Bonuses and accumulated earnings prove troublesome.

Under IRC section 162(a)(1), businesses can deduct bonuses they pay employees as reasonable compensation for services actually rendered in the current or prior years. The courts have generally applied either a single-factor independent-investor or multiple-factor test to determine the deductibility of bonuses. The courts closely scrutinize bonuses when the employee/ owner is the recipient because of the possibility of disguised dividends.

IRC section 531 imposes a penalty tax on corporations that accumulate earnings for the purpose of helping an employee avoid personal income taxes by not distributing them. An excess accumulation is one that goes beyond the company's reasonable needs. According to tax regulations, a corporation can justify reasonable needs through a specific, definite and feasible plan for its eventual use of the accumulation.

Haffner's Service Stations is a closely held corporation that sells oil and gas in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The three principal officers are Haft, his father Emile and his mother Louise. Haff is the president and CEO. The bonuses in question were ones the company had paid to Emile and Louise, who were in their 80s in the years under dispute--1990 to 1992. During this period the company paid Emile and Louise total salaries of $108,575 and bonuses of $2.3 million. Haffner's allocated a small portion of the bonuses to other family businesses but had deducted the remainder on its tax return. The company has never paid dividends. In addition its retained earnings increased 61% from 1990 to 1992.

In 1996 the IRS notified Haffner's of an impending deficiency under IRC section 534(0) for excess earnings accumulation. The company responded that it had been accumulating the earnings for a potential stock repurchase based on an adverse ruling in a family lawsuit. The IRS assessed deficiencies for the three years, disallowing the bonuses and imposing the accumulated earnings tax. The Tax Court ruled in favor of the IRS. Haffner's appealed to the First Circuit Court of Appeals.

Result. For the IRS. The First Circuit agreed with the Tax Court that the bonuses were unreasonable based on a multiple-factor test:

* Employee's qualifications--Emile and Louise had only marginal skills.

* Nature, extent and scope of employee's work--Emile and Louise's work was not fundamental, substantial or all-encompassing.

* Size and complexity of employer's business--the taxpayer's business was neither complex nor relatively large.

* Comparison of compensation paid with company's gross and taxable income--the percentages were high, on average 7.69% of gross income and 21.73% of taxable income.

* General economic conditions--the business was not subject to adverse conditions, so the court could not find definitively that Emile and Louise had caused any or all of the company's success.

* Comparison of salaries with distributions to shareholders and retained earnings--Haffner's has never paid dividends, and the court did not find enough information to determine whether the shareholders had earned a reasonable rate of return excluding their compensation.

* Prevailing rates of compensation for comparable positions in comparable companies--the parties did not include information for the court to make a determination on this issue.

* Employer's salary policy for all employees--no employee other than Haff, Emile and Louise had ever received six-figure compensation in one year or a bonus.

* Compensation paid in prior years had been deficient--Haffner's bad the wherewithal to pay compensation in prior years if it had wished to, and it was more than a coincidence that Emile and Louise needed money in the bonus years because of the legal fees caused by the family lawsuit.

* Absence of a pension plan/profit-sharing plan--Haffner's had a pension plan, but the court received no information on its participants.

The First Circuit also agreed with the Tax Court that the company's reasonable need or plan for the accumulated earnings was insufficient. The regulations require a specific, definite plan. One discussion with the taxpayer's accountant does not constitute a plan. The First Circuit did not find it necessary to rule on the Tax Court's determination that the family lawsuit was primarily a personal, not a business, problem. The lack of a plan was sufficient. However, the Tax Court said the taxpayers' reliance on its accountant's advice concerning each year's tax return was enough to avoid accuracy-related penalties.

CPAs should be aware that while the courts often look to the single-factor, independent-investor test to determine the reasonableness of bonuses, they may instead use the multiple-factor test when the employee in question controls the company. When a corporation is accumulating earnings, it must carefully document an actual need and a plan. The plan does not have to be formal but should be provable and the result of more than a one time conversation.

* Haffner's Service Stations v. Commissioner, 91 AFTR2d [paragraph] 2003-1461.

Prepared by Sharon Burnett, CPA, PhD, assistant professor of accounting and Darlene Pulliam Smith, CPA, PhD, professor of accounting, both at the T. Boone Pickens College of Business, West Texas A&M University, Canyon.