnish language, the Hungarian language, and the Estonian language. marker because it carries the meaning "accompanied by "or "with". The comitative suffix <-nung> is used to coordinate nominal groups as a conjunction "and". For example,"
(13). a. pit nung sawet b. yum nung macci
cow and buffalo salt and chilli
c. waa nung phaak d. tak nung sumbaak
chicken and pig rice and soup
The nominal groups in (13a,b,c,d) are coordinated by the comitative case marker <-hung>. The meditative med·i·ta·tive adj. Characterized by or prone to meditation. See Synonyms at pensive. med  i·ta : The mediative case is used in the sense of an
abstract medium.
(14) a. panibaa paan-laam b. yaakthungbaa paan-laam
nepali lanuage-Med limbu language-Med
"Through the Nepali language" "Through the Limbu language"
c. panibaa paan-nung d. yaakthungbaa paan-nung
nepali language-Med limbu language-Med
"Through the Nepali language" "Through the Limbu language"
The phrases in (14a,b) contain a case marker <-laam> and those in (14c,d) contain a case marker <-nung >. They express abstract media. They can be used in the sense of a simple medium.
(15) a. khangbe-laam b. paangbhe-laam
boat-Med village-Med
"Through the boat" "Through the village"
c. khangbe-nung d. paangbhe-nung
boat-Med village-Med
"Through the boat" "Through the village"
The examples in (15a,,c,d) indicate the use of <-laam >and <-nung> as expressions of simple media. Ablative ablative (ăb`lətĭv') [Lat.,=carrying off], in Latin grammar, the case used in a number of circumstances, particularly with certain prepositions and in locating place or time. The term is also used in the grammar of some languages (e.g. : Ablative case Noun 1. ablative case - the case indicating the agent in passive sentences or the instrument or manner or place of the action described by the verb ablative oblique, oblique case - any grammatical case other than the nominative is a form taken by a noun phrase to express a range of locative meaning 'from'. It is marked by the suffixes <-nung> and <-laam>.
(16) a. kaathmandu-laam b. pyaangsi-laam
kathmandu-Abl paddy-field-Abl
"From Kathmandu" "From the paddy-field"
c. kaathmandu-nung d. pyaangsi-nung
kathmandu-Abl paddy-field-Abl
"From Kathmandu" "From the paddy-field"
The ablative case markers <-laam> and <-nung> in (16a, b,c,d) indicate the original space. Sometimes, locative suffix <-o> and ablative suffix <-laam> or <-nung> are combined to specify the location. For example: (17) a. khune paangbhe-o- laam/nung taah-aa he village-Loc-Abl come-3.Sg.A.-Pret "He came from the village." b. aa syaa paang-o-laam/nung taar-u-ng I rice house-Loc-Abs bring-3Sg.Thm-1.Sg.APret "I brought rice from the house." c. laahaang-ngaa sing taambhung-o-laam/nung taar-u lahang-Erg firewood forest-Loc-Abl bring-3.Sg.A/3.SgThm.Pret "Lahang brought firewood from the forest." The sentences (17a,b,c) contain compound case marker <-o-laam/nung> which is the combination of the locative case Locative (also called the seventh case) is a case which indicates a location. It corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". The locative case belongs to the general local cases together with the lative and separative case. marker <-o> and ablative case marker <-laam/nung>. This case marker is suffixed to the nouns, paangbhe 'village', paang 'house' and taangbhung 'forest'. Allative al·la·tive adj. Of, relating to, or being the grammatical case expressing motion toward a place, as Finnish stadionille "to the stadium." n. 1. The allative case. 2. A word in the allative case. : Allative refers to a type of inflection, which expresses the meaning of motion 'to', 'towards' or 'as far as'. It is marked by the suffixes <-lekhaang> or <-naang> 'to' or 'toward' and <-dhaarik> 'as far as'. (18) a. aa paangbhe- dhaarik tek--ngaa I village-Allt go-1. Sg. A.non-Pret "I will go as far as the village." b. khune aa aa-baang-dhaarik aa-saadhaa-ng he me my-house-Allt 1P-accompany-3.Sg.A.Pret "He accompanied me as far as my house." c. khune pyaangsi-naang/lekhaang teg-aa he paddy-field- Allt go-3.Sg.A.Pret "He went to/towards the field." d. khune aa-baang-naang/lekhang pher-aa he my-house- Allt come-3.Sg.A.Pret "He came to/towards my house." The sentences in (18a,b) contain an allative marker <-dhaarik > and those in (18c,d) contain allative markers <-naang > and <,lekhaang>, which are interchangeable. The Comparative Degree: The comparative degree is indicated by a suffix <-aang> affixed af·fix tr.v. af·fixed, af·fix·ing, af·fix·es 1. To secure to something; attach: affix a label to a package. 2. to the nominal head to be compared. For example: (19) a. khune-aang kembaa khene kaa-juk he- than tall you 2.Sg.A-be non-Pret "You are taller than he." b. khene-aang nubaa aa cuk-ngaa you-than handsome I be-l.Sg.A, non-Pret "I am more handsome than you." c. aa-aang tumbaa khune cuk I-than old he be-3.Sg.A..non-Pret "He is older than I" In the above sentences the suffix <-aang> affixed to the pronominal pro·nom·i·nal adj. 1. Of, relating to, or functioning as a pronoun. 2. Resembling a pronoun, as by specifying a person, place, or thing, while functioning primarily as another part of speech. heads is a comparative suffix. The case forms of the nominal kaa-ghup-paa 'one who steals' are summarised in the table below. Conclusion The Chhathare Limbu has eleven case markers. They are absolutive, ergative, instrumental, genitive, vocative, comitative, locative, mediative; ablative, allative and comparative. The nominals of Chhathare Limbu inflect in·flect v. in·flect·ed, in·flect·ing, in·flects v.tr. 1. To alter (the voice) in tone or pitch; modulate. 2. Grammar To alter (a word) by inflection. 3. case.
Summary of case markers the Chhathare Limbu in the singular, dual
and plural contexts
case singular dual plural
1 Absolutive Kaa-ghup-paa Kaa-ghup-paa- Kaa-ghup-paa-ghaa
ghaachi
2 Ergative Kaa-ghup-paa- Kaa-ghup-paa- Kaa-ghup-paa-
ngaa ghaachi-ngaa ghaa-ngaa
3 Instrumental kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa-ghaa-
ngaa ghaachi-ngaa ngaa
4 Genitive kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa-ghaa-
ngaa-ng ghaachi-ngaa-ng ngaa-ng
5 Vocative kaa-ghup-paa-e kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa-ghaa-
ghaachi-e e
6 Locative kaa-ghup-paa-o kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa-gha-o
ghaa-chi-o
7 Comitative kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa-ghaa-
nung ghaa-chi-nung nung
8 Mediative kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa-gha- kaa-ghup-paa-ghaa-
laam/nung chi-laam/nung laam/nung
9 Ablative kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa-gha- kaa-ghup-paa-ghaa-
laam/nung chi-laam/nung laam/nung
10 Allative kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa-ghaa-
dhaarik haa-chi-dhaarik dhaarik
11 Comparative kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa- kaa-ghup-paa-ghaa-
aang ghaa-chi-aang aang
References Ebert, Karen. 1994. The structure of Kiranti Languages The Kiranti languages form a sub-group of the Tibeto-Burman language family, which is itself a branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages. The Kiranti family comprises thirty to forty languages spoken in the eastern Himalayas by ethnic Kiranti . (Arbeiten Des Seminars fur Augemeine Sprachwissenchaft) University of Zurich History The University of Zurich was founded in 1833 with existing colleges of theology (founded by Huldrych Zwingli in 1525), law and medicine merged together with a new faculty of Philosophy. . Givon, Talmy. 2002. Syntax. Amsterdam: John Benjamins John Benjamins Publishing Company is an independent academic publisher in social sciences and humanities with offices in Amsterdam (main office) and Philadelphia (North American office). It is especially noted for its publications in linguistics. . Michailavosky, Boyd. 2002. Limbu English Dictionary of the Mewakhola Dialect. Kathmandu: Mandala mandala (mŭn`dələ), [Skt.,=circular, round] a concentric diagram having spiritual and ritual significance in Hindu and Buddhist Tantrism. Book Point. van Driem, George. 1987. A Grammar of Limbu. Berlin: Mouton mouton lamb pelt made to resemble seal or beaver. de Gruyter. Weidert, Alfons and Subba, Bikram. 1985. Concise Limbu Grammar and Dictionary. Amsterdam: Lobster Publications. |
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