Bromobutyl in tire treads.Tire tread tread injury to the coronet of the horse's hoof by treading on it by the opposite hoof, or by another horse when they are being worked in a team. If the coronary matrix is injured there may be a subsequent crack or deformity. compounds containing bromobutyl (BIIR BIIR Baylor Institute for Immunology Research (Dallas, Texas) BIIR Basic Imagery Interpretation Report BIIR Brominated Isobutylene-Isoprene Rubber ) elastomers are known to have very good wet traction Traction Definition Traction is the use of a pulling force to treat muscle and skeleton disorders. Purpose Traction is usually applied to the arms and legs, the neck, the backbone, or the pelvis. , but very poor abrasion abrasion /abra·sion/ (ah-bra´zhun) 1. a rubbing or scraping off through unusual or abnormal action; see also planing. 2. a rubbed or scraped area on skin or mucous membrane. resistance. One reason for this is the poor interaction between butyl butyl /bu·tyl/ (bu´t'l) a hydrocarbon radical, C4H9. bu·tyl n. A hydrocarbon radical, C4H9. butyl a hydrocarbon radical, C4H9. elastomers and carbon black. Addition of any other elastomer elastomer (ĭlăs`təmər), substance having to some extent the elastic properties of natural rubber. The term is sometimes used technically to distinguish synthetic rubbers and rubberlike plastics from natural rubber. to a blend “Blending” redirects here. For alpha blending, see Alpha compositing. In linguistics, a blend is a word formed from parts of two other words. These parts are sometimes, but not always, morphemes. of (H)IIR IIR - Infinite Impulse Response and carbon black results in the migration of the carbon black to the other elastomer. This is probably due to the very low level of C=C bonds in butyl. However, the advent of silica silica or silicon dioxide, chemical compound, SiO2. It is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alkalies, and soluble in dilute hydrofluoric acid. Pure silica is colorless to white. technology for tire treads has provided a potential avenue to obtain much better butyl to filler fill·er 1 n. One that fills, as: a. Something added to augment weight or size or fill space. b. A composition, especially a semisolid that hardens on drying, used to fill pores, cracks, or holes in wood, plaster, interaction by coupling the elastomer and silica through the use of silanes. This technology is utilized in tire treads to lower rolling resistance Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the resistance that occurs when an object such as a ball or tire rolls. It is caused by the deformation of the wheel or tire or the deformation of the ground. , the so-called so-called adj. 1. Commonly called: "new buildings ... in so-called modern style" Graham Greene. 2. "green tire" (figure 1). BIIR is a very reactive reactive /re·ac·tive/ (re-ak´tiv) characterized by reaction; readily responsive to a stimulus. re·ac·tive adj. 1. Tending to be responsive or to react to a stimulus. 2. polymer polymer (pŏl`əmər), chemical compound with high molecular weight consisting of a number of structural units linked together by covalent bonds (see chemical bond). . It is unique in that it can be cured by sulfur sulfur or sulphur (sŭl`fər), nonmetallic chemical element; symbol S; at. no. 16; at. wt. 32.06; m.p. 112.8°C; (rhombic), 119.0°C; (monoclinic), about 120°C; (amorphous); b.p. 444.674°C;; sp. gr. at 20°C;, 2. (figure 2) in the absence of any accelerators or activators, and it can also be cured with amines amines (  mēnz´),n.pl organic compounds that contain nitrogen. (ref. 1). The most common agents used to couple silica to elastomers are bis Second version. It means twice in Old Latin, or encore in French. Ter means three. For example, V.27bis and V.27ter are the second and third versions of the V.27 standard. (triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) and bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide di·sul·fide n. A chemical compound containing two sulfur atoms combined with other elements or radicals. Also called bisulfide. (TESPD). Several silanes containing amine amine (əmēn`, ăm`ēn): see under amino group. amine Any of a class of nitrogen-containing organic compounds derived, either in principle or in practice, from ammonia (NH3). groups such as 3-amino propyltriethoxy silane silane or silicon hydride Any of a series of inorganic compounds of silicon and hydrogen with covalent bonds and the general chemical formula SinH(2n + 2). (APTES APTES (3-Aminopropyl)Triethoxysilane ) are commercially available. [FIGURES 1-2 OMITTED] It has been shown (ref. 2) that good reinforcement reinforcement /re·in·force·ment/ (-in-fors´ment) in behavioral science, the presentation of a stimulus following a response that increases the frequency of subsequent responses, whether positive to desirable events, or of a butyl vulcanizate has been achieved through the interaction of BIIR, silica and a silane coupling agent (figure 3). This improvement in elastomer reinforcement resulted in a significant improvement in many properties, including wear resistance as measured by DIN abrasion loss, tan [delta] at 0[degrees]C and E" at 60[degrees]C. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] However, the abrasion resistance of polybutadiene Polybutadiene is a synthetic rubber that has a high resistance to wear and is used especially in the manufacture of tires. It has also been used to coat or encapsulate electronic assemblies, offering extremely high electrical resistivity. (BR) is superior to any values so far obtained with BIIR. BR has exceptional wear resistance and also has low rolling resistance. However, the grip properties, especially wet traction, are poor. Styrene sty·rene n. A colorless oily liquid from which polystyrenes, plastics, and synthetic rubber are produced. Also called vinylbenzene. butadiene butadiene (by  t'ədī`ēn), colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon. There are two structural isomers of butadiene; they differ in the location of the two carbon-carbon double bonds in the copolymers (SBR SBR - Spectral Band Replication , VSBR VSBR Variable Speed Beam Rifle (Gundam anime) ) are blended blend v. blend·ed or blent , blend·ing, blends v.tr. 1. To combine or mix so that the constituent parts are indistinguishable from one another: with BR to give a good balance of tread properties. A measure of traction and rolling resistance can be obtained by measuring tan [delta] at 0[degrees]C and 60[degrees]C, respectively. Figure 4 compares the tan [delta] properties of (i) a black filled BR; (ii) a 30BR/70VSBR silica compound; and (iii) 30BR/70VSBR carbon black compound with silica filled BIIR. Figure 4 indicates that much better traction could be obtained by adding butyl to a tire tread compound. This article examines some properties of blends of BR and BIIR with respect to potential use in tire treads; and compares them with two typical BR/VSBR tread compounds, one containing carbon black the other silica. [FIGURE 4 OMITTED] Experimental details Two separate masterbatches (MB) were prepared. The BIIR/ silica/silane MB used in this is: BIIR - 100; silica - 60; paraffinic oil - 5-10; silane (APTES and/or and/or conj. Used to indicate that either or both of the items connected by it are involved. Usage Note: And/or is widely used in legal and business writing. TESPD) - 8; S - 1; ZnO ZnO Zinc Oxide - 1.5; stearic acid stearic acid /ste·a·ric ac·id/ (ste-ar´ik) a saturated 18-carbon fatty acid occurring in most fats and oils, particularly of tropical plants and land animals; used pharmaceutically as a tablet and capsule lubricant and as an emulsifying -1. An internal mixer mixer, either of two electronic devices in which two or more signals are combined. In the type of mixer used in radio receivers, radar receivers, and similar systems, a signal is translated upward or downward in frequency. ("B") was used to mix the compound. The fill factor was nominally nom·i·nal adj. 1. a. Of, resembling, relating to, or consisting of a name or names. b. Assigned to or bearing a person's name: nominal shares. 2. Existing in name only. 67%, with the rotors at 77 rpm and cooling water at 40[degrees]C. The sequence: 0' BIIR + 1/2 silica + 1/2 silane; 1' 1/4 silica 2' 1/4 silica + 1/2 silane; 3' brush brush a bushy tail in dogs. brush Cytology A disposible with synthetic 'whiskers', used to scrape cells from mucosal surfaces. See Endocervical brush. chute; 6' dump (<150[degrees]C). The curatives were added on a warm (30[degrees]C) mill and the compound refined with six passes with a tight nip. The recipe for the BR carbon black MB is based on that described in ASTM ASTM abbr. American Society for Testing and Materials D-3189: BR - 100; carbon black (N-234) - 60; naphthenic oil - 15; wax - 1.5; stearic acid - 2; ZnO - 3; TMQ TMQ Terminal-Port Queueing (Cisco) TMQ Talking Message Queue - 1.0; 6 PPD (1) (Parallel Presence Detect) The method used by earlier SIMM memory modules to communicate their capacity to the computer. A binary number coming from a parallel set of pins was read by the system, with each pin representing one bit. Contrast with SPD. - 1.0; sulfur - 1.5; TBBS TBBS The Bread Board System TBBS The Big Blue Sky (website) - 0.9. The internal mixer start conditions were as given above. 0' 1/2 BR+ZnO+oil+black+StH+TMQ+wax+6 PPD+ 1/2BR; 3' brush chute; 6' dump. The curatives were added on a warm (30[degrees]C) mill and the compound refined with six passes with a tight nip. Seven (Y) blends of these two masterbatches (each containing curatives) were prepared on a cool mill. 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60, 20/80 and 0/100. Note that the silane used in the BIIR MB was APTES. A single mix 50BR carbon black/50BIIR silica compound was also prepared. The BIIR + silica + silane were added to the internal mixer first and allowed to mix before the remainder of the ingredients was added. The details of the recipe and the procedure are given in table 1. Two BR/VSBR compounds were prepared as controls. Table 2 gives the recipes Recipes by category Albanian cuisine
Results and discussion Strategy The strategy behind this work was to replace the SBR component of a tire tread with BIIR, and to maximize In a graphical environment, to enlarge a window to the full size of the screen. See Win Maximize windows. the wear resistance of the BIIR component by blending blend v. blend·ed or blent , blend·ing, blends v.tr. 1. To combine or mix so that the constituent parts are indistinguishable from one another: silica, silane and curatives into the BIIR phase. Thus, the major approach was to produce (a) a BIIR + silica + silane + oil + curatives masterbatch, and (b) separately a BR carbon black based masterbatch containing curatives. These two masterbatches were then blended on a cool mill prior to curing, i.e., a "Y" mix. A secondary approach was to see to what extent a single mix could produce similar properties. In this approach, the BIIR + silica + silane were reacted first, either as the first ingredients added to the mixer or as a separate premixed masterbatch. In both cases, the ZnO in the BR recipe was added with the rest of the curatives on the mill, and the 6 PPD was added late in the mix. These two changes were made to minimize In a graphical environment, to hide an application that is currently displayed on screen. For example, in Windows and Mac, the application's window is removed from the screen and represented by an icon on the Windows Taskbar. In the Mac, the icon is placed in the Dock. See Win Minimize windows. the possibility of any premature pre·ma·ture adj. 1. Occurring or developing before the usual or expected time. 2. Born after a gestation period of less than the normal time, especially, in human infants, after a period of less than 37 weeks. curing of the BIIR in the mixer. Effect of BR carbon black/BIIR silica APTES ratio on compound properties. Table 3 gives the properties of the blends and the two controls. Figure 5 shows the effect of BR/BIIR content on wear as measured by DIN abrasion loss. Figure 6 shows the effect of BR/BIIR content on tan [delta] at 0[degrees]C--this is an indicator Indicator Anything used to predict future financial or economic trends. Notes: In the context of technical analysis, an indicator is a mathematical calculation based on a securities price and/or volume. The result is used to predict future prices. of wet traction. The figures indicate a linear relationship between elastomer ratio and the two properties. As expected, BR gives the best wear and BIIR the highest value for tan [delta] at 0[degrees]C. [FIGURES 5-6 OMITTED] The measurements on tan [delta] and loss modulus See modulo. at 60[degrees]C indicate potential for reducing rolling resistance by adding BIIR/ silica/silane to a BR compound. Another method which can be used as an indicator for rolling resistance is to measure the loss of energy as a fraction of the total energy. An MTS (1) See Microsoft Transaction Server. (2) (Modular TV System) The stereo channel added to the NTSC standard, which includes the SAP audio channel for special use. 1. MTS - Message Transport System. 2. machine has been used to look at this property. Figure 7 shows the data for these compounds in comparison with the two BR/VSBR controls used in this study. The data support the conclusions from the tan [delta] and loss modulus data at 60[degrees]C. [FIGURE 7 OMITTED] Comparison of properties with 30BR/70VSSBR compounds Table 4 compares a 40BR carbon black/60 BIIR silica blend with the two VSBR/BR controls. The data indicate that for similar DIN abrasion loss the 40/60 blend has superior wet traction and possibly better rolling resistance. The heat rise and permanent set properties were measured as butyl compounds often have a high heat rise and poor set properties. These data show low heat rise and permanent set. Table 5 shows a similar comparison for an 80BR carbon black/20 BIIR silica blend. These figures indicate that superior wear resistance may be obtained for similar traction properties compared to the VSBR/BR controls. Processability characteristics--Mooney scorch The Mooney Mooney is family name, which is probably predominantly derived from the Irish Ó Maonaigh. It can also be spelled Moony, Meaney, Mauney, Moon, Money. The word can refer to: Companies
Meaney spelling [FIGURE 8 OMITTED] To improve the scorch safety, part of the APTES was replaced with TESPD. At the same time, the oil content in the BIIR masterbatch was reduced from 10 to 5 phr to examine the effect on vulcanizate properties. Table 6 shows that the scorch safety of 50/50 blends of BR carbon black/BIIR silica is significantly improved if 50% of the APTES is replaced by TESPD. Scorch times of >12 minutes were obtained at 135[degrees]C. Note that the Mooney scorch conditions were changed for the second set of experiments from a large to a small rotor rotor: see generator; motor, electric. . Table 7 gives the properties of the three compounds containing the mixed APTES + TESPD silane system. The data confirm data shown in an earlier piece (ref. 2) that a mixture of APTES + TESPD is better than TESPD alone for DIN abrasion loss, tan [delta] at 0[degrees]C and E" at 60[degrees]C. Comparison of the single mix with the "Y" mix for the 50/50 blend with 100% APTES (compounds 394 and 398 in table 3) shows that the single mix gives reasonable properties, but not as good as the "Y" mix. The data indicate that the dispersion dispersion, in chemistry dispersion, in chemistry, mixture in which fine particles of one substance are scattered throughout another substance. A dispersion is classed as a suspension, colloid, or solution. is not as good for the single mix. A second set of 50BR carbon black/50BIIR silica compounds was produced using slightly different recipes and mixing procedures. In this series, the paraffinic oil was lowered from 10 to 5 phr and a mixture of 25% APTES (2 phr based on BIIR) and 75% TESPD (6 phr based on BIIR) replaced the 100% TESPD. The amount of the curatives is also slightly different. Two different single mix procedures were used (i) similar to the one given previously and (ii) in which a BIIR/silica/silane masterbatch was prepared separately. This can be classified as somewhat between a "Y" and single mix. Table 8 gives the full recipes and mixing procedures. The data (table 9) show that all three mixing procedures give similar values for all the properties which were tested, apart for DeMattia flex, which is superior for the "Y" mix. The true single mix is, however, somewhat inferior INFERIOR. One who in relation to another has less power and is below him; one who is bound to obey another. He who makes the law is the superior; he who is bound to obey it, the inferior. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 8. to the other mixes for the following properties: CPML CPML Call Policy Markup Language (Digital Telecomm. Inc.) CPML Convolutional Perfectly-Matched Layer CPML Call Processing Markup Language ; tan [delta] at 0[degrees]C; E" at 60[degrees]C; DeMattia flex (punched); crack growth 300%; and crack growth 600%. The differences for tan [delta] at 0[degrees]C and E" at 60[degrees]C are small, but are indicative indicative: see mood. of poorer filler dispersion. Conclusions Laboratory data indicate that a significant improvement in the balance of three major tire tread properties (wear, traction and rolling resistance) can be achieved by using BIIR + silica + silane as part of the tire tread composition. It is possible to produce BIIR/BR compounds with a good balance of properties in a single internal mixer mix. It is preferable that the BIIR + silica + silane are premixed. A combination of APTES + TESPD may produce a superior balance of properties as compared to APTES alone.
Table 1 - single mix recipe and mix procedure
BIIR 50
Silica 30
Silane (APTES) 4
Paraffinic oil 5
Naphthenic oil 7.5
Carbon black (N234) 30
Wax 0.75
TMQ 0.5
BR 50
6 PPD 0.5
Curatives added on a cool mill
S 1.25
ZnO 2.25
Stearic acid 1.5
TBBS 0.45
0'- A+B; 1' - C; 2'- D; 3'- brush chute; 6'- dump
Table 2 - BR/VSBR control compounds
VSBR 96.3 96.3
BR 30 30
Carbon black (N-234) 80
Silica 80
Silane (TESPT) 6.4
Stearic acid 1 1
Aromatic oil 9 9
Wax 1.5 1.5
6PPD 1 1
TMQ 1 1
ZnO 2.5 2.5
S 1.4 1.4
CBS 1.7 1.7
DPG 2.0
Compounds were prepared in a B internal mixer; rotor
speed was 77 rpm; start temperature was 30[degrees]C.
For the carbon black compound the procedure was:
0'- VSBR+BR; 1'- Carbon black+StH+oil+wax+PPD+
TMQ+ZnO; 4'- brush the chute; 5'- dump
For the silica compound the procedure was:
0'- VSBR+BR; 1'- 1/2 silica-/2 silane; 3'- 1/2 silica+/2
silane and sweep; 4'- StH+oil+wax+PPD+TMQ+ZnO;
5' - brush the chute; 6'- dump and sheet out
Mixer allowed to cool to 40[degrees]C before starting remix
0'- add remix; dump when temperature on ram temperature
probe reached 150[degrees]C
For both controls the curatives were added on a cool
(30[degrees]C) mill and refined with six passes.
Table 3 - blends of (100 BR/60 N234/15 naphthenic oil) +
(100 BIIR/10 praffinic oil/60 silica/8 aminosilane)
OOCW ... 391 392 394
BR 100 80 50
BIIR 0 20 50
VSBR
Mixes 2 2 2
CP Mooney tested (CPML 1+8 @ 100[degrees]C, 80% decay, 4 min.
relaxation)
Mooney viscosity (MU) 66.0 70.4 79.9
Time to decay (min.) 0.24 0.43 0.84
Slope (IgM/Igs) -0.267 -0.236 -0.232
Intercept (MU) 27.8 31.2 39.9
Area under curve 2,076 2,649 3,440
CP Mooney tested (CPML 1+8 @ 100[degrees]C, 80% decay, 4 min.
relaxation) aged 2 weeks @ RT on bench wrapped in black film).
Aged Mooney viscosity (MU) 73.6 81 97.4
Increase in CPML 7.6 10.6 17.5
MDR cure characteristics (1.7 Hz., 3[degrees] arc, 60' @ 170[degrees]C)
Chart No. 718 719 721
MH (dN.m) 41.82 30.68 35.91
ML (dN.m) 8.37 8.56 10
Delta MH-ML (dN.m) 33.45 22.12 25.91
ts 1 (min.) 1.38 1.02 0.48
ts 2 (min.) 1.74 1.26 0.54
t' 10 (min.) 2.15 1.29 0.61
t' 25 (min.) 2.98 1.95 1.41
t' 50 (min.) 3.73 2.91 5.33
t' 90 (min.) 5.65 6.51 40.13
t' 95 (min.) 6.38 10.76 51.33
Delta t'50 - t'l0(min.) 1.58 1.62 4.69
Compound Mooney scorch (large rotor @ 135[degrees]C)
t05 (min.) 14.9 7.2 4.2
t35 (min.) 19.8 16.4 6.1
t35 - 705 (min.) 4.9 9.2 1.9
Die C tear (cured tc90+5 @ 170[degrees]C, tested @ RT)
Tear strength (kN/m) 67.8 42.9 23.8
Stress strain (Die C dumbells, t90+5 @ 170[degrees]C, tested @
23[degrees]C)
Hardness durometer A2 inst. (pts.) 54 51 54
Ultimate tensile (MPa) 16.13 11.3 13.98
Ultimate elongation (%) 561 570 446
Stress @ 25 (MPa) 0.69 0.61 0.66
Stress @ 50 (MPa) 0.95 0.81 0.96
Stress @ 100 (MPa) 1.31 1.07 1.62
Stress @ 200 (MPa) 2.68 1.99 3.9
Stress @ 300 (MPa) 5.7 3.9 7.67
300M/100M 4.4 3.6 4.7
DeMattia flex test (cured tc90+10 @ 170[degrees]C, samples punched)
Crack growth unaged 300% (Kc) 3.1 3.9 2.1
Crack growth unaged 600% (Kc) 11 15 7
DIN abrasion (cure tc90+10 @ 170[degrees]C)
Specific gravity
Abrasion volume loss ([mm.sup.3]) 44 87 108
Flexometer (cured tc90+10 @ 170[degrees]C; 55[degrees]C, 11 kg on
beam, compression stroke 17.5%)
Heat rise 39.3 Too 24
Permanent set (%) 5.3 soft 1.5
RSA II, temperature sweep (2[degrees]C/min., 60 sec. soak, 70
rad/sec., -100 to +100[degrees]C, cured tc90+5 @ 170[degrees]C)
Tan delta @ 0[degrees]C 0.148 0.238 0.377
Tan delta @ +60[degrees]C 0.144 0.182 0.142
Loss modulus @ +60[degrees]C 1.438 1.225 0.805
Single
mix
OOCW ... 396 397 398
BR 20 0 50
BIIR 80 100 50
VSBR
Mixes 2 2 1
CP Mooney tested (CPML 1+8 @ 100[degrees]C, 80% decay, 4 min.
relaxation)
Mooney viscosity (MU) 95.6 132.9 69.3
Time to decay (min.) 1.56 >4 min. 0.32
Slope (IgM/Igs) -0.228 -0.172 -0.266
Intercept (MU) 53.7 83.5 31.2
Area under curve 4,720 9,313 2,327
CP Mooney tested (CPML 1+8 @ 100[degrees]C, 80% decay, 4 min.
relaxation) aged 2 weeks @ RT on bench wrapped in black film).
Aged Mooney viscosity (MU) 124.1 155.3 88.6
Increase in CPML 28.5 22.4 19.3
MDR cure characteristics (1.7 Hz., 3[degrees] arc, 60' @ 170[degrees]C)
Chart No. 723 724 725
MH (dN.m) 49.35 41.93 39.45
ML (dN.m) 11.3 15.09 9.13
Delta MH-ML (dN.m) 38.05 26.84 30.32
ts 1 (min.) 0.48 0.54 0.42
ts 2 (min.) 0.6 0.66 0.54
t' 10 (min.) 0.84 0.71 0.58
t' 25 (min.) 1.84 1.21 1.33
t' 50 (min.) 4.86 2.33 5.62
t' 90 (min.) 34.37 6.83 41.15
t' 95 (min.) 44.51 8.46 52.1
Delta t'50 - t'l0(min.) 4.02 1.62 5.04
Compound Mooney scorch (large rotor @ 135[degrees]C)
t05 (min.) 0.78 0.14 5.1
t35 (min.) 2.4 1.2 10.8
t35 - 705 (min.) 1.62 1.06 5.7
Die C tear (cured tc90+5 @ 170[degrees]C, tested @ RT)
Tear strength (kN/m) 21.5 25.8 27.7
Stress strain (Die C dumbells, t90+5 @ 170[degrees]C, tested @
23[degrees]C)
Hardness durometer A2 inst. (pts.) 56 56 54
Ultimate tensile (MPa) 14.63 14.86 11.85
Ultimate elongation (%) 317 331 456
Stress @ 25 (MPa) 0.79 0.78 0.67
Stress @ 50 (MPa) 1.25 1.29 0.98
Stress @ 100 (MPa) 2.51 2.69 1.61
Stress @ 200 (MPa) 7.05 7.04 3.67
Stress @ 300 (MPa) 13.57 13.22 6.75
300M/100M 5.4 4.9 4.2
DeMattia flex test (cured tc90+10 @ 170[degrees]C, samples punched)
Crack growth unaged 300% (Kc) 0.3 0.6 4.1
Crack growth unaged 600% (Kc) 1 2 22
DIN abrasion (cure tc90+10 @ 170[degrees]C)
Specific gravity
Abrasion volume loss ([mm.sup.3]) 182 226 95
Flexometer (cured tc90+10 @ 170[degrees]C; 55[degrees]C, 11 kg on
beam, compression stroke 17.5%)
Heat rise 17 16.3 23
Permanent set (%) 0.8 1.5 1.1
RSA II, temperature sweep (2[degrees]C/min., 60 sec. soak, 70
rad/sec., -100 to +100[degrees]C, cured tc90+5 @ 170[degrees]C)
Tan delta @ 0[degrees]C 0.517 0.620 0.353
Tan delta @ +60[degrees]C 0.095 0.111 0.140
Loss modulus @ +60[degrees]C 0.622 0.746 1.078
VSBR/BR controls
N234 Silica
OOCW ... 401 402
BR 30 30
BIIR 0 0
VSBR 96.3 96.3
Mixes 1 1
CP Mooney tested (CPML 1+8 @ 100[degrees]C, 80% decay, 4 min.
relaxation)
Mooney viscosity (MU) 70.5 57.9
Time to decay (min.) 0.13 0.15
Slope (IgM/Igs) -0.294 -0.347
Intercept (MU) 26.5 24.9
Area under curve 1,758 1,330
CP Mooney tested (CPML 1+8 @ 100[degrees]C, 80% decay, 4 min.
relaxation) aged 2 weeks @ RT on bench wrapped in black film).
Aged Mooney viscosity (MU) 72 61.4
Increase in CPML 1.5 3.5
MDR cure characteristics (1.7 Hz., 3[degrees] arc, 60' @ 170[degrees]C)
Chart No. 726 727
MH (dN.m) 38.64 56.39
ML (dN.m) 6.62 6.32
Delta MH-ML (dN.m) 32.02 50.07
ts 1 (min.) 1.74 1.26
ts 2 (min.) 2.16 1.8
t' 10 (min.) 2.34 2.67
t' 25 (min.) 2.67 3.41
t' 50 (min.) 2.97 4.18
t' 90 (min.) 19.43 24.82
t' 95 (min.) 33.95 37.01
Delta t'50 - t'l0(min.) 0.63 1.51
Compound Mooney scorch (large rotor @ 135[degrees]C)
t05 (min.) 14.6 16.2
t35 (min.) 17.3 28
t35 - 705 (min.) 2.7 11.8
Die C tear (cured tc90+5 @ 170[degrees]C, tested @ RT)
Tear strength (kN/m) 33.9 35.6
Stress strain (Die C dumbells, t90+5 @ 170[degrees]C, tested @
23[degrees]C)
Hardness durometer A2 inst. (pts.) 67 65
Ultimate tensile (MPa) 15.91 19.16
Ultimate elongation (%) 321 486
Stress @ 25 (MPa) 1.08 0.97
Stress @ 50 (MPa) 1.61 1.31
Stress @ 100 (MPa) 3.15 2.04
Stress @ 200 (MPa) 8.1 5.11
Stress @ 300 (MPa) 14.63 10.23
300M/100M 4.6 5.0
DeMattia flex test (cured tc90+10 @ 170[degrees]C, samples punched)
Crack growth unaged 300% (Kc) 4.6 6.6
Crack growth unaged 600% (Kc) 15 23
DIN abrasion (cure tc90+10 @ 170[degrees]C)
Specific gravity
Abrasion volume loss ([mm.sup.3]) 125 136
Flexometer (cured tc90+10 @ 170[degrees]C; 55[degrees]C, 11 kg on
beam, compression stroke 17.5%)
Heat rise 35.7 19
Permanent set (%) 3.5 1.3
RSA II, temperature sweep (2[degrees]C/min., 60 sec. soak, 70
rad/sec., -100 to +100[degrees]C, cured tc90+5 @ 170[degrees]C)
Tan delta @ 0[degrees]C 0.233 0.250
Tan delta @ +60[degrees]C 0.150 0.090
Loss modulus @ +60[degrees]C 3.117 1.931
Table 4 - comparison of 40/60 blend of BR/BIIR
with 30/70 BR/VSBR
40BR/60BIIR Car- 30BR/70VSBR Silica
bon black/silica Carbon black
DIN 116 125 136
Tan [delta] 0[degrees]C 0.40 0.23 0.25
Tan [delta] 60 [degrees]C 0.11 0.15 0.09
E" 60[degrees]C 0.82 3.12 1.93
Heat rise 19.7 35.7 19
Perm. set 1.0 3.5 1.3
Table 5 - comparison of 80/20 blend of BR/BIIR
with 30/70 BR/VSBR
80BR/20BIIR Car- 30BR/70VSBR Silica
bon black/silica Carbon black
DIN 87 125 136
Tan [delta] 0[degrees]C 0.24 0.23 0.25
Tan [delta] 60 [degrees]C 0.18 0.15 0.09
E" 60[degrees]C 1.23 3.12 1.93
Heat rise 35.7 19
Perm. set 3.5 1.3
Table 6 - 50 BR/50 BIIR (5 phr oil) blends
Aminosilane (%) 100 50 25 0
TESPD (%) 0 50 75 100
Oil (phr) 10 5 5 5
t5 ([t.sub.3]small) @ 135[degrees]C 4 * 13 ** 21 ** 15 **
CPML (1+8 @ 125[degrees]C) 80 * 37 ** 38 ** 34 **
CPML change after 2 weeks +17 * +9 ** +10 ** +11 **
DIN 108 73 81 99
Tan [delta] 0[degrees]C 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.34
Tan [delta] 60[degrees]C 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.11
E" 60[degrees]C 0.81 1.00 1.03 1.11
Heat rise 24 25 27 24
Perm. set 1.5 1.5 2 1.3
* Large rotor; ** Small rotor
Table 7 - effect of replacement of part of APTES with TESPD
(for 50BR/carbon black/50BIIR silica blends)
Compound A B
"Y" mix "Y" mix
50 APTES/ 25 APTES/
50TESPD 75TESPD
Compound Mooney scorch (small rotor, 135[degrees]C)
t value t03 (min.) 12.9 20.8
t value t18 (min.) 18.6 >30
t value t18-t03 (min.) 5.8
CP Mooney tested (CPML 1+8 @ 125[degrees]C, 80% decay, 4 min.
relaxation)
Mooney viscosity (MU) 36.6 37.9
Time to decay (min.) 0.76 0.99
Slope (IgM/Igs) -0.21 -0.20
Intercept (MU) 16.9 16.9
Area under curve 1,588 1,647
CP Mooney tested (CPML 1+8 @ 125[degrees]C, aged 360 hrs. @ RT
wrapped in black PE film in air
Aged Mooney viscosity (MU) 45.2 47.7
Change in Mooney 8.6 9.8
MDR cure characteristics (1.7 Hz., 3[degrees] arc, 60' @
170[degrees]C, charts 48-55, 70-77)
MH (dN.m) 42.6 47.4
ML (dN.m) 9.1 9.0
Delta MH-ML (dN.m) 33.6 38.4
ts 1 (min.) 0.9 0.84
ts 2 (min.) 1.26 1.32
t' 10 (min.) 1.67 2.01
t' 25 (min.) 3.65 4.36
t' 50 (min.) 8.4 8.8
t' 90 (min.) 45.6 38.3
Delta t'50 - t'l0 (min.) 6.7 6.8
Die C tear (cured tc90 + 5 @ 170[degrees]C, tested @ RT)
Tear strength (kN/m) 23.7 25.0
Stress strain (Die C dumbells, t90 + 5 @ 170[degrees]C, tested @
23[degrees]C)
Hardness durometer A2 inst. (pts.) 56 59
Ultimate tensile (MPa) 15.2 17.1
Ultimate elongation (%) 420 441
Stress @ 25 (MPa) 0.86 0.95
Stress @ 50 (MPa) 1.22 1.36
Stress @ 100 (MPa) 1.97 2.25
Stress 0 200 (MPa) 4.71 5.33
Stress @ 300 (MPa) 9.13 9.95
300M/100M 4.6 4.4
DIN abrasion (cure tc90 +10 @ 170[degrees]C)
Abrasion volume loss ([mm.sup.3]) 73 81
Flexometer (cured tc90 +10 @ 170[degrees]C; 55[degrees]C, 11 kg on
beam; compression stroke 17.5%)
Heat rise ([degrees]C) 25 27
Permanent set (%) 1.5 2
RSA II, temperature sweep (2[degrees]C/min., 60 sec. soak, 70
rad/sec., -100 to +100[degrees]C, cured tc90 + 5 @ 170[degrees]C)
Tan delta @ 0[degrees]C 0.383 0.370
Tan delta @ 60[degrees]C 0.138 0.128
Loss modulus @ 60[degrees]C 1.005 1.034
DeMattia flex test cured tc90+10 @ 170[degrees]C, punched
Crack growth unaged 300% (Kc) 4.2 24.6
Crack growth unaged 600% (Kc) 23 >250
Compound C
"Y" mix
100 TESPD
Compound Mooney scorch (small rotor, 135[degrees]C)
t value t03 (min.) 14.6
t value t18 (min.) >30
t value t18-t03 (min.)
CP Mooney tested (CPML 1+8 @ 125[degrees]C, 80% decay, 4 min.
relaxation)
Mooney viscosity (MU) 34.2
Time to decay (min.) 0.51
Slope (IgM/Igs) -0.22
Intercept (MU) 15.0
Area under curve 1,380
CP Mooney tested (CPML 1+8 @ 125[degrees]C, aged 360 hrs. @ RT
wrapped in black PE film in air
Aged Mooney viscosity (MU) 44.7
Change in Mooney 10.5
MDR cure characteristics (1.7 Hz., 3[degrees] arc, 60' @
170[degrees]C, charts 48-55, 70-77)
MH (dN.m) 54.5
ML (dN.m) 8.3
Delta MH-ML (dN.m) 46.2
ts 1 (min.) 0.72
ts 2 (min.) 1.2
t' 10 (min.) 2.17
t' 25 (min.) 4.52
t' 50 (min.) 8.7
t' 90 (min.) 30.8
Delta t'50 - t'l0 (min.) 6.5
Die C tear (cured tc90 + 5 @ 170[degrees]C, tested @ RT)
Tear strength (kN/m) 26.1
Stress strain (Die C dumbells, t90 + 5 @ 170[degrees]C, tested @
23[degrees]C)
Hardness durometer A2 inst. (pts.) 67
Ultimate tensile (MPa) 17.7
Ultimate elongation (%) 389
Stress @ 25 (MPa) 1.09
Stress @ 50 (MPa) 1.59
Stress @ 100 (MPa) 2.72
Stress 0 200 (MPa) 6.71
Stress @ 300 (MPa) 12.32
300M/100M 4.5
DIN abrasion (cure tc90 +10 @ 170[degrees]C)
Abrasion volume loss ([mm.sup.3]) 99
Flexometer (cured tc90 +10 @ 170[degrees]C; 55[degrees]C, 11 kg on
beam; compression stroke 17.5%)
Heat rise ([degrees]C) 24
Permanent set (%) 1.3
RSA II, temperature sweep (2[degrees]C/min., 60 sec. soak, 70
rad/sec., -100 to +100[degrees]C, cured tc90 + 5 @ 170[degrees]C)
Tan delta @ 0[degrees]C 0.341
Tan delta @ 60[degrees]C 0.113
Loss modulus @ 60[degrees]C 1.107
DeMattia flex test cured tc90+10 @ 170[degrees]C, punched
Crack growth unaged 300% (Kc) 5
Crack growth unaged 600% (Kc) 30
Table 8 - single mix recipes and mix procedures
Compound 1 2
A BIIR 50 50
B Silica 30 30) pre-mix
B Silane (APTES) 1 1
B Silane (APTES and/or TESPD) 3 3)
C Paraffinic oil 2.5 2,5
C Naphthenic oil 7.5 7.5
C Carbon black (N-234) 30 30
C Wax 0.75 0.75
C TMQ 0.5 0.5
D BR 50 50
D 6PPD 0.5 0.5
Curatives added on a cool mill
2A A 1 1
2A ZnO 2 2
2A Stearic acid 1 1
2A TBBS 0.5 0.5
0' A+B A+B
1' C C
3' D D
4' Brush chute Brush chute
6' Dump Dump
Table 9 - 50 BR/50 BIIR blends
Number of mixes 1 1 2
BIIR silica silane MB No Yes
[t.sub.5] @ 135[degrees]C 20 22 21
CPML (1+8 @ 125[degrees]C) 42 39 38
CPML change after two weeks 9 7 10
DIN 77 75 81
Tan [delta] 0[degrees]C 0.35 0.36 0.37
Tan [delta] 60[degrees]C 0.13 0.13 0.13
E" 60*C 1.30 0.98 1.03
Heat rise 28 27 27
Perm. set 1.7 1.4 2
References (1.) "Cure reactivity--a route to improved performance in halobutyl applications," J. Walker and W. Hopkins Hopkins, city (1990 pop. 16,534), Hennepin co., SE Minn., a suburb of Minneapolis; inc. as West Minneapolis 1893, name changed 1928. The city manufactures machinery, computer and electronic parts, steel products, air pollution equipment, ophthalmic lenses, tools, , Australian Australian pertaining to or originating in Australia. Australian bat lyssavirus disease see Australian bat lyssavirus disease. Australian cattle dog a medium-sized, compact working dog used for control of cattle. PRI PRI: see Institutional Revolutionary party. (Primary Rate Interface) An ISDN service that provides 23 64 Kbps B (Bearer) channels and one 64 Kbps D (Data) channel (23B+D), which is equivalent to the 24 channels of a T1 line. , October October: see month. 1986. (2.) "Reinforcement of BR with silica," W. Hopkins, W. von Hellens Hellens Manor, also known as Hellens House or simply Hellens and located in the village of Much Marcle in Herefordshire is one of the oldest dwellings in England, currently primarily composed of Tudor style architecture, but some elements may be far older. , A. Koski and J. Rausa, Rubber World, April 2002. |
|
||||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion