Bounds on time reversal violation from polarized neutron capture with unpolarized targets.We have analyzed constraints on parity-odd time-reversal noninvariant interactions derived from measurements of the energy dependence of parity-violating polarized A one-way direction of a signal or the molecules within a material pointing in one direction. neutron capture Neutron capture is a kind of nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus collides with one or more neutrons and they merge to form a heavier nucleus. Since neutrons have no electric charge, they can enter a nucleus more easily than charged particles which are repelled by on unpolarized targets. As previous authors found, a perturbation perturbation (pŭr'tərbā`shən), in astronomy and physics, small force or other influence that modifies the otherwise simple motion of some object. The term is also used for the effect produced by the perturbation, e.g. in energy dependence due to a parity (P)-odd time (T)-odd interaction is present. However, the perturbation competes with T-even terms which can obscure the T-odd signature. We estimate the magnitudes of these competing terms and suggest strategies for a practicable experiment. Key words: neutrons; resonances; time-reversal. 1. Introduction The enhancement factor of a million observed in the 1980s in compound nucleus parity violating observables stimulated great interest in searching for time reversal time reversal n. Mathematics Abbr. T An operation representing a transformation from a given physical system undergoing a given sequence of events to a system in which the exact reverse sequence of events takes place. violation. The enhancement is expected to be present for all symmetry breaking Symmetry breaking A deviation from exact symmetry. According to modern physical theory the fundamental laws of physics possess a very high degree of symmetry. observables in compound nuclear systems, arising as it does from the close spacing and long lifetimes of the states. The largest enhancements were seen in transmission experiments with epithermal neutrons at resonances in nuclei nuclei /nu·clei/ (noo´kle-i) [L.] plural of nucleus. nu·cle·i n. Plural of nucleus. nuclei plural of nucleus. A > 100. Despite considerable effort, however, no epithermal neutron neutron, uncharged elementary particle of slightly greater mass than the proton. It was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. The stable isotopes of all elements except hydrogen and helium contain a number of neutrons equal to or greater than the number of protons. transmission test of time reversal violation. (P-even or P-odd) has been carried out, primarily due to difficulties in preparing a suitable spin polarized or aligned nuclear target. For general background on the proposed experiments and the difficulties see [1,2]. For P-even time reversal violation, tests with higher energy neutrons have been performed in holmium holmium (hōl`mēəm) [Lat.,=Stockholm], metallic chemical element; symbol Ho; at. no. 67; at. wt. 164.9304; m.p. about 1,474°C;; b.p. about 2,425°C;; sp. gr. 8.78 at 25°C;; valence +3. (A = 165) using a nuclear spin aligned target [3]. The experimental precision is high. However, there are no compound nuclear enhancement mechanisms at work, and a 1/A suppression factor arises since only the last valence Valence, city, France Valence (väläNs`), city (1990 pop. 65,026), capital of Drôme dept., SE France, in Dauphiné, on the Rhône River. nucleon nucleon, term applying to both the proton and the neutron, the two constituents of atomic nuclei. The nucleon may be considered a single particle, of which the proton and the neutron are two different states. See atom; elementary particles. contributes to the T-violating effect. Further improvement with heavy targets and MeV-beams of neutrons therefore appears unlikely. Use of a tensor tensor, in mathematics, quantity that depends linearly on several vector variables and that varies covariantly with respect to some variables and contravariantly with respect to others when the coordinate axes are rotated (see Cartesian coordinates). polarized deuteron Deuteron The nucleus of the atom of heavy hydrogen, 2H (deuterium). The deuteron d is composed of a proton and a neutron; it is the simplest multinucleon nucleus. Its binding energy is 2. target avoids the 1/A suppression, and a test using a few hundred MeV polarized proton beam is planned for the COoler SYnchrotron synchrotron: see particle accelerator. synchrotron Cyclic particle accelerator in which the particle is confined to its orbit by a magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic field increases as the particle's momentum increases. storage ring facility (COSY co·sy adj., v. & n. Variant of cozy. cosy or US cozy Adjective [-sier, -siest] or US [-zier, ) at the Institut fur Kernphysik (IKP IKP Institut für Kernphysik (Institute for Nuclear Physics) IKP Institut für Körperzentrierte Psychotherapie (Switzerland) IKP Icici Knowledge Park (Hyderabad, India) ) Juelich, Germany by the Time Reversal Invariance Time reversal invariance A symmetry of the fundamental (microscopic) equations of motion of a system; if it holds, the time reversal of any motion of the system is also a motion of the system. Test at COSY collaboration (TRIC TRIC trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis. TRIC Trachoma-induced interstitial conjunctivitis ). The experiment is still under development but does have the potential to make an order of magnitude A change in quantity or volume as measured by the decimal point. For example, from tens to hundreds is one order of magnitude. Tens to thousands is two orders of magnitude; tens to millions is three orders of magnitude, etc. improvement in sensitivity to the underlying T-violating meson meson (mē`zŏn) [Gr.,=middle (i.e., middleweight)], class of elementary particles whose masses are generally between those of the lepton class of lighter particles and those of the baryon class of heavier particles. exchange coupling constants For the Murray-von Neumann coupling constant, see von Neumann algebra. For the coupling constant in NMR spectroscopy, see NMR spectroscopy and/or Proton NMR. In physics, a coupling constant, usually denoted g [4]. Given the difficulties associated with the need for a polarized target in an on-resonance neutron transmission P-odd test, it is appropriate to investigate whether other experiments could investigate time reversal violation, taking advantage also of the intense fluxes of neutrons expected to be available from the next generation of spallation neutron sources The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source being built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). SNS is being designed and constructed by a unique partnership of six DOE national laboratories: Argonne, Lawrence Berkeley, in the US, Japan and Europe. In the early 1980s, Bunakov and Gudkov [5] and Flambaum and Sushkov [6] noted that measurements with unpolarized targets of the energy dependence near p-wave resonances of parity-violating correlations in polarized neutron capture could constrain con·strain tr.v. con·strained, con·strain·ing, con·strains 1. To compel by physical, moral, or circumstantial force; oblige: felt constrained to object. See Synonyms at force. 2. P-odd T-odd interactions. Although parity-violating asymmetries of the order of a few percent had earlier been observed in polarized neutron capture, the idea was not pursued further. Instead, in a separate development, the energy dependence of forward-backward asymmetries in unpolarized neutron capture was used [7] to look for evidence of parity-conserving time-reversal noninvariance. The study was restricted to a single resonance, but demonstrated that the method could in principle yield a competitive bound on the strength of the P-even T-odd interaction among nucleons if extended to an appropriate sample. In this paper, we expand on the analysis of P-odd T-violation suggested in [5,6]. The purpose of the work is to establish to what extent T-even contributions may mask the perturbation due to the P-odd T-odd interaction of interest. Despite uncertainties in the precise values of resonance parameters, the theory of how to model neutron resonance reactions is well enough established to allow us to estimate the order of magnitude of these contributions. We follow the Flambaum and Sushkov model for the energy dependence of the relevant asymmetries. Our results confirm that there is a shift in the zero of the capture correlation asymmetry Asymmetry A lack of equivalence between two things, such as the unequal tax treatment of interest expense and dividend payments. from the resonance energy [E.sub.p], of order ([v.sub.PT]/[v.sub.P])[GAMMA], where [v.sub.PT] is the root-mean-square (rms) value of compound nucleus matrix elements of the unknown P-odd T-odd interaction and [v.sub.P] is the rms value of compound nucleus matrix elements of the P-odd weak interaction. Our results also indicate that, in the epithermal regime, electromagnetic and weak interaction effects give rise to two T-even displacements of the zero crossing: one of order [square root of ([E.sub.p](in eV))][10.sup.-3][GAMMA] and the other of order ([GAMMA]/D)[GAMMA], where [GAMMA] is the average width of resonances and D is the average spacing between them. A fuller account, also including analysis of the effects of distant resonances, is published elsewhere [8]. 2. Two Resonance Analysis The P-odd asymmetry of interest to us measures the strength of the dependence of the differential cross section for the ([[right arrow].n], [gamma]) reaction on the pseudo-scalar [sigma] * [n.sub.[gamma]], where [sigma] is the transverse To cross from side to side. polarization of the neutron beam and [n.sub.[gamma]] is the unit vector In mathematics, a unit vector in a normed vector space is a vector (often a spatial vector) whose length, (or magnitude) is 1 (the unit length). A unit vector is often written with a superscribed caret or “hat”, like this in the direction of observed photon's momentum. In the notation of the decomposition decomposition /de·com·po·si·tion/ (de-kom?pah-zish´un) the separation of compound bodies into their constituent principles. de·com·po·si·tion n. 1. of the differential cross section for the ([[right arrow].n], [gamma]) reaction in Eq. (17) of [6], we study the energy dependence of the combination A [equivalent to] [a.sub.9] - [a.sub.12]/3, which is precisely the coefficient of [sigma] * [n.sub.[gamma]] when all terms in Eq. (17) of [6] are considered. For the sake of definiteness, we restrict ourselves (as do Flambaum and Sushkov in section 3 of [6]) to radiative neutron capture reactions involving: a) a target nucleus with a [1/2.sup.+] ground state and a final nucleus with a [0.sup.+] ground state, and; b) gamma-quanta corresponding to transitions from [1.sup.+] or [1.sup.-] states of the intermediate compound nucleus to the [0.sup.+] ground state of the final nucleus. Then, the general expressions of Appendix A in [6] imply that A = [A.sup.(13)] + [A.sup.(24)], where [A.sup.(13)] [equivalent to] 2Re[[V.sub.1] ([V.sub.3])*] and [A.sup.(24)] [equivalent to] 2Re[[V.sub.2.sup.(3/2)]([V.sub.4.sup.(3/2)]* - [V.sub.2.sup.(1/2)]([V.sub.4.sup.(1/2)])*] - [1/[square root of 2]]Re[[V.sub.2.sup.(1/2)]([V.sub.4.sup.(3/2)])* + [V.sub.2.sup.(3/2)]([V.sub.4.sup.(1/2)])*], [V.sub.1], [V.sub.2.sup.(j)], [V.sub.3] and [V.sub.4.sup.(j)] being abbreviations for the invariant (programming) invariant - A rule, such as the ordering of an ordered list or heap, that applies throughout the life of a data structure or procedure. Each change to the data structure must maintain the correctness of the invariant. amplitudes [V.sub.1](E, [1.sup.+]), [V.sub.2](E, [1.sup.-], j), [V.sub.3](E, 1) and [V.sub.4.sup.(j)] (E, 1, j) of Eq. (15) in [6], respectively. In the two resonance approximation approximation /ap·prox·i·ma·tion/ (ah-prok?si-ma´shun) 1. the act or process of bringing into proximity or apposition. 2. a numerical value of limited accuracy. , only the terms corresponding to the p-wave resonance at which the measurement is performed and the nearest [1.sup.+] s-wave resonance (of energy [E.sub.s] and width [[GAMMA].sub.s]) are retained in the invariant amplitudes. Thus, [V.sub.1] [approximately equal to] [V.sub.1](s) [equivalent to] -[[square root of 3]/[4k]][[[g.sub.n.sup.s][g.sub.M1.sup.s]]/[E - [E.sub.s] + i[[GAMMA].sub.s]/2]] (2.1) [V.sub.2.sup.(j)] [approximately equal to] [V.sub.2.sup.(j)](p) [equivalent to] -[[square root of 3]/[4k]][[[g.sub.n.sup.p](j)[g.sub.E1.sup.p]]/[E - [E.sub.p] + i[[GAMMA].sub.p]/2]] (2.2) [V.sub.3] [approximately equal to] [V.sub.1](s)[W.sub.sp][[[g.sub.E1.sup.p]/[g.sub.M1.sup.s]]/[E - [E.sub.p] + i[[GAMMA].sub.p]/2]] (2.3) [V.sub.4.sup.(j)] [approximately equal to] [V.sub.2.sup.(j)](p)[W*.sub.sp][[[g.sub.M1.sup.s]/[g.sub.E1.sup.p]]/[E - [E.sub.s] + i[[GAMMA].sub.s]/2]]. (2.4) The notation for the partial width amplitudes ([g.sub.n.sup.s], [g.sub.M1.sup.s], etc) differs from that used in [6] (namely, [T.sub.s], [A.sub.sf], etc). More importantly, we take the interaction matrix element [W.sub.sp] to include both a P-odd perturbation U and a P-odd T-odd perturbation [~.U], i.e. [W.sub.sp] = [u.sub.sp] + i[~.u.sub.sp], where [u.sub.sp] and [~.u.sub.sp] are real. Concerning the partial width amplitudes, we assume for the moment that they are all real: [g.sub.n.sup.s][[g.sub.n.sup.p](j)] is the amplitude for capture by the s-wave [p-wave] resonance of a neutron [of angular momentum angular momentum: see momentum. angular momentum Property that describes the rotary inertia of a system in motion about an axis. It is a vector quantity, having both magnitude and direction. j]; [g.sub.M1.sup.s][[g.sub.E1.sup.p]] is the amplitude for the M1 [E1] electromagnetic deexcitation of the s-wave [p-wave] resonance to the ground state. In terms of these partial width amplitudes, the neutron partial widths of the s- and p-wave resonances are [[GAMMA].sub.s.sup.n] = ([g.sub.n.sup.s])[.sup.2] and [[GAMMA].sub.p.sup.n] = ([g.sub.n.sup.p](1/2))[.sup.2] + ([g.sub.n.sup.p](3/2))[.sup.2], respectively, and the partial gamma width for the M1 and E1 transitions to the ground state are [[GAMMA].sub.M1] = ([g.sub.M1.sup.s])[.sup.2] and [[GAMMA].sub.E1] = ([g.sub.E1.sup.p])[.sup.2], respectively. Below, the normalized partial width amplitudes [x.sub.j.sup.p] [equivalent to] [g.sub.n.sup.p](j) / [square root of [[GAMMA].sub.p.sup.n]] are used. Substitution of Eqs. (2.1)-(2.4) into [A.sup.(13)] and [A.sup.(24)] yields A = [3/[(4k)[.sup.2]]][[[g.sub.E1.sup.p][[GAMMA].sub.p]]/[(E - [E.sub.p])[.sup.2] + [[GAMMA].sub.p.sup.2]/4]][[[g.sub.M1.sup.s][[GAMMA].sub.s.sup.n]]/[(E - [E.sub.s])[.sup.2] + [[GAMMA].sub.s.sup.2]/4]][u.sub.sp][[a.sub.p][epsilon] + [~.a.sub.p][[~.u.sub.sp]/[u.sub.sp]] + [b.sub.p]], (2.5) where, in terms of [z.sub.p] [equivalent to] ([x.sub.3/2.sup.p])[.sup.2] - ([x.sub.1/2.sup.p])[.sup.2] - [1/[square root of 2]][x.sub.1/2.sup.p][x.sub.3/2.sup.p], the coefficients [a.sub.p], [~.a.sub.p], and [b.sub.p] are [a.sub.p] = 1 + [z.sub.p][[[GAMMA].sub.p.sup.n]/[[GAMMA].sub.s.sup.n]], [~.a.sub.p] = 1 - [z.sub.p][[[GAMMA].sub.p.sup.n]/[[GAMMA].sub.s.sup.n]][[[GAMMA].sub.s]/[[GAMMA].sub.p]] and [b.sub.p] = [z.sub.p][[[GAMMA].sub.p.sup.n]/[[GAMMA].sub.s.sup.n]][[[E.sub.p] - [E.sub.s]]/[[[GAMMA].sub.p]/2]]. Equation (2.5) demonstrates that a P-odd T-odd interaction does modify, as claimed in [6], the energy dependence of the P-odd asymmetry associated with the pseudoscalar [sigma] * [n.sub.[gamma]]. A signature of this change is its effect on the location of the zero in the asymmetry (or, equivalently, A). According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. Eq. (2.5), the zero is offset from the resonance energy [E.sub.p] by an amount [DELTA][E.sub.p] = -([[~.a.sub.p]/[a.sub.p]][[~.u.sub.sp]/[u.sub.sp]] + [[b.sub.p]/[a.sub.p]])[[[GAMMA].sub.p]/2]. (2.6) If we suppose that |[V.sub.1]| and the |[V.sub.2.sup.(j)]|'s are comparable when E [approximately equal to] [E.sub.p] (the parity-mixing essential to the asymmetry under consideration will not be substantial unless this is the case), then [[[GAMMA].sub.p.sup.n]/[[GAMMA].sub.s.sup.n]] [approximately] [[[GAMMA].sub.M1]/[[GAMMA].sub.E1]]([[[GAMMA].sub.p]/2]/[[E.sub.p] - [E.sub.s]])[.sup.2] [approximately] ([GAMMA]/D)[.sup.2], where [GAMMA] is the average width of resonances and D is the typical spacing between J = 1 resonances, and the following order of magnitude estimates apply: [a.sub.p] - 1 = O([[GAMMA].sup.2]/[D.sup.2]), [~.a.sub.p] - 1 = O([[GAMMA].sup.2]/[D.sup.2]), and [b.sub.p] = O([GAMMA]/D). On omitting terms less than of order ([GAMMA]/D)[.sup.2][[GAMMA].sub.p] by at least one order of magnitude [9], the expression for the offset simplifies to [DELTA][E.sub.p] = -([[~.u.sub.sp]/[u.sub.sp]] + [b.sub.p])[[[GAMMA].sub.p]/2]. (2.7) Observe that Eq. (2.7) implies that [DELTA][E.sub.p] [much less than] [[GAMMA].sub.p]/2. We can accommodate hard sphere phase shifts in our analysis by formally replacing [g.sub.n.sup.s] and [g.sub.n.sup.p](j) in Eqs. (2.1)-(2.4) by [g.sub.n.sup.s][e.sup.i[phi]s] and [g.sub.n.sup.p](j)[e.sup.i[phi]p(j)], respectively. We also have to allow for the fact that the radiative partial width amplitudes are, in principle, complex [10]. To this end, we make the substitutions [g.sub.M1.sup.s] [right arrow] |[g.sub.M1.sup.s]|[e.sup.i[[phi].sub.M1.sup.s]] and [g.sub.E1.sup.p] [right arrow] |[g.sub.E1.sup.p]| [e.sup.i[[phi].sub.E1.sup.p]]. In the present two resonance approximation, some of these phases cancel for the combinations of invariant amplitudes appearing in A so that, in fact, A depends only on the phase differences [[delta].sub.p] [equivalent to] [[phi].sub.p](1/2) - [[phi].sub.p](3/2) and [[delta].sub.[gamma]] [equivalent to] [[phi].sub.M1.sup.s] - [[phi].sub.E1.sup.p]. The coefficients [a.sub.p], [~.a.sub.p], and [b.sub.p] become [a.sub.p](1 + [z'.sub.p][[[GAMMA].sub.p.sup.n]/[[GAMMA].sub.s.sup.n]])(cos[[delta].sub.[gamma]] + [[~.u.sub.sp]/[u.sub.sp]]sin[[delta].sub.[gamma]]), (2.8) [~.a.sub.p] = cos[[delta].sub.[gamma]] - [z'.sub.p][[[GAMMA].sub.p.sup.n]/[[GAMMA].sub.s.sup.n]]([[[GAMMA].sub.s]/[[GAMMA].sub.p]]cos[[delta].sub.[gamma]] - [[[E.sub.p] - [E.sub.s]]/[[[GAMMA].sub.p]/2]]sin[[delta].sub.[gamma]]) (2.9) [b.sub.p] = -sin[[delta].sub.[gamma]] + [z'.sub.p][[[GAMMA].sub.p.sup.n]/[[GAMMA].sub.s.sup.n]]([[[E.sub.p] - [E.sub.s]]/[[[GAMMA].sub.p]/2]]cos[[delta].sub.[gamma]] + [[[GAMMA].sub.s]/[[GAMMA].sub.p]]sin[[delta].sub.[gamma]]). (2.10) where [z'.sub.p] [equivalent to] ([x.sub.3/2.sup.p])[.sup.2] - ([x.sub.1/2.sup.p])[.sup.2] - [1/[square root of 2]][x.sub.1/2.sup.p][x.sub.3/2.sup.p] cos[[delta].sub.p]. The phase difference [[delta].sub.p], confined con·fine v. con·fined, con·fin·ing, con·fines v.tr. 1. To keep within bounds; restrict: Please confine your remarks to the issues at hand. See Synonyms at limit. as it is to the factor [z'.sub.p], which, like [z.sub.p], is of order unity, cannot alter the order of magnitude estimates for [a.sub.p], [~.a.sub.p], and [b.sub.p] of the previous paragraph. The dependence on [[delta].sub.[gamma]] is less trivial, but some consideration of Eqs. (2.6) and (2.8)-(2.10) shows that they can only be reconciled with a measurement of the offset which finds that [DELTA][E.sub.p] [much less than] [[GAMMA].sub.p] if |sin [[delta].sub.[gamma]]| [much less than] 1. If |sin [[delta].sub.[gamma]]| [approximately less than] [GAMMA]/D([much less than]1), then the previous order of magnitude estimates for [a.sub.p], [~.a.sub.p], and [b.sub.p] continue to apply. If, instead, 1 [much greater than] |sin [[delta].sub.[gamma]]| [much greater than] [GAMMA]/D, then [a.sub.p] - 1 = O([sin.sup.2][[delta].sub.[gamma]]), [~.a.sub.p] - 1 = O([sin.sup.2] [[delta].sub.[gamma]]) and [b.sub.p] = O([sin.sup.2][[delta].sub.[gamma]]). In both cases, Eq. (2.7) holds, it being understood that [b.sub.p] is of order the larger of [GAMMA]/D and sin [[delta].sub.[gamma]]. [In the second case, terms of order [[GAMMA].sub.p] [sin.sup.3] [[delta].sub.[gamma]] or smaller have been dropped in Eq. (2.7).] There is a dearth of information on the order of magnitude of phases like [[phi].sub.M1.sup.s] and [[phi].sub.E1.sup.p] for epithermal neutron capture in medium-to-heavy nuclei. It has been recognized that they are very small at these energies and so they have been ignored (see, for example, p. 302 in [10]). By adapting the results of [11], we estimate that sin [[delta].sub.[gamma]] is of order k/[[kappa Kappa Used in regression analysis, Kappa represents the ratio of the dollar price change in the price of an option to a 1% change in the expected price volatility. Notes: Remember, the price of the option increases simultaneously with the volatility. ].sub.f] or, equivalently, [square root of ([E.sub.p]/[S.sub.n.sup.f])], where [S.sub.n.sup.f] is the neutron separation energy for the ground state of the final nucleus. We also use the fact that the neutron energy E of interest is approximately equal to [E.sub.p] (k and [[kappa].sub.f] are the neutron wavenumbers corresponding to E and [S.sub.n.sup.f], respectively). For nuclei formed in capture on non-fissile spin [1/2][.sup.+] nuclei of mass number A > 100, [S.sub.n.sup.f] ranges from about 6 MeV to about 9 MeV. Our order of magnitude estimate of sin [[delta].sub.[gamma]] thus evaluates to sin[[delta].sub.[gamma]] [approximately] [square root of ([E.sub.p](in eV))][10.sup.-3], which suggests that the contribution to [DELTA][E.sub.p] due to the phase difference [[delta].sub.[gamma]] is dominant except in the somewhat unfavourable circumstance (such as with the [.sup.113]Cd target used in [7]) that [GAMMA]/D [approximately] [10.sup.-2]. Even then, [E.sub.p] has to be less than about 100 eV or so. We find similar results when the effects of distant states are included [8]. 3. Conclusions To be of interest as a test of P-odd time reversal invariance, data on displacements of zeros in (n, [gamma]) correlations should comprise measurements at several p-wave resonances within a given compound nucleus [12]. For spallation spal·la·tion n. 1. A nuclear reaction in which nuclei are bombarded by high-energy particles, causing the liberation of protons and alpha particles. 2. Fragmentation. sources, non-fissile nuclei of mass number A > 100 emerge as appropriate targets [13]. In practice, the [E.sub.p]-dependent shift is likely to be the larger of the displacements due to T-even interactions: [E.sub.p] would typically be [approximately greater than] 100 eV in any reasonably sized data sample, whereas the choice of target nucleus would almost certainly be such that [GAMMA]/D < [10.sup.-2]. Taking [GAMMA] [approximately] 100 meV (appropriate to non-fissile A > 100 nuclei in the epithermal regime), we expect this [E.sub.p]-dependent shift (when dominant) to be of order 1 meV. Consequently, one ought to detect non-zero displacements in measurements which can determine the location of zeros with a precision of order 0.1 meV. When this level of precision cannot be attained and only bounds on shifts in zeros are set, the corresponding bound on the strength of a P-odd T-odd interaction is not encouraging. One measurement close to threshold ([E.sub.p] [approximately] 1 eV) will not suffice [12]. Several null A character that is all 0 bits. Also written as "NUL," it is the first character in the ASCII and EBCDIC data codes. In hex, it displays and prints as 00; in decimal, it may appear as a single zero in a chart of codes, but displays and prints as a blank space. measurements, which put limits on shifts of slightly more than the 1 meV or so estimated above for the [E.sub.p]-dependent shifts, would constrain the ratio [v.sub.PT]/[v.sub.P] to be less than of order [10.sup.-2]. How much better can one do if non-null measurements of the displacements of zeros are possible? Individual measurements are, of course, not amenable to quantitative analysis Quantitative Analysis A security analysis that uses financial information derived from company annual reports and income statements to evaluate an investment decision. Notes: because the precise value of the T-even interaction shift estimated in this paper (and other shifts due to effects not considered in this work like non-resonant direct neutron capture) cannot be calculated with any certainty. What, conceivably, could be done is to model the statistics of shifts reliably. Values of this shift are drawn from a Cauchy distribution The Cauchy-Lorentz distribution, named after Augustin Cauchy and Hendrik Lorentz, is a continuous probability distribution. As a probability distribution, it is known as the Cauchy distribution while among physicists it is known as a Lorentz distribution, a with scale parameter In probability theory and statistics, a scale parameter is a special kind of numerical parameter of a parametric family of probability distributions. Definition If a family of probability densities with parameter s is of the form Acknowledgments This work has been supported in part by US DOE grants No. DE-FG02-97ER41042 and DE-FG02-97ER41033. E. D. D. and E. I. S. would like to thank Prof. Werner Tornow of TUNL TUNL Tunnel TUNL Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratories for his hospitality. 4. References [1] Test of Time Reversal Invariance in Neutron Physics, N. R. Roberson, C. R. Gould, and J. D. Bowman, eds., World Scientific, Singapore (1987). [2] S. K. Lamoreaux and R. Golub, Phys. Rev. D 50, 5632, (1994). [3] P. R. Huffman, N. R. Roberson, W. S. Wilburn, C. R. Gould, D. G. Haase, C. D. Keith, B. W. Raichle, M. L. Seely, and J. R. Walston, Phys. Rev. C 55, 2684, (1997). [4] P. D. Eversheim, Nucl. Phys. A629, 471c (1998). [5] V. E. Bunakov and V. P. Gudkov, LNPI Preprint pre·print n. Something printed and often distributed in partial or preliminary form in advance of official publication: a preprint of a scientific article. tr.v. 881 (1983) and private communication (2004). [6] V. V. Flambaum and O. P. Sushkov, Nucl. Phys. A435, 352 (1985). [7] A. L. Barabanov, E. I. Sharapov, V. R. Skoy, and C. M. Frankle, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1216 (1993). [8] E. D. Davis, C. R. Gould, G. E. Mitchell, and E. I. Sharapov, Phys. Rev. C 69, 015501 (2004). [9] We implicitly assume here that |[~.u.sub.sp]/[u.sub.sp]| or, more precisely, the ratio of their rms values is very much less than unity. [10] J. E. Lynn, The Theory of Neutron Resonance Reactions, Clarendon, Oxford (1968). [11] A. M. Lane and J. E. Lynn, Nucl. Phys. 17, 563 (1960). [12] E. D. Davis and C. R. Gould, Phys. Lett. B 447, 209 (1999). [13] The level density in the compound nucleus formed after neutron capture is high enough that several p-wave resonances can be studied with large neutron fluxes Noun 1. neutron flux - the rate of flow of neutrons; the number of neutrons passing through a unit area in unit time flux - the rate of flow of energy or particles across a given surface , while [GAMMA]/D is very much less than unity (because the fission fission, in physics: see nuclear energy and nucleus; see also atomic bomb. channel is closed). [14] Astrophysics astrophysics, application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology. , Symmetries, and Applied Physics at Spallation Neutron Sources, P. E. Koehler, C. R. Gould, R. C. Haight, and T. E. Valentine, eds. World Scientific, Singapore (2002). About the authors: David Davis David Davis, the name of several people, may refer to:
Kuwait University has just planned a new 10 year project. and a guest researcher at Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory. Chris Gould and Gary Mitchell
Gary Mitchell (born May 3, 1965) is a Northern Irish playwright. From a working-class, loyalist background, first foray into writing was for Radio 4. are professors of physics at North Carolina State University History
E. D. Davis (1) Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, NC 27708-0308, USA C. R. Gould and G. E. Mitechell Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, NC 27708-0308, USA and Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, USA and E. I. Sharapov (2) Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, NC 27708-0308, USA Accepted: August 11, 2004 Available online: http://www.nist.gov/jres (1) Permanent address: Physics Department, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, Kuwait. (2) Permanent address: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-149981 Dubna, Russia. |
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