Canada's arms exports in 2002.According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. the most recent government report released in November, during 2002 Canada exported $678.3-million in military goods to 68 countries. The majority of the weapons shipments went to like-minded governments, but transfers also were made to countries at war and to countries whose governments were involved in human rights violations against domestic populations. Because the report again omitted weapons sales to the US and sales of some Canadian equipment shipped for military end-use, the reported total value of all military exports for 2002 was less than one-third the value estimated by Project Ploughshares
This article or section needs sources or references that appear in reliable, third-party publications. . In 2002, for the fifth consecutive year, the value of Canadian military exports reported by the government increased, to a total of $678.3-million, nearly 15 per cent more than the $592-million reported for 2001. The 2002 value also was the largest in the post-Cold War era The Post-Cold War era is a time period following the end of the Cold War. Its beginning is dated either in 1989, when the Revolutions of 1989 occurred in Eastern Europe and amicable relations developed between the United States and the Soviet Union, or it is dated in 1991 with the (adjusted for inflation) and the second largest total for reported Canadian arms exports in the quarter-century since 1978. The latest figures on Canadian military exports are documented in the Export of Military, Goods from Canada: Annual Report 2002 released in November 2004, almost a year after the December 2003 date of publication. The government report details the overseas shipment during 2002 of goods making up Group 2 of the Export Control List, that is, goods that are "specially designed or modified for military use." Table 1 identifies the largest recipients of military goods reported for 2002. As in 2001, more than half the value (56.2 per cent) of reported arms exports were shipped to Europe in 2002 although after adjustment for inflation this was only marginally higher than the value reported for 2001 (see Table 2). Oceania (essentially Australia and New Zealand New Zealand (zē`lənd), island country (2005 est. pop. 4,035,000), 104,454 sq mi (270,534 sq km), in the S Pacific Ocean, over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) SE of Australia. The capital is Wellington; the largest city and leading port is Auckland. ) was the next largest regional recipient of Canadian military goods in 2002, importing about one-sixth (16.6 per cent) of all overseas shipments. Shipments to this region also demonstrated the most dramatic change from the previous year, a jump from $45.3-million to $112.3-million (in 2002 constant dollars), an increase of 148 per cent. (The increase was largely due to initial deliveries of light armoured vehicles armoured vehicle Motor vehicle with plating for protection against bullets, shells, or other projectiles that moves on wheels or tracks. The tank is the chief armoured vehicle for larger military forces. and parts worth almost $70-million to Australia.) Most of the remaining reported shipments--$184.5-million or 27.2 per cent--went to nations in the four regions of Latin America Latin America, the Spanish-speaking, Portuguese-speaking, and French-speaking countries (except Canada) of North America, South America, Central America, and the West Indies. , Middle East, Asia, and Africa. Of these, the Middle East region demonstrated the largest increase in shipments over 2001 (from $41.2- to $58-million or 41 per cent) and Latin America the largest decline (from $25.4- to $16.2-million or 36 per cent). As Table 2 illustrates (in columns four and six), the regional distribution of 2002 arms exports differs significantly from the distribution as averaged over the 13-year post-Cold War period, 1990-2002. In fact, a multi-year distribution offers a more accurate assessment of the dependency of Canadian military exports on geographical regions. The final column of the table shows that Europe has been the largest regional market since the end of the Cold War (45.7 per cent), followed by the Middle East (27.5 per cent) and Asia (13.1 per cent). Latin America and Africa are relatively minor markets at 1.8 per cent and 2.3 per cent respectively. It is worth noting that during the post-Cold War period, the developing world--with 43.7 per cent of reported sales--has collectively represented a market to rival Europe in importance to Canadian arms exporters. The 2002 report identifies four export control policy guidelines guidelines, n.pl a set of standards, criteria, or specifications to be used or followed in the performance of certain tasks. that governed the shipment of military goods detailed in the report. The first guideline guideline Medtalk A series of recommendations by a body of experts in a particular discipline. See Cancer screening guidelines, Cardiac profile guidelines, Gatekeeper guidelines, Harvard guidelines, Transfusion guidelines. calls for the close control of exports to countries "that pose a threat to Canada and its allies," although it is not apparent from the report how or if the guideline influences arms export regulation. Adherence adherence /ad·her·ence/ (ad-her´ens) the act or condition of sticking to something. immune adherence to the third guideline, related to countries under UN Security Council sanctions Sanctions is the plural of sanction. Depending on context, a sanction can be either a punishment or a permission. The word is a contronym. Sanctions involving countries:
adj. 1. Existing in great quantity or ample supply. 2. Providing or producing an abundance: a plentiful harvest. evidence that the Canadian government overrides its own export control guidelines to approve some shipments of military, goods. Canada's second export control guideline calls for the close control of arms exports to countries involved in or under imminent threat Imminent threat is a standard criterion in international law, developed by Daniel Webster, for when the need for action is "instant, overwhelming, and leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation. of hostilities. Despite the guideline, Canada exported military goods valued at $100,000 or more to seven countries hosting armed conflicts in 2002: Algeria, Colombia, India, Israel, Nigeria, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (srē läng`kə) [Sinhalese,=resplendent land], formerly Ceylon, ancient Taprobane, officially Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, island republic (2005 est. pop. (see Table 3). The value of arms exports to these countries totaled $8-million. The shipments included electronic countermeasures Noun 1. electronic countermeasures - electronic warfare undertaken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum ECM equipment to Algeria and Israel, a surveillance camera system to Colombia, ammunition This article is largely based on the article in the out-of-copyright 11th edition of the Encyclopdia Britannica, which was produced in 1911. It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). containers to the Philippines, and radio spares to Sri Lanka. The final guideline applies to countries whose governments have a persistent record of serious human rights violations unless "there is no reasonable risk that the goods might be used against the civilian population." As shown in Table 3, Canada exported military goods valued at more than $100,000 to each of 12 countries where, in its 2003 Annual Report, Amnesty International Amnesty International (AI,) human-rights organization founded in 1961 by Englishman Peter Benenson; it campaigns internationally against the detention of prisoners of conscience, for the fair trial of political prisoners, to abolish the death penalty and torture of (AI) reported serious and systematic human violations by government security personnel during 2002. These included the seven recipient countries affected by armed conflicts as well as Brazil, Jamaica, Mexico, Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia (sä  `dē ərā`bēə, sou`–, sô–), officially Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, kingdom (2005 est. pop. , and Turkey.
The total value of Canadian arms shipments to the 12 countries exceeded
$60-million. AI-documented human rights violations involved torture torture, the intentional infliction of severe physical or mental pain or suffering in order to intimidate, coerce, obtain information or a confession, or punish. ,
disappearances, extra judicial executions, and other killings. In
Brazil, for example, to which Canada shipped ammunition components and
containers, AI reported that in 2002 "thousands of people were
killed in confrontations with the police." Similarly, Canada
exported armoured vans to Jamaica, where "at least 133 people were
killed by the police, many in disputed circumstances CIRCUMSTANCES, evidence. The particulars which accompany a fact.2. The facts proved are either possible or impossible, ordinary and probable, or extraordinary and improbable, recent or ancient; they may have happened near us, or afar off; they are public or suggesting extrajudicial That which is done, given, or effected outside the course of regular judicial proceedings. Not founded upon, or unconnected with, the action of a court of law, as in extrajudicial evidence or an extrajudicial oath. executions" (AI 2003). During 2002 Canada also shipped light armoured vehicles (LAVs) and parts worth almost $20-million to Saudi Arabia. These were the latest LAV shipments to the Saudi Arabian National Guard The Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG, also known as the White Army) is one of five branches of the Saudi Arabian Defence Forces. It serves both as defence force against external threats and as a security force against internal threats. that since 1992 have totaled 1,254 vehicles (as reported to the UN Register of Conventional Arms), valued at $1.2-billion. In 2002 in Saudi Arabia, according to AI, "gross human rights violations continued" and "torture and ill-treatment remained rife rife adj. rif·er, rif·est 1. In widespread existence, practice, or use; increasingly prevalent. 2. Abundant or numerous. ." The National Guard is responsible for the protection of the royal family that controls the government. There remains a very reasonable risk that Canadian-built LAYs will be used against Saudi citizens in any popular uprising against the autocratic government. Unreported exports The total value of reported Canadian arms exports, equivalent to $432-million in 2002 US dollars, would place Canada among the largest 10 global arms suppliers for 2002. The value of Canadian arms exports approximates those reported for Italy, which was ranked as the seventh largest arms supplier in 2002 by the US Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is a branch of the Library of Congress that provides objective, nonpartisan research, analysis, and information to assist Congress in its legislative, oversight, and representative functions. U.S. (CRS CRS Course CRS Certified Residential Specialist (real estate certification) CRS Central Reservation System CRS Can't Remember Stuff (polite form) CRS Cost Reduction Strategy CRS Consumer Relations Specialist ) (Grimmett 2003, p. CRS-33). (1) Canada's ranking among the largest international arms suppliers would climb even higher if the value of unreported arms exports were added to reported sales. A full accounting of 2002 Canadian arms exports would place Canada as the fifth largest global arms supplier in the CRS ranking, immediately following the top tier suppliers: the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. , Russia, France, and the United Kingdom. The substantial volume of Canadian military goods exports to the US is by far the largest omission omission n. 1) failure to perform an act agreed to, where there is a duty to an individual or the public to act (including omitting to take care) or is required by law. Such an omission may give rise to a lawsuit in the same way as a negligent or improper act. from the annual government report. US figures are not included because they cannot be derived from the process used to compile To translate a program written in a high-level programming language into machine language. See compiler. arms shipment values. The report figures are obtained from values for goods shipments filed by exporters against the export permits approved by the government. Export permits are central to the export data acquisition. However, under the terms of Defence Production Sharing Arrangements between Canada and the US, cross-border trade in military goods does not require export permits. As noted in the annual report, "statistics on military exports to the United States are therefore not readily available." Project Ploughshares estimates the value of Canadian arms exports to the US from prime contract data supplied under the Access to Information Act by the Canadian Commercial Corporation (CCC CCC A very speculative grade assigned to a debt obligation by a rating agency. Such a rating indicates default or considerable doubt that interest will be paid or principal repaid. Also called Caa. ). (The CCC is a crown corporation that brokers contracts between Canadian companies This is a list of companies from Canada.
Directory: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Current Companies and foreign governments. Approximately 60 per cent of the annual brokered sales are due to military contracts, mostly with the Pentagon Pentagon Huge five-sided building (1941–43) in Arlington, Va., that is the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense. Designed by George Edwin Bergstrom, it was, on its completion, the world's largest office building, covering 34 acres (14 hectares) and offering .) Assuming an approximately even split in Canadian arms exports to the US between prime contracts brokered by the CCC and sub-contracts arranged between Canadian companies and US defence corporations, it is possible to estimate total 2002 Canadian military exports to the US as $1,312.7-million or almost twice the reported total for shipments to all other nations combined. It is worth noting that in addition to creating an enormous hole in the annual report, the government's inability to accurately monitor cross-border military trade has meant that Canada has not fulfilled ful·fill also ful·fil tr.v. ful·filled, ful·fill·ing, ful·fills also ful·fils 1. To bring into actuality; effect: fulfilled their promises. 2. international transparency (1) The quality of being able to see through a material. The terms transparency and translucency are often used synonymously; however, transparent would technically mean "seeing through clear glass," while translucent would mean "seeing through frosted glass." See alpha blending. obligations related to the arms trade, including reports to the voluntary UN Register of Conventional Arms and the more recent, and legally binding, Inter-American Convention on Transparency in Conventional Weapons Acquisitions that requires the same weapons transfer data. In its report on 2002 transfers to the UN Register, for example, Canada omitted exports to the US of an estimated 150 "Stryker" armoured vehicles built by General Dynamics General Dynamics Corporation (NYSE: GD) is a defense conglomerate formed by mergers and divestitures, and as of 2006 it is the sixth largest defense contractor in the world[1]. The company has changed markedly in the post-Cold War era of defense consolidation. Land Systems Canada. The annual report also omits exports of "dual-use" goods included in the Export Controls List (ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic) A digital circuit composed of bipolar transistors in which the emitter ends are wired together. ECL gates switch faster than TTL gates, but consume more power. See TTL, I2L and bipolar. 1. ). The equipment "specially designed for military use" making up Group 2 of the ECL is the sole group of exported goods reported in the Annual Report. However, in addition to military goods, Canada also requires export approval for the transfer of certain commercial equipment considered "dual-use." This equipment may be used for either civilian or military purposes, but the "ordinary use" is viewed to be commercial or civilian. Dual-use equipment as currently defined is primarily advanced technology items such as special metal alloys This is a list of alloys for which an article exists in Wikipedia (or is proposed but not yet written). They are grouped by base metal, in order of increasing atomic number. Within these headings they are in no particular order. , high-speed computers or remote-sensing equipment--goods that require export permits because of their possible strategic value. Although dual-use transfers require export permits they are not reported and the group of dual-use transfers for military end-use in particular is a significant omission from the annual report. The third category of military exports omitted from the annual report arises from a loophole An omission or Ambiguity in a legal document that allows the intent of the document to be evaded. Loopholes come into being through the passage of statutes, the enactment of regulations, the drafting of contracts or the decisions of courts. in Canadian export controls. The existing system of regulation of dual-use goods fails to control frequent cases of Canadian equipment categorized cat·e·go·rize tr.v. cat·e·go·rized, cat·e·go·riz·ing, cat·e·go·riz·es To put into a category or categories; classify. cat as "civilian" that is shipped without export regulation for military end-use. Because the shipments do not require export permits they are omitted from the annual report, despite their military destination. An example that received some media attention involved Bell 212 helicopters. Between 1994 and 1996 the Canadian company Bell Helicopter Bell Helicopter Textron is an American helicopter and tiltrotor manufacturer headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. A division of Textron, Bell manufactures military helicopter and tiltrotor products in the United States (primarily in and around Fort Worth as well as in Amarillo, Textron Canada shipped 12 helicopters to the Colombian military and police, with the assistance of the Canadian Commercial Corporation and without needing to apply for export permits. The shipments occurred in spite of concerns of human rights organizations that the helicopters would be used in human rights violations. The practice of supplying sophisticated civilian equipment to military forces is becoming more commonplace. With a history of supplying both civilian and military markets, many Canadian companies now advertise "commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) Refers to ready-made merchandise that is available for sale. See MOTS. (software) COTS - commercial off-the-shelf. See commercial software. )" goods, especially in areas of advanced technology such as aerospace and data processing data processing or information processing, operations (e.g., handling, merging, sorting, and computing) performed upon data in accordance with strictly defined procedures, such as recording and summarizing the financial transactions of a , as readily adapted to military use. When these offers are combined with financial pressures on the military budgets of prospective buyers, there is growing incentive for those responsible for military equipment purchases to explore sources outside military-defined channels. Table 4 identifies selected transfers during 2002 of Canadian "civilian" equipment to foreign military, end-users. The table is compiled from transfers reported by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is an organization that conducts scientific research into questions of conflict and cooperation of importance for international peace and security, in order to contribute to an understanding of the conditions for and other sources, which include "civilian" aircraft in their documentation of military, sales. The table is incomplete because many transfers of civilian equipment to foreign military customers are not reported. Nevertheless, the table demonstrates that, at a minimum, the estimated value of unreported exports of civilian equipment for military end-use during 2002 was $125-million, or almost one-fifth of reported sales. When this figure is added to estimated US sales, and to a minimal assigned value for dual-use goods shipped to the military, the military exports not reported in the 2002 annual report total an estimated $1.5-billion. The estimated value of all Canadian military exports in 2002 was thus more than three times the government's reported figure. The 2002 edition of Canada's annual report on the export of military goods again reveals major problems with Canadian export control application and reporting standards. The documented shipment of weapons to countries hosting armed conflict and to countries whose governments are accused of serious human rights violations underlines the need for the Canadian government to adhere more strictly to its existing export control guidelines. The limited transparency of Canadian arms sales arises from the glaring glar·ing adj. 1. Shining intensely and blindingly: the glaring noonday sun. 2. Tastelessly showy or bright; garish. 3. omission of more than two-thirds of these sales--mostly due to the exclusion of US exports. The current reporting opacity Refers to being "opaque," which means to prevent light from shining through. For example, in an image editing program, the opacity level for some function might range from completely transparent (0) to completely opaque (100). suggests that Canada must take concerted steps to bring its arms transfer reporting up to the transparency standards it advocates for international instruments like the UN Register. In sum, Canadian export control policies and procedures Policies and Procedures are a set of documents that describe an organization's policies for operation and the procedures necessary to fulfill the policies. They are often initiated because of some external requirement, such as environmental compliance or other governmental are in need of an overhaul and the government's promised foreign policy review may be just the occasion.
Table 1: Largest reported recipients of Canadian military goods in 2002
Recipient Military goods Total value
United Kingdom Parts for aircraft, helicopters, $168.0 million
simulators, radios & others
Australia Light armoured vehicles & components $111.0 million
& others
Germany Simulators & parts, electronics & $93.4 million
others
South Korea Patrol aircraft, radios, electronic $77.0 million
components & others
Saudi Arabia Helicopters, light armoured vehicles $49.8 million
& parts & others
Netherlands Radar & parts, fire control system $25.5 million
spares & others
Sweden Sonar, aircraft, radio & radar parts $15.7 million
& others
Norway Thermal imagers, sonobuoys, small $15.6 million
arms parts & others
France Sonobuoys, rockets, optics & parts & $14.1 million
others
Denmark Military firearms & parts & others $14.0 million
Chile Warship components & others $12.2 million
Italy Radio, aircraft, helicopter & $11.0 million
vehicle parts & others
Belgium Scubas, turrets & parts, $10.5 million
surveillance pods & others
Singapore Armoured personnel carrier parts & $9.8 million
others
Japan Computer, aircraft & helicopter $5.6 million
parts & others
Source: Export of Military Goods from Canada: Annual Report 2002
(International Trade Canada).
Table 2: Regional distribution of reported Canadian arms exports
(Values in millions of constant 2002 dollars)
Region 2001 2002 2002 1990-2002 1990-2002
value value % of total total value % of total
Latin America 25.9 16.6 2.4 102.8 1.8
Europe 377.5 381.1 56.2 2652.1 45.7
Middle East 41.2 58.0 8.6 1592.7 27.5
Asia 101.5 106.5 15.7 758.5 13.1
Oceania 45.3 112.3 16.6 557.3 9.6
Africa 6.9 3.8 0.5 136 2.3
Total 598.3 678.3 100 5799.4 100
Sources: DFAIT and International Trade Canada, Statistics Canada
(for inflation adjustment figures).
Table 3: Canadian arms deliveries worth $100,000 or more to selected
nations in 2002
Country Armed Conflict Serious humans rights Value of
2002 violations 2002 Canadian arms
shipments
Algeria Yes Yes $122,400
Brazil Yes $217,305
Colombia Yes Yes $680,500
India Yes Yes $2,700,000
Israel Yes Yes $3,512,845
Jamaica Yes $746,477
Mexico Yes $430,000
Nigeria Yes Yes $460,275
Philippines Yes Yes $344,121
Saudi Arabia Yes $49,795,495
Sri Lanka Yes Yes $172,112
Turkey Yes $1,113,561
Sources: Export of Military Goods from Canada: Annual Report 2002
(International Trade Canada), Armed Conflicts Report 2003 (Project
Ploughshares), Annual Report 2003 (Amnesty International).
Table 4: Selected Canadian equipment for military end-use omitted
from 2002 Annual Report
Recipient Equipment Estimated Manufacturer
value of 2002
shipments
Algeria PT6A turboprop engines $6 million Pratt & Whitney
for Beech-1900D airborne Canada
ground surveillance
aircraft
Brazil PT6A turboprop engines N/A Pratt & Whitney
for ALX light attack Canada
aircraft
Malaysia C-130 Hercules transport $15 million Spar Aerospace
aircraft upgrades
Mexico Q200 Dash 8 multimission $27 million Bombardier Inc
aircraft
PW206 turboshaft engines $6 million Pratt & Whitney
for MD Combat Explorer Canada
helicopters
Nepal PT6A turboprop engines $2 million Pratt & Whitney
for M-28 Skytruck Canada
transport aircraft
Spain PW127G turboprop engines $6 million Pratt & Whitney
for C-295 transport Canada
aircraft
Thailand Bell 412EP helicopters $40 million Bell Helicopter
Textron Canada
U. K. Bell 412EP helicopters $16 million Bell Helicopter
Textron Canada
Venezuela AS-61D helicopter $7.5 million Aero Aerospace
overhaul
Estimated Total Value >$125 million
Sources: SIPRI Yearbook 2003 (Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute); Canadian Military Industry Database
(Project Ploughshares).
(1) It is not clear why the annual CRS report (among others) consistently omits Canada from the largest arms suppliers in spite of the value of Canadian official figures. It may be related to the delay in the Canadian annual report. For example, the CRS report on 2002 arms transfers appeared more than a year before the Canadian report for the same year. References Amnesty International 2003, Amnesty International Report 2003. [Online]. Available from: www.web.amnesty amnesty (ăm`nəstē), in law, exemption from prosecution for criminal action. It signifies forgiveness and the forgetting of past actions. .org/report2003/ index-eng. Grimmett, RF 2003, Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 1995-2002, CRS Report for Congress, September 22. [Online]. Available from: http://www.fas.org/man/crs. International Trade Canada 2003, Export of Military Goods from Canada: Annual Report 2002. [Online]. Available from: http://www. dfait-maeci.gc.ca/trade/eicb/military/miliexport02-en.asp. |
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