Building preservation partnerships: the Library of Congress National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program.ABSTRACTCongress authorized the Library of Congress to undertake the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program The National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program is a national strategic program being led by the Library of Congress to preserve digital content. The program was mandated in 2000 by the U.S. (NDIIPP NDIIPP National Digital Information Infrastructure Preservation Program (US Library of Congress) ) to prevent the loss of our digital heritage. This work, as with all digital preservation activities, is challenging because of technical issues and also because traditionally there have been few effective collaborative mechanisms to leverage resources and expertise. NDIIPP aims to address both issues while also ensuring the preservation of at-risk digital content. Concrete steps have been taken recently with the establishment of eight partnership consortia, each of which has committed to working with the other and the Library on collaborative digital preservation initiatives. The eight consortia represent the formal launch of an NDIIPP national network of preservation partners. Currently, NDIIPP is exploring how best to involve states and territories in the network. THE NEED FOR PARTNERSHIP While it has been evident for some time that management and preservation of digital information is challenging, until recently there has been little in the way of a coordinated approach to meeting the challenge. The reasons for this are familiar: tools and best practices for preservation are developmental; resources available to address the issue are limited; and digital content itself continues to evolve. Absent as well has been a mechanism that links into a collaborative partnership all the various institutions and other entities that manage digital assets. But as more and more significant details about our society are recorded in bits, the need for moving beyond these limits grows. Millennia of dependency on preserving knowledge and cultural expression are starkly threatened in a digital environment. Analog objects can survive with minimal care for centuries, but no electronic format can hope to persist more than a short while without careful (and perhaps expensive) intervention. There will be no digital equivalent of the Lascaux cave paintings, Mayan stone scripts, Dead Sea scrolls Dead Sea Scrolls, ancient leather and papyrus scrolls first discovered in 1947 in caves on the NW shore of the Dead Sea. Most of the documents were written or copied between the 1st cent. B.C. and the first half of the 1st cent. A.D. , or other kinds of rediscovered ancient knowledge. For that matter, there may not even be the digital equivalent of Emily Dickinson's poetry, which languished for only a few years in original form before its posthumous publication. Today's digital record of creativity and knowledge is at risk of wholesale loss tomorrow due to obsolete software applications and file formats, degraded tape and other recording media, and other hazards wrought by rapid information technology advances. There will be little opportunity to recover anything that is untended. Tending to digital information is, however, a complex undertaking. Digital objects have come into prominence only within the very recent past, and there is little collective experience to draw upon about how best to create, manage, and preserve them. There are huge--and growing--quantities of content available at any given moment. At the same time, much of this content is constantly changing or disappearing in favor of something newer. Thorny copyright, privacy, and other rights-related issues loom over all aspects of the digital life cycle. And, while entities ranging from universities to corporations to government agencies are rapidly accumulating important digital content, there is no precedent for these stakeholders working in concert to preserve significant digital information. In 2000 Congress recognized that the nation needed an exceptional effort to prevent the loss of our digital heritage. Legislation enacted the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) and directed the Library of Congress to determine the shape of the effort and set forth a strategy for its implementation. Public Law 106-554, providing up to $100 million of funding, was authorized to support NDIIPP, with $75 million contingent on Adj. 1. contingent on - determined by conditions or circumstances that follow; "arms sales contingent on the approval of congress" contingent upon, dependant on, dependant upon, dependent on, dependent upon, depending on, contingent a dollar for dollar match from nonfederal sources. Congress understood that the Library, with a core mission to make information available and useful and to sustain and preserve a universal collection of knowledge and creativity regardless of format for current and future generations of Congress and the American people, was uniquely qualified for this assignment. After spending nearly two years meeting with diverse stakeholder communities across the nation and studying critical aspects of the challenge, the Library issued a comprehensive plan for tackling the digital preservation problem. The plan, Preserving Our Digital Heritage, (1) outlined an approach to build a national network of entities committed to digital preservation and that are linked through a shared technical framework. This strategy also recognized the need for identifying best practices and supporting advanced research into tools, repositories, and overall models for digital preservation. Underlying this approach was a strong commitment to partnership: given the scope and size of the digital preservation challenge, no single institution--not even the Library itself--could realistically hope to meet the challenge alone. Instead, the most effective way forward lay in harnessing the collective interests, talents, and resources of individual institutions. Collaboration is key to making partnerships work, and NDIIPP rests on a firm commitment to sharing information and building on the insights of others. The Library's role is to provide leadership in building the partnership network and also in spurring awareness of preservation issues and cooperation with content creators, distributors, stewards, and users. LAUNCHING THE FIRST SET OF PARTNERSHIPS The Library issued a Program Announcement in 2003 for proposals to start building the partnership network. Proposals could seek awards of between $500,000 and $3 million for up to three years; applicants were also required to provide matching resource contributions. The call specified that proposals provide for three outcomes: (2) 1. Partnership models for allocating collecting roles and responsibilities across collaborating institutions. This includes defining roles and responsibilities among and between the partners and the Library and developing and testing cooperative collecting agreements among libraries, archives, and other institutions in the public and private sectors. 2. Collections of at-risk digital content. Proposed digital collections may encompass a variety of cultural heritage materials. Among the collections of high interest to the Library at this time are those with holdings of historical and cultural materials or information from around the globe that document key social and political developments necessary to understand contemporary events of high importance to national legislators and policy makers. Such subject areas might include American law, domestic social policy, foreign affairs, defense and trade, government and finance, and science and industry. Collections with holdings in languages other than English LOTE or Languages Other Than English is the name given to language subjects at Australian schools. LOTEs have often historically been related to the policy of multiculturalism, and tend to reflect the predominant non-English languages spoken in a school's local area, the may be included within the scope of the project. Formats of interest include textual, numeric, visual, audio, and geospatial, among others. Content collected under this program announcement must be accessible and transferable to the Library upon its request. 3. Strategies and best practices for identifying, capturing, and retaining content. These may include but are not limited to the following: * Definition and selection of at-risk content of long-term value--including strategies for making these definition and selection decisions (for example, historical significance; user surveys; interests of scholars, faculty, and researchers; relative institutional strengths * Identification, development, and testing curatorial best practices for defining and selecting complex and dynamic objects, such as Web-based objects, broadcast and streaming media, GIS materials, interactive objects * Identification and testing curatorial best practices for selecting non-English-language materials * Identification and testing of methods and/or practices for collecting digital content (such strategies may include capturing content from the Web or other sources or receiving content directly from publishers or other creators and providers) All applications were subjected to a peer-review process administered by the National Endowment for the Humanities National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) U.S. independent agency. Founded in 1965, it supports research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. . Librarian of Congress The Librarian of Congress is the head of the Library of Congress, appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate. Librarians of Congress
James Billington was sworn in as the Librarian of Congress on September 14, 1987. selected the eight winning proposals. Each of the eight projects consists of a lead institution and at least one additional partner. A senior Library staff member serves as a program officer and chief liaison for each project. The Library hosted an opening kickoff meeting for all the partners in January 2005. Subsequent meetings will occur twice a year over the three-year period of performance for the initiative. Partners are also invited to participate in four so-called affinity groups, which represent significant topics that cut across all the interests of the partners. The affinity groups focus on intellectual property rights, content collection and selection, technical infrastructure, and the economics of sustaining digital preservation over the long term. Each group will identify priorities for action over the near future and will undertake a variety of activities, the results of which will be shared among the other partners. Library staff are facilitating the work of each group. The projects represent a diverse cross section of institutions and content. What unites the projects is a dual effort to identify, get, and sustain significant material while also collaborating with the Library and the other partners to advance digital preservation methods and best practices. Each of the eight projects is outlined below. (3) Lead Institution: California Digital Library The California Digital Library, or CDL, is the University of California's 11th University Library. The CDL assists the ten University of California libraries in sharing their resources and holdings more effectively, in part through negotiating and acquiring consortial licenses on at the University of California The University of California has a combined student body of more than 191,000 students, over 1,340,000 living alumni, and a combined systemwide and campus endowment of just over $7.3 billion (8th largest in the United States). Partners: New York University New York University, mainly in New York City; coeducational; chartered 1831, opened 1832 as the Univ. of the City of New York, renamed 1896. It comprises 13 schools and colleges, maintaining 4 main centers (including the Medical Center) in the city, as well as the ; University of North Texas, The Libraries; and the Texas Center for Digital Knowledge Collaborators: San Diego Supercomputer Center “SDSC” redirects here. For the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, see Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) is an organized research unit of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). ; Stanford University Computer Science Department and Sun Microsystems, Inc.; New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of University's Tamiment Library; Stanford University Library's Social Sciences Resource Center; Arizona State Library and Archive; and the University of California libraries The University of California operates the largest academic library system in the world. It manages more than 32,000,000 items in 100 libraries on ten campuses. The primary purposes of these libraries are to assist research and instruction on the University of California campuses. , including the University of California at Los Angeles Online Campaign Literature Archive and University of California at Berkeley's Institute for Government Studies Library and Institute of Industrial Relations Library Subject: The award is for a project to develop Web archiving tools that will be used by libraries to capture, curate CURATE, eccl. law. One who represents the incumbent of a church, person, or20 vicar, and takes care of the church, and performs divine service in his stead. , and preserve collections of Web-based government and political information. This literature is a critical element of our nation's heritage and is increasingly found exclusively online, putting it at greater risk of being lost. The collections will focus on local political activities and movements, such as the California gubernatorial recall election of 2003. The issue of digital preservation has become more important in recent years, especially for government information. More than 65 percent of all government publications are now posted directly online without a print counterpart. With the half-life of government Web pages at four months, much of this information is at risk of being permanently lost. The grant will support development of infrastructure and tools that libraries and other organizations will need to build collections of selected Web-based materials. (4) Lead Institution: University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB UCSB University of California at Santa Barbara UCSB University of Casual Sex and Beer ) Partner: Stanford University Subject: The University Libraries of UCSB and Stanford are leading the formation of the National Geospatial Digital Archive The National Geospatial Digital Archive is an archive of cartographic information funded by the Library of Congress, University of California Santa Barbara, and Stanford University. (NGDA NGDA National Glass Dealers Association (McLean, VA) ), a collecting network for the archiving of geospatial images and data. Geospatial information has played an important role in the history of the United States “American history” redirects here. For the history of the continents, see History of the Americas. The United States of America is located in the middle of the North American continent, with Canada to the north and the United Mexican States to the south. . From the first colonial maps to the satellite imagery of the twenty-first century, cartographic car·tog·ra·phy n. The art or technique of making maps or charts. [French cartographie : carte, map (from Old French, from Latin charta, carta, paper made from papyrus information has helped define and flame our view of the United States. Project objectives include the following: * Create a new national federated Connected and treated as one. See federated database and federated directories. network committed to archiving geospatial imagery and data * Investigate the proper and optimal roles of such a federated archive, with consideration of distant (dark) backup and migration, directly serving content to users vs. referring requestors back to the originators of the data for copies or assistance, active or passive quality/integrity monitoring, application of metadata, federated searching, dissemination of metadata, etc. * Collect and archive major segments of at-risk digital geospatial data and images * Develop best practices for the presentation of archived digital geospatial data * Develop partner communication mechanisms for the project and then ongoing * Develop a series of policy agreements governing retention, rights management, obligations of partners, interoperability of systems, and exchange of digital objects (5) Lead Institution: Educational Broadcasting Corporation (Thirteen/WNET New York) Partners: WGBH Educational Foundation; Public Broadcasting Service “PBS” redirects here. For other uses, see PBS (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS (PBS PBS in full Public Broadcasting Service Private, nonprofit U.S. corporation of public television stations. PBS provides its member stations, which are supported by public funds and private contributions rather than by commercials, with educational, cultural, ); New York University (NYU NYU New York University NYU New York Undercover (TV show) ) Subject: Partners in this project will collaborate to establish procedures, structures, and national standards necessary to preserve public television programs produced in digital formats. Thirteen and WGBH are the two largest producers of public television content in the United States. Through PBS, their productions are made available to audiences from coast to coast. Together, these three entities produce and distribute the majority of public television in the United States This article is about television in the United States, specifically its history, art, business and government regulation. Information about television technologies is covered in the main television article and elsewhere. . NYU is home to one of America's most distinguished research libraries, and the university recently established a graduate-level program in moving image preservation, which includes the exploration of digital technologies. The four partners will focus on such influential series as "Nature," "American Masters," "NOVA," and "Frontline," which are increasingly being produced only in digital formats, including the new high-definition standard (HDTV (High Definition TV) A set of digital television (DTV) standards that offer the highest resolution and sharpest picture. Although some HDTV sets are available in standard (rather square) screen sizes, the overwhelming majority of sets are wide screen, which eliminates ). Issues associated with the preservation of important corollary content, such as Web sites that accompany broadcasts, will also be examined. (6) Lead Institution: Emory University Partners: University of Louisville See also
1. ^ [1] 2. ^ [2] URL accessed on June 8 2006 3. Libraries; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, at Blacksburg; land-grant and state supported; coeducational; chartered and opened 1872 as an agricultural and mechanical college. Libraries; Florida State University Florida State University, at Tallahassee; coeducational; chartered 1851, opened 1857. Present name was adopted in 1947. Special research facilities include those in nuclear science and oceanography. Libraries; Auburn University Libraries; Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology, in Atlanta, Ga.; coeducational; state supported; chartered 1885, opened 1888. It is a member school in the university system of Georgia. Significant among its facilities and programs are the Frank H. Library and Information Center Subject: This project will develop a MetaArchive of Southern Digital Culture by creating a distributed digital preservation network for critical and at-risk content relative to Southern culture and history. The partners will select and preserve institutional digital archives and other institutionally relevant born-digital materials such as electronic theses and dissertations, as well as ephemeral works such as online exhibitions and cultural history Web site displays. This body of digital content includes a wide variety of subjects complementary to Library of Congress collections such as the Civil War, the civil rights movement, slave narratives, Southern music, handicrafts, and church history. The partner institutions of this project envision a three-year process to develop a cooperative for the preservation of at-risk digital content with a particular content focus: the culture and history of the American South. The project group members will jointly develop * a prioritized conspectus con·spec·tus n. pl. con·spec·tus·es 1. A general survey of a subject. 2. A synopsis. [Latin, from past participle of c of at-risk digital content in this subject domain held at the partner sites * a body of content from the partner institutions, selected as most critically in need of preservation, harvested into a "dark archive" * a cooperative agreement for ongoing collaboration * a distributed preservation network infrastructure based on the LOCKSS LOCKSS Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe (Stanford University) software. The proposed work plan for this project builds on relationships and workflows developed during previous projects of the MetaScholar Initiative and other collaborating consortia. (7) Lead Institution: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Early years: 1867-1880 The Morrill Act of 1862 granted each state in the United States a portion of land on which to establish a major public state university, one which could teach agriculture, mechanic arts, and military training, "without excluding other scientific Library, Graduate School of Library and Information Science A School of Library and Information Science (SLIS) is a university-based institution that provides a Master's degree or other advanced degrees associated with Library science, Information Science, or a combination of the two. Partners: Online Computer Library Center (OCLC OCLC - Online Computer Library Center ), Tufts University Perseus Project, Michigan State University Michigan State University, at East Lansing; land-grant and state supported; coeducational; chartered 1855. It opened in 1857 as Michigan Agricultural College, the first state agricultural college. Library, and an alliance of state library agencies from Arizona, Connecticut, Illinois, North Carolina North Carolina, state in the SE United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), South Carolina and Georgia (S), Tennessee (W), and Virginia (N). Facts and Figures Area, 52,586 sq mi (136,198 sq km). Pop. , and Wisconsin Subject: This project will develop scalable software tools to facilitate selection and preservation of digital materials. In addition, it will configure and test digital repository architectures to evaluate functionality with regard to content, user and uses, interoperability, implementation of standards, and technical requirements. This undertaking will work with sound and video recordings, historical aerial photography, Web-based government publications from the partner states, and primary and secondary historical materials made available by the Perseus Project. The project also provides an opportunity for information professionals with traditional library backgrounds and those with digital library expertise to work together to address these challenges. Illinois also will explore ways for libraries and repositories to share and preserve digital information existing in a wide variety of formats, including Web-based government publications, historical documents and photos, sound and video recordings, Web sites, and other varied digital resources that will be of historical interest to future generations. (8) Lead Institution: University of Maryland University of Maryland can refer to:
Partners: Center for History and New Media The Center for History and New Media (CHNM) at George Mason University was established in 1994 to research and use digital media and information technology in historical research, education, digital tools and resources, digital preservation, and outreach. at George Mason University Named after American revolutionary, patriot and founding father George Mason, the university was founded as a branch of the University of Virginia in 1957 and became an independent institution in 1972. ; Gallivan, Gallivan and O'Melia LLC (Logical Link Control) See "LANs" under data link protocol. LLC - Logical Link Control ; Snyder, Miller, Orton Lawyers LLP LLP - Lower Layer Protocol ; and the Internet Archive Subject: This project will preserve at-risk digital materials from the American business culture during the early years of the commercialization of the Internet--the "Birth of the Dot Com Era," specifically 1994-2001. The materials, collected through Web portals at www.businessplanarchive.org and www.dotcomarchive.org and through direct contact with former participants in the Dot Com Era, will be of incalculable historical value to Americans eager to make sense of this remarkable period of venture creation. Content associated with this project includes business plans, marketing plans, technical plans, venture presentations, and other business documents from more than 2,000 failed and successful Internet start-ups. (9) Lead Institution: University of Michigan (body, education) University of Michigan - A large cosmopolitan university in the Midwest USA. Over 50000 students are enrolled at the University of Michigan's three campuses. The students come from 50 states and over 100 foreign countries. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research ICPSR, the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, was established in 1962. An integral part of the infrastructure of social science research, ICPSR maintains and provides access to a vast archive of social science data for research and instruction Partners: The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at the University of Connecticut The University of Connecticut is the State of Connecticut's land-grant university. It was founded in 1881 and serves more than 27,000 students on its six campuses, including more than 9,000 graduate students in multiple programs. UConn's main campus is in Storrs, Connecticut. ; the Howard W. Odum Howard Washington Odum (born May 24, 1884 near Bethlehem, Georgia; died November 8, 1954 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina) was an American sociologist. He graduated from Emory University and received his first doctorate, in psychology, at Clark University. Institute for Research in Social Science at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; the Henry A. Murray Research Archive and the Harvard-MIT Data Center (both members of the Institute for Quantitative Social Science at Harvard University); and the Electronic and Special Media Records Service Division of the National Archives and Records Administration Subject: These institutions will create a partnership to identify, acquire, and preserve data used in the study of social science to ensure that future generations of Americans have access to this vital digital material that will allow them to understand their nation and its social organization, policies, and politics. Surveys have done more than predict the outcomes of elections or tell us when presidents gain or lose popularity. They inform us about aging, health and health care, race relations, women's rights The effort to secure equal rights for women and to remove gender discrimination from laws, institutions, and behavioral patterns. The women's rights movement began in the nineteenth century with the demand by some women reformers for the right to vote, known as suffrage, and , employment, and family life--the full story of the social and cultural tapestry that makes up our nation. They provide the data necessary for sound, empirically based policy making. Yet a huge quantity of this data is missing or at risk. Examples of data that will be preserved by this project include opinion polls, voting records, large-scale surveys on family growth and income, and focused studies on effects of events such as factory closings or the need to care for aging parents. Together the partners will build a shared catalog, adopt a common standard for describing survey data, and develop strategies for ensuring that the data remains available for analysis. (10) Lead Institution: North Carolina State University History
Partner: North Carolina Center for Geographic Information and Analysis Subject: The project will collect and preserve digital geospatial data resources, including digitized maps, from state and local government agencies in North Carolina. Geospatial data are created by a wide range of state and local agencies for use in applications such as tax assessment, transportation planning, hazard analysis, health planning, political redistricting redistricting: see legislative apportionment. , homeland security, and utilities management. The geospatial resources targeted by the NCSU Libraries' project include digitized maps, geographic information systems (GIS) data sets, and remote sensing data resources such as digital aerial photography. A wide range of state and local agencies create these forms of data for use in tax assessment, transportation planning, hazard analysis, health planning, political redistricting, homeland security, and utilities management. State and local agencies frequently offer more detailed and up-to-date geospatial data than federal agencies. However, these entities are by definition decentralized de·cen·tral·ize v. de·cen·tral·ized, de·cen·tral·iz·ing, de·cen·tral·iz·es v.tr. 1. To distribute the administrative functions or powers of (a central authority) among several local authorities. , and their dissemination practices focus almost exclusively on providing access to the most current data available rather than any older versions. Although this project will focus solely on North Carolina, it is expected to serve as a demonstration project for other states. (11) SEEKING TO ADD STATES AND TERRITORIES TO THE NDIIPP NETWORK The Library is presently seeking to expand the network of preservation partners beyond those noted above through an exploratory initiative with all U.S. states and territories for preserving significant state and local government information in digital form. State libraries and archives typically have broad responsibility for preserving and providing public access to state and local government information of enduring value and are important components of a national preservation network. (12) State and local governments are creating vast amounts of information solely in digital form, including land data, school records, official publications, and court records. Much of this material is of permanent legal, legislative, or cultural value, yet it is at risk because of fragile media, technological obsolescence ob·so·les·cent adj. 1. Being in the process of passing out of use or usefulness; becoming obsolete. 2. Biology Gradually disappearing; imperfectly or only slightly developed. , or other hazards. State libraries, archives, and other state and local institutions face complex barriers in developing an effective strategy to meet this challenge. During April and May of 2005 the Library sponsored fact-finding workshops with states and territories to identify issues, needs, and priorities regarding preservation of state government digital information. Each state was invited to send three representatives chosen from its library, archives, information technology management organization, or other stakeholder entities with responsibility for preservation of digital information. All fifty states sent teams, as did several territories. As a result, the workshops provided an unprecedented opportunity for state librarians, archivists, and information technologists to meet and gain a greater understanding of each other's perspectives. While this was an occasion for individuals working in different states to convene, there were also several instances where the archivist ARCHIVIST. One to whose care the archives have been confided. and the librarian from the same state met for the first time. The Library will assemble the learning acquired during the workshops into a summary report that will be used to guide its strategy with the states. A key part of this strategy will be implementation of a recommendation from workshop participants to build profiles of the status of digital preservation activities in each state. The Library will sponsor a systematic survey to collect the facts needed for the profiles. In addition, the survey will gather information about specific kinds of digital information identified as priorities by workshop participants and that also has potential value to Congress and to the nation as a whole. The Center for Technology in Government, a leading digital government research center at the University at Albany, State University of New York (body) State University of New York - (SUNY) The public university system of New York State, USA, with campuses throughout the state. , will assist the Library in this work. The Institute of Museum and Library Services The Institute of Museum and Library Services is an independent agency of the United States federal government. It is the main source of federal support for libraries and museums within the United States. (IMLS IMLS Institute of Museum and Library Services IMLS Institute for Museum and Library Services (US) IMLS Institute of Medical Laboratory Sciences ), the primary source of federal support for the nation's libraries, will also be a partner. Along with experience in supporting collaborative projects to manage, preserve, and provide digital access to collections, IMLS has significant expertise administering state-based library service programs that encourage planning and evaluation. As NDIIPP continues to move forward, the Library anticipates continuing to add partners to the national preservation network. Over time, the intent is for partners to define and undertake specific roles and responsibilities in connection with this participation. The Library will continue to play a leadership role in facilitating network activities and in advancing digital preservation knowledge and practice. NOTES (1.) See http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/index.php?nav=3&subnav-1. (2.) The following information is based on the Program Announcement; see http://www .digitalpreservation.gov/index.php?nav=4&subnav=3. (3.) The following information is based on the Library's press release for the awards; see http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/about/pr_093004.html. (4.) See http://www.cdlib.org/programs/ award_announcement_final_20040930.doc. (5.) See http://www.ngda.org. (6.) See http://www.nyu.edu/its/pubs/connect/fall04/ ackerman_grants.html. (7.) See http://www.metaarchive.org. (8.) See www.uif.uillinois.edu/pages/NewsPage.aspx?an=True&NID NID Next ID NID Network Interface Device NID No I Don't NID Namespace Identifier NID National Intelligence Director NID New Iraqi Dinar NID No I Didn't NID Network Identification NID National Inventory of Dams NID NCVA =771. (9.) See http://www.rhsmith.umd.edu/news/releases/2004/093004.html. (10.) See http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Oct04_04/04.shtml. (11.) See http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/gis.php?p=329&more=1. (12.) The information below is based on the Library's announcement for the initiative; see http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/about/states_announce.html. William LeFurgy, Digital Initiatives Project Manager, Library of Congress Office of Strategic Initiatives, 101 Independence Avenue, SE, Washington, DC 20540, wlef@loc.gov. William LeFurgy is a Digital Initiatives Project Manager at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. He oversees the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program's (NDIIPP) Project Management Office, which is responsible for coordinating the activities of the eight digital preservation partnerships. Mr. LeFurgy also has responsibility for managing two other NDIIPP programs: (1) the digital preservation research program conducted in partnership with the National Science Foundation; and (2) the state government digital information initiative, which is exploring how best to work with the states. Prior to coming to the Library, Mr. LeFurgy worked at the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration on electronic records and digital preservation issues. |
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