Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis ticks, Chicago area.

To the Editor: Lyme disease is a multisystem disorder associated with skin, myocardial, musculoskeletal, and central and peripheral nervous system manifestations caused by infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes (1). In the United States, the illness is caused by transmission of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto from the bite of infected Ixodes scapularis (deer) ticks found primarily in the northeastern and upper midwestern United States (2). B. burgdorferi-infected ticks have also been recovered in portions of northern Illinois but have not yet been reported in the Chicago region (3). In fact, a previous survey (4) of forested areas in the heavily populated regions immediately adjacent to Chicago confirmed a low risk of contracting Lyme disease. Researchers failed to recover deer ticks from 7 sampling sites and recovered only a single Borrelia isolate from well-described B. burgdorferi sensu stricto rodent reservoirs (mice, voles, chipmunks) captured from 5 sampling sites. A subsequent genetic analysis confirmed the isolate was B. bissettii (5), a genomic group that is likely nonpathogenic to humans in the United States.

However, the area of the Midwest where Lyme disease is endemic has continued to expand from its origin in northeastern Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin (2,6). The Chicago metropolitan region has numerous parks and natural areas that are biologically similar to the known midwestern focus (7), and these areas support a large population of white-tailed deer. Moreover, we have seen anecdotal reports of persons with clinical signs and symptoms of Lyme disease and epidemiologic evidence that suggests local acquisition. Two ticks submitted by a resident who had hiked in DuPage County near the east branch of the DuPage River were I. scapularis. We therefore began searching for questing ticks in this area and 9 other geographically diverse areas of DuPage County. The 10 sites were flagged by dragging white cotton sheets through the underbrush for 2- to 10-hour intervals during the spring of 2005. We timed these collections on the basis of information that adult deer ticks were questing in Wisconsin. Recovered ticks were placed in sealed vials and transported to the North Park University Laboratory where their identity was confirmed. The midguts were then removed aseptically, and each was placed into a separate vial that contained 2 mL modified Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium that could support the growth of small numbers of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (8). Cultures were incubated for 6 weeks at 35[degrees]C and examined weekly for spirochetes by darkfield microscopy.

Deer ticks were not found at 8 of the DuPage County sample sites. However, 90 adult or nymphal I. scapular& were collected from the remaining 2 sites, and spirochetes were recovered from 3 (3%) of the tick midgut cultures. Because of these findings and anecdotal reports of deer ticks in Cook County, we also surveyed 3 sites in Cook County during the fall of 2005. Deer ticks were not found at 2 sites, but 37 adult I. scapularis ticks were collected from a site in the southwestern portion of Cook County, and spirochetes were recovered from 2 (5%) cultures.

We first examined the protein profiles to identify the spirochetes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of 4 of the 5 isolates (1 isolate lost viability before analysis) showed that they were distinctly different from the B. bisettii isolate recovered previously from Cook County (4), but the isolates were strikingly similar to B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (Figure). We then amplified an intergenic spacer region of the rrf-rrl portion of the rRNA from 2 isolates by a previously described method (9) and sequenced the amplified products (sequencing by Laragen, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA). The sequences were identical to that of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolate B-31 (9).

The results confirmed that I. scapularis ticks infected with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto were recovered from forested areas surrounding Chicago. Additional studies to define the extent and severity of the risk are necessary, but clinicians and the public should be aware of the possibility of acquiring Lyme disease in the Chicago metropolitan region.

Acknowledgments

We thank Joan Bestudik and Linn D. Haramis for initiating the project; John and Tammie Bouseman, Mike O'Driscoll, Curt Colwell, Barb O'Meara, Peter Gianakis, Rachael Griffin, and our 16 student participants for fieldwork; John Bouseman for tick identification; and Steve Callister for guidance and manuscript review.

Partial funding for this work was received from the DuPage County Health Department (to J.A.N.).

References

(1.) Auwaerter PG, Aucott J, Dumler JS. Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease): molecular and cellular pathobiology and prospects for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2004;6:1-22.

(2.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lyme disease--United States, 2001-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:365-8.

(3.) Nelson JA, Bouseman JK, Kitron U, Callister SM, Harrison B, Bankowski MJ, et al. Isolation and characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi from Illinois Ixodes dammini. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29: 1732-4.

(4.) Callister SM, Nelson JA, Schell RF, Jobe DA, Bautz R, Agger WA, et al. Survey for Ixodes spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi in southeastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:403-6.

(5.) Nardelli DT, Cloute JP, Luk KHK, Torrealba J, Warner TF, Callister SM, et al. CD4+ CD25+ T cells prevent arthritis associated with Borrelia vaccination and infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;12:786-92.

(6.) Jackson CA, Lovrich SD, Agger WA, Callister SM. Reassessment of a midwestern Lyme disease focus for Borrelia burgdorferi and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:2070-3.

(7.) Guerra M, Walker E, Jones C, Paskewitz S, Cortinas MR, Stancil A, et al. Predicting the risk of Lyme disease: habitat suitability for Ixodes scapularis in the north central United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:289-97.

(8.) Callister SM, Case KL, Agger WA, Schell RF, Johnson RC, Ellingson JL. Effects of bovine serum albumin on the ability of Barbour-Stoermer-Kelly medium to detect Borrelia burgdorferi. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:363-5.

(9.) Postic D, Ras NM, Lane RS, Henderson M, Baranton G. Expanded diversity among Californian Borrelia isolates and description of Borrelia bissettii sp. nov. (formerly Borrelia group DN 127). J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:3497-504.

Dean A. Jobe, * Steven O. Lovrich, * Jeffrey A. Nelson, ([dagger]) Tom C. Velat, ([double dagger]) Chris Anchor, ([section]) Tad Koeune, ([paragraph]) and Stephen A. Martin, Jr (#)

* Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA; ([dagger]) North Park University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; ([double dagger]) Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, Wheaton, Illinois, USA; ([section]) Forest Preserve District of Cook County, Elgin, Illinois, USA; ([paragraph]) DuPage County Department of Health, Wheaton, Illinois, USA; and (#) Cook County Department of Public Health, Oak Park, Illinois, USA

Address for correspondence: Jeffrey A. Nelson, North Park University, 3225 W Foster Ave, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; email: [e-mail]