Board stackup's important tool: for a target differential impedance, a 2D field solver, used accurately, can be a time-saver.THE MOST IMPORTANT tool for designing a circuit board stackup stack·up n. A deployment of aircraft circling an airport at designated altitudes while awaiting instructions to land. is an accurate 2D field solver. This tool will help design the optimum line widths and dielectric dielectric (dī'ĭlĕk`trĭk), material that does not conduct electricity readily, i.e., an insulator (see insulation). A good dielectric should also have other properties: It must resist breakdown under high voltages; it should not thickness, given the stackup and dielectric constants dielectric constant n. See permittivity. , for a target characteristic impedance This article is about impedance in electronics. For characteristic acoustic impedance, see acoustic impedance. The characteristic impedance or surge impedance of a uniform transmission line, usually written . Many board designs call for a target differential impedance impedance, in electricity, measure in ohms of the degree to which an electric circuit resists the flow of electric current when a voltage is impressed across its terminals. . Many of the newest 2D field solvers also calculate differential impedance for a variety of geometries, with the assumption that each line in the pair is identical and perfectly symmetrical symmetrical equally on both sides. symmetrical multifocal encephalopathy inherited disease in two forms: Limousin form appears at about a month old with blindness, forelimb hypermetria, hyperesthesia, nystagmus, aggression, weight . Any two uniform and symmetrical transmission lines can be considered as either one differential pair Differential pair is a pair of conductors with special characteristics, used for differential signaling. Examples of the differential pair include:
As two coupled lines, the pair is described with a single-ended characteristic impedance of each line and a near-end (or backward) crosstalk (1) Electromagnetic interference that comes from an adjacent wire. "Alien" crosstalk is interference that comes from a wire in an adjacent cable, for example, when two or more twisted wire pair cables are bundled together. coefficient coefficient /co·ef·fi·cient/ (ko?ah-fish´int) 1. an expression of the change or effect produced by variation in certain factors, or of the ratio between two different quantities. 2. , [k.sub.b]. Although most 2D field solvers will only calculate the various impedances for a pair of traces, by using a very simple relationship the same field solver can calculate near-end crosstalk for all geometries. For two coupled single-ended lines, the difference between odd-mode and even-mode impedance is related to the coupling: the larger the coupling, the bigger the difference. When there is no coupling, i.e., the traces are far apart, the odd-mode and even-mode impedances are of the same value. The relationship between the odd-mode impedance, Zodd, and even-mode impedance, Zeven, and the near-end crosstalk coefficient, [k.sub.b], is: [k.sub.b] = -- x (Zeven - Zodd)/(Zeven + Zodd) This is a fundamental relationship between any two lines in a differential pair and it applies to absolutely all geometries. If the 2D field solver can calculate the even-mode and odd-mode impedance of a differential pair, we can also use the tool to calculate the near-end crosstalk coefficient for the same two single-ended lines. For example, field solvers such as Polar Instruments' SI8000 2D will calculate the differential impedance, common impedance, odd-mode and even-mode impedance for a differential pair in a variety of cross-sections. The setup See BIOS setup and install program. and results are presented in a spreadsheet. By adding one line to the spreadsheet, we can also use it to calculate near-end crosstalk. FIGURE 1 is an example of the geometry geometry [Gr.,=earth measuring], branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of and relationships between points, lines, planes, and figures and with generalizations of these concepts. setup for an edge-coupled microstrip with a 0.001"-thick solder mask An insulating pattern applied to a printed circuit board that exposes only the areas to be soldered. . TABLE 1 shows geometry features and odd- and even-mode impedances as extracted with the field solver. Added to the end of the spreadsheet is the calculated near-end crosstalk coefficient. FIGURE 2 shows the plot of the near-end crosstalk coefficient as the spacing changes. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] DR. ERIC BOGATIN is vice president and CTO (Chief Technical Officer) The executive responsible for the technical direction of an organization. See CIO and salary survey. of GigaTest Labs (gigatest.com). Details of the principles described in this column can be found in his new book Signal Integrity--Simplified. He can be reached at eric@gigatest.com. TABLE 1. Spreadsheet of all geometry features with calculated odd-more and even-mode impedance and near-end crosstalk H1 Er1 W1 W2 S1 T1 C1 C2 C3 6 4.2 7 6 5 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 10 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 15 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 20 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 25 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 30 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 35 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 40 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 45 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 50 1.2 1 1 1 H1 CEr CALC TYPE Zodd NEXT 6 4.2 Zodd 45.8 10.9% 6 4.2 Zodd 53.0 5.4% 6 4.2 Zodd 55.9 3.1% 6 4.2 Zodd 57.2 2.0% 6 4.2 Zodd 58.0 1.4% 6 4.2 Zodd 58.4 1.0% 6 4.2 Zodd 58.7 0.8% 6 4.2 Zodd 58.9 0.6% 6 4.2 Zodd 59.0 0.5% 6 4.2 Zodd 59.1 0.4% H1 Er1 W1 W2 S1 T1 C1 C2 C3 6 4.2 7 6 5 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 10 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 15 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 20 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 25 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 30 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 35 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 40 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 45 1.2 1 1 1 6 4.2 7 6 50 1.2 1 1 1 H1 Cer CALC TYPE Zeven 6 4.2 Zeven 71.4 6 4.2 Zeven 65.9 6 4.2 Zeven 63.3 6 4.2 Zeven 62.0 6 4.2 Zeven 61.3 6 4.2 Zeven 60.9 6 4.2 Zeven 60.6 6 4.2 Zeven 60.4 6 4.2 Zeven 60.3 6 4.2 Zeven 60.2 |
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