Birds of the Danau Sentarum National Park.

S. (Bas) van Balen

The Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP DSNP Digital Signal Noise Processing
DSNP Danau Sentarum National Park (Borneo)
DSNP Digital Synchronization Network Plan ) is a wetland conservation area of high priority (Scott, 1989; Giesen and Aglionby, 2000, this volume; Jeanes and Meijaard, 2000b, this volume). Under pressure of the present rapid development of Borneo's natural resources, its lake system and associated swamp forest habitats constitute an increasingly scarce ecosystem. DSNP is especially important for a number of birds dependent on the swamp forest habitats provided by this unique reserve. However, threats come from habitat destruction Habitat destruction is a process of land use change in which one habitat-type is removed and replaced with another habitat-type. In the process of land-use change, plants and animals which previously used the site are displaced or destroyed, reducing biodiversity. , excessive egg collecting, hunting for meat, collecting for the pet trade and other disturbances (Giesen, 1987; van Balen, 1996; Dennis et at., 1997).

This paper evaluates the importance of the area and its immediate surroundings for the conservation of birds, in particular those that are dependent on the DSNP wetlands and associated forest habitats, and the hills in the peripheries of the area.

METHODS

Data collection

Review of reports

The following reports have been scrutinized: Giesen (1987): 1986; Hood (1993): 1-24 Dec. 1992; 23 Feb.-8 Mar. 1993; Sebastian (1993): 8-18 Aug. 1993; van Balen (1996): 28 Jul.-2 Aug. 1993; 30 Mar.-9 Apr. 1994; Dennis (1994): 26 Nov.-3 Dec. 1994 ; Dennis et at. 1997: 30 Jan.-11 Feb. 1996; R. Jensen (unpublished data): Nov. 1993-Jul. 1994 (RJ). Additional records are from Enthoven (1903), Dunselman (1937), L. Jembu (KSDA KSDA Korea Securities Dealers Association
KSDA Kenya Socialist Democratic Alliance , Sintang): reported in Giesen (1987); R. Wadley (1992-93); H. Noveriawan (HN): 1992-1993; R. (Rona) Dennis (RoD): 1995-96); R (Roddy) Dennis: 1996; E. Meijaard (EM): 1996; B. Suriansyah (BS): 1993-1994; A. Jumhur (AJ): Project I-UKTFMP field staff, 1996).

Mist-netting

In January-February 1996 Dennis et at. (1997) set up mist-nets during three days at two sites.

Tape recording

A Marantz CP430 cassette A removable magnetic tape storage module that contains supply and takeup reels (hubs) in the same housing. Most audio tapes and videotapes use cassettes as well as backup tape technologies such as DAT, 8mm and Magstar MP (see below). deck and Audiotechnic unidirectional The transfer or transmission of data in a channel in one direction only. microphone were used in the field to record bird voices for identification and documentation purposes. Videotape videotape

Magnetic tape used to record visual images and sound, or the recording itself. There are two types of videotape recorders, the transverse (or quad) and the helical. recordings were made of various birds by BS in June-August 1993.

Census techniques

In 1994 counts were carried out in a number of habitats, from the low, stunted stunt¹
tr.v. stunt·ed, stunt·ing, stunts
To check the growth or development of.

n.
1. One that stunts.

2. One that is stunted.

3. swamp forests in the central parts of DSNP to the tall dipterocarp Noun 1. dipterocarp - tree of the family Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae, family Dipterocarpaceae - chiefly tropical Asian trees with two-winged fruits; yield valuable woods and aromatic oils and resins hill forests in the peripheries. For each habitat type, four sample counts were made along transects that were walked or boated along slowly, during each of which 45-49 encounters of birds were tallied (cf Thiollay, 1995); in the early morning these counts would last 30-40 minutes, later in the morning and afternoon up to 1.5-2 hours. Waterbirds, raptors, swifts (an exception has been made for Silver-rumped Swift Rhaphidura leucopygialis and tree-swifts) were excepted from the sampling.

Interviews

During most surveys semi-structured interviews A semi-structured interview is a method of research used in the social sciences. While a structured interview has a formalized, limited set questions, a semi-structured interview is flexible, allowing new questions to be brought up during the interview as a result of what the were conducted with local hunters and fishermen in the DSNP. Valuable information on occurrence and abundance was obtained on a variety of species, but records of rare or "displaced displaced

see displacement. " species were treated by us with caution.

Data analysis

Bird Species Diversity

The Shannon-Weaver formula (MacArthur and MacArthur, 1961) is used for calculating the values for the Bird Species Diversity index (H):

H = - [SIGMA] [p.sub.i]/ln[p.sub.i]

in which [p.sub.i] is the number of individuals of species i divided by total number of individuals.

The diversity index is determined by species number and evenness (or equitability, J; see Pielou 1966). As shifting relative densities of species within a community could influence the dynamics (stability, productivity) of an ecosystem, evenness in particular is an important measure of community structure.

J = D/[D.sub.max] (with [D.sub.max] = - [log.sub.e] 1/n; a = number of species in the sample).

Similarity Similarity is some degree of symmetry in either analogy and resemblance between two or more concepts or objects. The notion of similarity rests either on exact or approximate repetitions of patterns in the compared items. Index

The similarity index (S) of Jaccard (1901) was used to show to change in species composition of the different communities going from the low, disturbed swamp forest through tall swamp forest and complex dipterocarp hill forest.

S = c / a + b + c

in which a and b are the numbers of species unique to communities 1 and 2 respectively, and c species common to both.

RESULTS

Birds and habitat

The DSNP consists of extensive seasonally inundated in·un·date
tr.v. in·un·dat·ed, in·un·dat·ing, in·un·dates
1. To cover with water, especially floodwaters.

2. stunted forest, surrounded by taller swamp forest and dry land forest on levees and hills. This offers a scale of different vegetation types, which have been extensively surveyed during a number of wildlife surveys. Detailed descriptions of their structure, floristic composition, and relevance for wildlife can be found in Giesen (1987, 1996, 2000, this volume) and Jeanes and Meijaard (2000b, this volume).

Dwarf Swamp Forest (sample locality 1. locality - In sequential architectures programs tend to access data that has been accessed recently (temporal locality) or that is at an address near recently referenced data (spatial locality). This is the basis for the speed-up obtained with a cache memory.
2. : Tekenang)

This habitat is dominated by 5-8 m tall trees For the Hotel in Teesside see Hotel tall trees

Tall Trees is a nightclub located on Tolcarne Road in Newquay, Cornwall, United Kingdom. The club has been voted as number 1 club in the south west for the last two years running by the Ministry of Sound magazine , flooded up to ten months a year, and at times is almost entirely submerged. Bird species found were mostly those typical of secondary habitat, and Figure la-b shows clearly how these are abundant in number of individuals, but low in species number.

Sebastian (1993) pointed out the common characteristics between mangrove mangrove, large tropical evergreen tree, genus Rhizophora, that grows on muddy tidal flats and along protected ocean shorelines. Mangroves are most abundant in tropical Asia, Africa, and the islands of the SW Pacific. forest and Melaleuca Melaleuca

see tea tree oil. forest in Malaysia, and the similarly simple structured dwarf swamp forest of DSNP. The list of species exclusively or extensively dependent on mangroves in Borneo contains 21 species (Wells 1985), which includes five species, doubtfully assigned to the Bornean mangrove avifauna a·vi·fau·na
n.
The birds of a specific region or period.

[Latin avis, bird; see awi- in Indo-European roots + fauna. . These may elsewhere be confined con·fine
v. con·fined, con·fin·ing, con·fines

v.tr.
1. To keep within bounds; restrict: Please confine your remarks to the issues at hand. See Synonyms at limit. to mangrove, but in Borneo they are found in other habitats as well (Purple Heron The Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) is a wading bird in the heron family Ardeidae, breeding in Africa, central and southern Europe, and southern and eastern Asia. The European populations are migratory, wintering in tropical Africa; the more northerly Asian populations also Ardea purpurea, Ashy Tailorbird The Ashy Tailorbird (Orthotomus ruficeps) is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Orthotomus ruficeps, Rufous-tailed Tailorbird The Rufous-Tailed Tailorbird (Orthotomus sericeus) is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. O. sericeus, Pied Fantail The Pied Fantail (Rhipidura javanica) is a species of bird in the Rhipiduridae family. It is found in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Rhipidura javanica, and Olive-backed Sunbird The Olive-backed Sunbird, Cinnyris jugularis, also known as Yellow-bellied Sunbird and formerly Nectarinia jugularis, is an Asian sunbird. Nectarinia jugularis). To Wells' list the Greater Goldenback Chrysocolaptes lucidus can also be added considering its apparent preference for mangroves in Kalimantan (cf Eve and Guigue 1989). Of Borneo's 17 mangrove species, the following nine were found in DSNP:

Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster
Great-billed Heron Ardea sumatrana
Striated Heron Butorides striatus
Black-crowned Night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax
Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus
Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus
Brown-capped woodpecker Dendropos moluccensis
Greater Goldenback Chrysocolaptes lucidus
Mangrove Whistler Pachycephala grisola

Stunted Swamp Forest (sample locality: Gernis)

This habitat is dominated by small to medium sized, 8-15 m tall trees, flooded 5-8 months annually with 3-4 m water depth. Despite its rather low canopy, this forest is relatively rich in bird species, partly because of the inclusion of riparian riparian adj. referring to the banks of a river or stream. (See: riparian rights) forest.

Tall swamp forest (Sample localities: Empaik, Pemera)

This habitat is dominated by 25-30 m straight-stemmed trees, and inundated for 3-6 months annually with 3 m water depth. This forest was the richest of the swamp forest types, not only because of a more complex structure but also its proximity to the adjacent dry forest on hills.

The following terrestrial Dealing with the earth. See terrestrial link. species associated with swamp forest and riverine riv·er·ine
adj.
1. Relating to or resembling a river.

2. Located on or inhabiting the banks of a river; riparian: "Members of a riverine tribe ... habitat were found throughout the swamp forests (with the exception of the bulbul bulbul, in zoology, bird
bulbul (b

l`b , which has become extremely rare in recent years):

Lesser Fish-eagle Ichthyophaga humilis
Greyhaded Fish-eagle Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus
Blue-eared Kingfisher Alcedo meninting
Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus
Stork-billed Kingfisher Pelargopsis capensis
White-chested Babbler Trichastoma rostratum
Malaysian Blue flycatcher Cyornis turcosus

Hill dipterocarp forest (Sample localities: Semujan, Menyukung)

This habitat is dominated by dipterocarp trees, a tall to very tall forest with emergents up to 35-45 m, on hills of 370 m (Semujan) and 630 m (Menyukung). This is rich forest, with potentially a near-complete representation of the lowland Bornean avifauna. Hunting practices and disturbance DISTURBANCE, torts. A wrong done to an incorporeal hereditament, by hindering or disquieting the owner in the enjoyment of it. Finch. L. 187; 3 Bl. Com. 235; 1 Swift's Dig. 522; Com. Dig. Action upon the case for a disturbance, Pleader, 3 I 6; 1 Serg. & Rawle, 298. of forests has reduced the numbers of certain bird groups (notably pheasants).

Bird species diversity

Rigorous scrutinizing of the existing ornithological or·ni·thol·o·gy
n.
The branch of zoology that deals with the study of birds.

orni·tho·log reports rendered the total number of confirmed species to 237 (see Appendix 1). An additional 45 species were recorded, but their overall scarcity Scarcity

The basic economic problem which arises from people having unlimited wants while there are and always will be limited resources. Because of scarcity, various economic decisions must be made to allocate resources efficiently. on Borneo, or otherwise unexpected presence in DSNP, urges confirmation and/or proper documentation.

Figure 2 shows the cumulative species numbers for the five sampling localities (each sampled by four times ca 50 individuals, and extrapolated to 100 samples). The Tekenang curve has nearly reached its maximum, i.e., more sampling would yield only few species. For Menyukung more surveys would have been needed to cover its complete species spectrum. The three swamp forest curves (Empaik, Gemis and Pemera) are intermediate. The curves show that Menyukung would potentially contain at least 160 spp, each of the three swamp forest at least 120, and Tekenang c. 45 spp.

The five sample areas are readily classified into three groups with similar diversity values, species richness

This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject.
Please help recruit one or [ improve this article] yourself. See the talk page for details. , and evenness (see Tables 1 and 2). The Tekenang area is much impoverished im·pov·er·ished
adj.
1. Reduced to poverty; poverty-stricken. See Synonyms at poor.

2. Deprived of natural richness or strength; limited or depleted: in terms of species diversity, and a large proportion of its avifauna consists of secondary growth species (Figure 1a and 1b). The three more complex swamp forest localities (Gernis, Pemera, Empaik) are much richer with an increasing proportion of primary forest species. The hill forest (Menyukung) scores highest in terms of diversity, and the majority of its birds are primary forest inhabitants

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Seasonality in habitat use

Field observations suggest that the peat swamp and hill forests constitute important refuges for a variety of wildlife during the seasonal flooding (9-10 months/year) of the lake basin (Jeanes and Meijaard, 2000b, this volume). Other changes in species composition are under influence of the phenology phe·nol·o·gy
n.
1. The scientific study of periodic biological phenomena, such as flowering, breeding, and migration, in relation to climatic conditions.

2. of flowering and fruiting trees, which is linked to flooding (Giesen, 2000, this volume). In August very few pigeons and barbets were seen by Sebastian (1993), few to none in November-December (Dennis 1993; Dennis et a!. 1997; RJ). These birds were found to be far more numerous in both individuals and species in April, especially Cinnamon-headed Green Pigeon (Zool.) any one of numerous species of Old World pigeons belonging to the family Treronidæ.

See also: Pigeon T fulvicollis) (van Balen 1997), and this coincided the fruiting of figs (W. Giesen pers. comm.).

Scarce information in DSNP (Dennis et al 1997; SvB, pers. obs.) suggests that there is increased breeding activity of raptors and insectivorous insectivorous

eating insects to the extent that they are significant as a contributor to the patient's diet. birds during April (high water levels), and less activity in August (low water levels), November and December.

The DSNP offers wintering habitat for a relatively small number of birds. Twenty confirmed species of northern migrant mi·grant
n.
1. One that moves from one region to another by chance, instinct, or plan.

2. An itinerant worker who travels from one area to another in search of work.

adj.
Migratory. have been recorded, constituting less than 10% of the total and numbers of the species are low. The number of recorded species of migratory migratory /mi·gra·to·ry/ (mi´grah-tor?e)
1. roving or wandering.

2. of, pertaining to, or characterized by migration; undergoing periodic migration.

migratory

emanating from or pertaining to migration. waders is very low compared to other comparable areas, such as the Middle Mahakam Area. This may be partly caused by the distance to coastal areas and flooding of potential feeding grounds during the birds' wintering season. Furthermore, the lake bottom consist of a very hard and cracking cracking - cracker clay soil (W. Giesen, pers. comm.), which may be a less suitable substrate The base layer of a structure such as a chip, multichip module (MCM), printed circuit board or disk platter. Silicon is the most widely used substrate for chips. Fiberglass (FR4) is mostly used for printed circuit boards, and ceramic is used for MCMs. for the invertebrate invertebrate (ĭn'vûr`təbrət, –brāt'), any animal lacking a backbone. The invertebrates include the tunicates and lancelets of phylum Chordata, as well as all animal phyla other than Chordata. prey the waders feed on.

Systematic Notes

The following is a systematic account of the birds in DSNP. See Appendix 1 for complete lists of the species and families mentioned. The following categories of birds receive special attention as their presence in DSNP is of major conservation importance.

Globally threatened bird species

This category follows the BirdLife International BirdLife International (formerly known as the International Council for Bird Preservation) is the international conservation organization working to protect the world’s birds and their habitats. Red List of birds (Collar et at. 1994). Nine threatened and 22 near-threatened species (including eight which presence has yet to be confirmed) have been found in the area.

Water birds

Water birds (according to according to
prep.
1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.

2. In keeping with: according to instructions.

3. Sonobe and Usui 1993) of the following orders: Pelecaniformes, Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes, Gruiformes and Charadriiformes. Herons are especially well represented, but waders, rails and ducks are much scarcer.

Endemic endemic /en·dem·ic/ (en-dem´ik) present or usually prevalent in a population at all times.

en·dem·ic
adj.
1. species

Only five (including two species yet to be confirmed) of the 36 to 44' Bornean endemics have been recorded from DSNP.

PHALACROCORACIDAE (Darters/Cormorants) Borneo: 3 [+ 1] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 1. The globally near-threatened Oriental darter The Oriental Darter or Indian Darter (Anhinga melanogaster ), sometimes called Snakebird, is a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is a cormorant-like species that has a very long neck. It often swims with only the neck above water. Anhinga anhinga
or snakebird

Any fish-eating bird of the family Anhingidae (order Pelecaniformes), sometimes considered a single species (Anhinga anhinga) with geographical variants. Anhingas are about 35 in. (90 cm) long, slender, and long-necked. melanogaster is a scarce bird in the area, but reportedly more common and found breeding in the area in the past (Dennis et al. 1997).

ARDEIDAE (Herons) Borneo: 17 [+ 3] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 12 [+2].

Unconfirmed record of Rufous ru·fous
adj.
Strong yellowish pink to moderate orange; reddish.

rufous

red. Night-heron Nycticorax caledonicus (BS) would be the first documented for Kalimantan; Chinese Pond-heron Ardeola bachus is a very rare visitor to Borneo and its records (LJ; AJ) should be confirmed. There is a record of the globally endangered en·dan·ger
tr.v. en·dan·gered, en·dan·ger·ing, en·dan·gers
1. To expose to harm or danger; imperil.

2. To threaten with extinction. Chinese Egret The Chinese Egret or Swinhoe's Egret, Egretta eulophotes, is a full-crested, white egret with yellow bill. It breeds in Russia, North Korea, South Korea and mainland China, and then migrates south through Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Egretta eulophotes (Dennis et at. 1997) (2). Several active nests of the near-threatened Great-billed Heron The Great-billed Heron, Ardea sumatrana is a wading bird of the heron family Ardeidae, resident from southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea and Australia. Its habitats are largely coastal such as islands, coral reefs, mangroves, large rivers. Ardea sumatrana have been observed (RJ). At Pejerin there is a breeding colony of Purple Heron Ardea purpurea (Dennis et at. 1997), but this under extreme pressure because of the collection of eggs and young birds.

CICONIIDAE (Storks) Borneo: 2 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 2

There are a fair number of sightings

For the New York City-based band, see Sightings (band)

Sightings was a paranormal-themed television program that was first broadcast as an hour special entitled "UFO Report: Sightings" in October 1991. of the globally endangered Storm's Stork The Storm's Stork, Ciconia stormi is a large, approximately 91cm long, stork with black and white plumages, red bill, orange bare facial skin, red legs and yellow orbital skin. Both sexes are similar. The young has duller plumage and bare skin. Ciconia stormi in the area (Hood 1993; Sebastian 1993; Dennis 1993; van Balen 1996).

One capture specimen was released by park staff at Tekenang in August 1994. Nesting has been reported by locals from several places in the area, but nest site description (at 1 m in floating grass/reed vegetation) does not fit the description for documented nesting in literature. Surprisingly the vulnerable Lesser Adjutant The Lesser Adjutant, Leptoptilos javanicus, is a large wading bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. It is a widespread species which is resident breeder in southern Asia from India east to southern China and Java. Leptoptilos javanicus was unknown from DSNP until breeding was reported in 1995 (8+ nests) and 1996 from the Nung forest, where they had not been breeding for the last thirty years (Dennis et at. 1997).

PANDIONIDAE (Osprey osprey (ŏs`prē), common name for a bird of prey related to the hawk and the New World vulture and found near water in most parts of the world. ) Borneo: 1 sp. Recorded in DSNP: I

ACCIPITRIDAE (Hawks/Eagles) Borneo: 22 [+4] spp. Recorded in DRWR DRWR Drawer : 11 [+6].

There are unconfirmed records of Bat Hawk The Bat Hawk (Macheiramphus alcinus) is a raptor found in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia to New Guinea. It is named for its diet, which consists mainly of bats. It requires open space in which to hunt, but will live anywhere from dense rainforest to semi-arid veld. Macheiramphus alcinus (BS), Besra Accipiter virgatus, Grey-faced Buzzard The Grey-faced Buzzard (Butastur indicus) is an Asian bird of prey. It is typically between 41-46 cm in length, making it a medium-sized raptor. It breeds in East Russia, North China, Korea, Japan, and winters in South-east Asia.

It is a bird of open land. Butastur indicus (Dennis 1994 (3); H. Noveriawan unpublished data 1992-93). The buzzard buzzard, common name for hawks of the genus Buteo and the genus Pernis, or honey buzzard, of the Old World family Accipitridae. Honey buzzards feed on insects, wasp and bumblebee larvae, and small reptiles. is known from northern Borneo only, whereas the Bat Hawk and Besra are generally rare in Kalimantan and no records are known from West Kalimantan West Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Barat often abbreviated to Kalbar) is a province of Indonesia. It is one of four Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its capital city Pontianak is located right on the Equator line. ; documentation of the records is needed. The globally near-threatened Lesser Fish-eagle Ichthyophaga humilis is a riverine forest specialist and found in very small numbers in DSNP; Grey-headed Fish-eagle I. ichthyaetus is more widespread in the more open swamp forests. The globally near-threatened Jerdon's Baza Jerdon's Baza (Aviceda jerdoni) is a small bird of prey found in the Eastern Himalayas, China, Sri Lanka, South-east Asia. It inhabits forests.

It can be easily mistaken for the larger Changeable Hawk Eagle, but it has a distinctive upright crest of feathers. Aviceda jerdoni was seen on several occasions (Dennis 1994; van Balen 1996). There are a number of records of the vulnerable Wallace's Hawk-eagle The Wallace's Hawk-eagle, Aigle De Wallace, or Aguila-azor De Wallace (Spizaetus nanus) is a species of bird of prey in the Accipitridae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand. Spizaetus nanus (Dennis 1994; van Balen 1996; RJ); observations of the hill species Blyth's Hawk-eagle The Blyth's Hawk Eagle, (Spizaetus alboniger) is a bird of prey. Like all eagles, it is in the family Accipitridae.

It breeds in Peninsula Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. It is a bird of open woodland, although island forms prefer a higher tree density. Spizaetus alboniger (Giesen, 1987; Hood, 1993; Dennis 1994) need confirmation. In the villages numerous captive captive

said of naturally wild or feral animals kept in captivity for educational and scientific investigation with no attempt being made to domesticate them. Brahminy Kites The Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus), also known as the Red-backed Sea-eagle, is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards and harriers. Haliastur indus were seen; the very high proportion of juveniles suggests a high turnover through death or sale (Sebastian 1993; Dennis 1994; van Balen 1996).

FALCONIDAE (Falcons) Borneo: 4 [+2] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 1 [+1].

The record of a Peregrine Falcon peregrine falcon: see falcon.

peregrine falcon
or duck hawk

Falcon species (Falco peregrinus) found worldwide but rare today because of bioaccumulation of pesticides. Peregrines are 13–19 in. Falco peregrinus (BS) needs confirmation, and would be the first for the province.

ANATIDAE (Ducks) Borneo: 6 [+6] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 1.

PHASIANIDAE (Pheasants) Borneo: 12 [+1] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 4 [+3].

Most records of the species have been obtained through interviews with local hunters (Hood 1993; Dennis 1997) and the presence in the reserve of Black Partridge The Black Partridge, Melanoperdix niger, also known as the Black Wood Partridge, is a small (up to 27cm long) partridge with a thick bill, grey legs and dark brown iris. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Melanoperdix. Melanoperdix nigra, Crestless Fireback The Crestless Fireback (Lophura erythrophthalma) is a species of bird in the Phasianidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Lophura erythrophthalma and Bulwer's Pheasant Bulwer's Pheasant (Lophura bulweri) is also known as Bulwer's Wattled Pheasant, the Wattled Pheasant, or the White-tailed Wattled Pheasant. It is a Southeast Asian bird in the Phasianidae family; endemic to the forests of Borneo. L. bulweri has to be confirmed in due time. An old, unconfirmed record of Polyplectron schleiermacheri has been omitted as the bird appeared to be unknown with local hunters; however, in 1998-99 the species' presence was confirmed from Sungai Badak, near the Sarawak border, immediately NNW NNW
abbr.
north-northwest

Noun 1. NNW - the compass point that is midway between north and northwest
nor'-nor'-west, north northwest of DSNP (R. Sozer, pers. comm.). The vulnerable Crested Fireback The Crested Fireback, Lophura ignita is a medium-sized, up to 70cm long, forest pheasant with a peacock-like dark crest, bluish black plumage, reddish brown rump, black outer tail feathers, red iris and bare blue facial skin. Lophura ignita is widespread in the dryland forest in the peripheries of the area; although not seen by us in the wild, captive birds, feathers feathers, outgrowths of the skin, constituting the plumage of birds. Feathers grow only along certain definite tracts (pterylae), which vary in different groups of birds. etc shown to us of birds killed were evidence.

RALLIDAE (Rails) Borneo: 11 [+2] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 2 [+2].

The records of Red-legged Crake The Red-legged Crake (Rallina fasciata) is a waterbird in the rail and crake family Rallidae. Description
Medium-large crake (length 24 cm). Head, neck and breast red-brown, paler on throat. Upperparts grey-brown. Underparts and underwing barred black and white. Rallina fasciata and Watercock The Watercock Gallicrex cinerea is a waterbird in the rail and crake family Rallidae. It is the only member of the genus Gallicrex.

Their breeding habitat is swamps across south Asia from India and Sri Lanka to south China, Japan and Indonesia. Gallicrex cinerea (BS) need confirmation due to possible confusion with other rails.

CHARADRIIDAE (Plovers) Borneo: 8 [+4] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 1.

Plovers are scarce in the interior and accordingly only few reach DSNP. An early arrival of eight Little Ringed Plover The Little Ringed Plover (Charadrius dubius) is a small plover. Adults have a grey-brown back and wings, a white belly, and a white breast with one black neckband. They have a brown cap, a white forehead, a black mask around the eyes with white above and a short dark bill. Charadrius dubius was observed on 10 August 1993 (Sebastian 1993), and the only recent one for West Kalimantan.

SCOLOPACIDAE (Sandpipers) Borneo: 25 [+10] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 2.

Common Sandpiper The Common Sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos, is a small wader, 18 - 20 cm long with a 32-35 cm wingspan. Together with its sister species, the Spotted Sandpiper (A. macularia) they make up the genus Actitis. Actitis hypoleucos and Wood Sandpiper The Wood Sandpiper, Tringa glareola, is a small wader. It is the smallest of the shanks, and breeds in subarctic wetlands from the Scottish Highlands across Europe and Asia. It will nest on the ground, or reuse the old tree nest of another bird, such as the Fieldfare. Tringa glareola are widespread migrants from the northern hemisphere occurring in small numbers.

LARIDAE (Gulls/Terns) Borneo: 13 [+3] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 1.

Little Terns The Little Tern (Sternula albifrons) is a seabird of the tern family Sternidae. It was formerly placed into the genus Sterna, which now is restricted to the large white terns (Bridge et al., 2005). The former North American (S. a. Sterna albifrons are reportedly breeding on the DSNP lake shores, as was already observed in September 1934 by Dunselman (1937).

COLUMBIDAE (Pigeons/doves) Borneo: 19 [+1] spp.: Recorded in DSNP: 8 [+4].

The following species need confirmation: the predominantly pre·dom·i·nant
adj.
1. Having greatest ascendancy, importance, influence, authority, or force. See Synonyms at dominant.

2. montane mon·tane
adj.
Of, growing in, or inhabiting mountain areas.

[Latin montnus, from m Mountain Imperial Pigeon (Zool.) any one of the large Asiatic fruit pigeons of the genus Carpophada.

See also: Pigeon Ducula badia, (BS), the feral feral

untamed; often used in the sense of having escaped from domesticity and run wild. Zebra Dove The Zebra Dove Geopelia striata, also known as Barred Ground Dove, is a bird of the dove family Columbidae, native to South-east Asia. It is closely related to the Peaceful Dove of Australia and New Guinea and the Barred Dove of eastern Indonesia. Geopelia striata Striata is an application software developer and service provider focused on significantly reducing the cost of traditional bill delivery. Striata provides secure, electronic document delivery by email, fax or SMS. (BS), Jambu Fruit Dove Ptilinopus jambu (BS) and globally near-threatened Large Green Pigeon Treron capellei (Giesen 1987; BS).

PSITTACIDAE (Parrots

Further information: List of parrots (family)

This is a species list of parrots sortable alphabetically by common or binomial name. For further details, see the main article. ) Borneo: 4 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 3.

CUCULIDAE (Cuckoos) Borneo: 24 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 17 [+2].

Records of the globally near-threatened Short-toed Coucal The Short-toed Coucal (Centropus rectunguis) is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland. Centropus rectunguis (BS) and Bornean Ground-cuckoo The Bornean Ground-cuckoo (Carpococcyx radiatus) is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. (4) Carpococcyx radiceus (BS) need confirmation. A Chestwinged Cuckoo cuckoo, common name for members of the extensive avian family Cuculidae, including the ani and the roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Clamator coromandus was seen on 5 February 1996 (Dennis et al. 1997).

TYTONIDAE (Barn-owls) Borneo: 1 sp. Recorded in DSNP: 1.

STRIGIDAE Borneo: 8 [+3] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 6.

A large number of owls have been recorded in the area, comprising all lowland owls known from Kalimantan.

PODARGIDAE (Frogmouths) Borneo: 6 spp. Recorded in DSNP: [3].

Three species of frogmouth frogmouth, common name for small, owllike birds of the family Podargidae, ranging in size from 9 to 21 in. (22.5–52.5 cm). Their soft plumage is a mottled gray-brown in color with little distinction between sexes. are listed for DSNP, but no records have been adequately documented. A call resembling that of the montane (!) Bornean Frogmouth The Bornean Frogmouth (Batrachostomus mixtus) is a species of bird in the Podargidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Malaysia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. Batrachostomus mixtus (D. Yong in litt. 1995) was recorded by SvB in July 1993.

CAPRIMULGIDAE (nightjars This is a list of nightjar and eared-nightjar species, sortable by common name or binomial.

Name binomial
Band-tailed Nighthawk Nyctiprogne leucopyga
Nacunda Nighthawk Podager nacunda
Rufous-bellied Nighthawk Lurocalis rufiventris ). Borneo: 5 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 2 [+1]

The globally near-threatened Bonaparte's Nightjar nightjar, common name for birds also known as goatsuckers.

nightjar
or goatsucker

Any of about 60–70 species of birds (family Caprimulgidae) found almost worldwide in temperate to tropical regions. Caprimulgus concretus was taperecorded in April 1994 (van Balen 1996). Two specimens of the Grey Nightjar The Grey Nightjar Caprimulgus indicus is a species of nightjar found in South Asia. Also sometimes known as Jungle Nightjar. References

BirdLife International (2004). Caprimulgus indicus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Caprimulgus indicus were seen hawking hawking: see falconry. over the river on Tawang on 1 December 1994 (Dennis 1994).

APODIDAE (Swiftlets) Borneo: 9 [+3] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 5 [+3].

The records of Silver-backed Needletail The Silver-backed Needletail (Hirundapus cochinchinensis) is a species of swift in the Apodidae family. It is found in Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Hirundapus cochinchinensis (Dennis 1994; would be the first record for Borneo) (5), White-throated Needletail The White-throated Needletail (Hirundapus caudacutus), also known as Needle-tailed Swift or Spine-tailed Swift, is a large swift. It is the fastest-flying bird in level, flapping flight, being capable of 170 km/h (105mph). H. caudacutus (R. Jensen, unpubl. data; would be the first for Kalimantan) and Edible-nest Swiftlet The Edible-nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) is a small bird of the swift family which is found in South-east Asia. Its nest is made of solidified saliva and is used to make bird's nest soup. Description
It is 11 to 12 cm long and weighs 15 to 18 grams. Aerodramus fuciphagus (van Balen 1996) need confirmation and more detailed documentation.

HEMIPROCNIDAE (Tree-swifts) Borneo: 2 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 2.

TROGONIDAE (Trogons) Borneo: 6 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 3

ALCEDINIDAE (kingfishers0 Borneo: 11 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 6.

MEROPIDAE (Bee-eaters) Borneo: 3 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 2.

CORACIIDAE (Rollers) Borneo: 1 sp. Recorded in DSNP: 1.

BUCEROTIDAE (Hornbills) Borneo: 8 sp. Recorded in DSNP: 8.

For hornbills the DSNP seems to be suitable as all species known for Borneo have been recorded. The vulnerable Wrinkled Hornbill The Wrinkled Hornbill or Sunda Wrinkled Hornbill (Aceros corrugatus) is a medium-sized hornbill which is a resident breeder in Malaysia and Indonesia. It was previously placed in the genus Rhyticeros Rhyticeros corrugatus was seen in small numbers (RW; Dennis et al. 1997); globally near-threatened Black Hornbill The Black Hornbill, Anthracoceros malayanus is a species of bird of the Bucerotidae family (hornbills).

It lives in Asia: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand. Anthracoceros malayanus was recorded from taller swamp forest whereas Helmeted Hornbill The Helmeted Hornbill, Rhinoplax vigil is a very large bird in the hornbill family. It is found in the Malay peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.

It has mostly blackish plumage except that the belly and legs are white and the tail is white with each feather having a Rhinoplax vigil vigil (vĭj`əl) [Lat.,=watch], in Christian calendars, eve of a feast, a day of penitential preparation. In ancient times worshipers gathered for vespers before a great feast and then waited outside the church until dawn for the liturgy (Mass). is only known from the hill forests.

CAPITONIDAE (Barbets) Borneo: 9 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 6.

The globally near-threatened Red-crowned Barbet The Red-crowned Barbet (Megalaima rafflesii) is a species of bird in the Ramphastidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and plantations . Megalaima rafflesii is found in the reserve.

INDICATORIDAE Borneo: 1 sp. Recorded in DSNP: 1

The globally near-threatened Malaysian Honeyguide The Malaysian Honeyguide, Indicator archipelagicus is a medium-sized, up to 18cm long, olive-brown honeyguides with greenish streaks, reddish iris, thick grey bill and greyish white below. The male has a yellow patch on shoulder, while female has none. Indicator archipelagicus was mistnetted on 10 Feb 1996 (Dennis et al. 1997). Also reported by BS.

PICIDAE (Woodpeckers) Borneo: 17 [+1] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 15.

A video recording made by B. Syariansah showed a rather distant Greater Goldenback Chrysocolaptes lucidus. This and the Common Goldenback Dinopium javanense are very locally distributed to rare on Borneo, with the former only know from the far NE of the island (Smythies 1981) and Mahakam mangroves (Holmes 1997). There is a record of the coastal Brown-capped Woodpecker The Brown-capped Woodpecker Dendrocopos nanus is a species of woodpecker found in India and Sri Lanka. References

BirdLife International (2004). Dendrocopos nanus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006.

Dendrocopus moluccensis in October 2000 (EM).

EURYLAIMIDAE (Broadbills) Borneo: 8 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 5.

PITTIDAE (Pittas) Borneo: 8 [+1] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 2.

HIRUNDINIDAE (Swallows) Borneo: 4 [+1] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 3 [+2].

The occurrence on Borneo of Red-rumped Hirundo daurica is yet to be confirmed, but the similar (and likely to be confused) Striated Swallow The Striated Swallow (Hirundo striolata) is a species of swallow found in open, often hilly areas, clearings and cultivation in South and Southeast Asia from northeastern India and Taiwan south to Timor. Hirundo striolata is known from northern Borneo. Birds belonging to either species are reported from Kalimantan (Holmes 1997); because their identification in the field is problematic, their records in DSNP (Dennis 1994 (6); EM (7)) need confirmation. The record of Asian House Martin The Asian House Martin (Delichon dasypus) is a migratory passerine bird of the swallow family Hirundinidae.

It has three subspecies:

D. d. dasypus in the southeast of Russia, the Kuril Islands and Japan
D. d.

Delichon dasypus (HN, BS) needs confirmation, considering the rareness of this species on Borneo.

CAMPEPHAGIDAE (Cuckoo-shrikes) Borneo: 14 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 5 [+2].

The records of Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike The Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike (Coracina striata) is a species of bird in the Campephagidae family. It is found in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Coracina striata and the hill dwelling dwelling

an abnormality of gait in a horse in which there is a momentary hesitation before the foot is placed on the ground. Barwinged Hemipus Hemipus picatus (BS) should be confirmed because their overall scarcity on Borneo and the lack of suitable habitat in DSNP.

PYCNONOTIDAE (Bulbuls) Borneo: 23 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 15 [+4].

Black-crested Bulbul The Black-crested Bulbul, Pycnonotus melanicterus, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is resident breeder in tropical southern Asia from India and Sri Lanka east to Indonesia.

This is a bird of forest and dense scrub. Pycnonotus melanicterus, Grey-cheeked Bulbul Criniger bres and Ochraceous Bulbul C. ochraceus are hill birds or scarce on Borneo and their records (BS; RW) need confirmation. On Borneo the globally near-threatened Hook-billed Bulbul Setornis criniger is a scarce swamp forest bird on Borneo, and its record (RW) needs proper documentation. The vulnerable Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus was already rare in 1986 (Giesen 1987); the only records thereafter are from along the Batang Ketam river, where calls were heard in August 1993 (Sebastian 1993), and a bird flying across the river in November 1994 (Dennis 1994).

IRENIDAE (Leafbirds) Borneo: 6 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 5.

LANIIDAE (Shrikes) Borneo: 4 spp. Recorded in DSNP 3.

The Bornean endemic, and globally near-threatened Bornean Bristlehead The Bornean Bristlehead, Pityriasis gymnocephala is a passerine bird, the only member of the family Pityriaseidae. It is a medium-sized 25 cm (10 in) species endemic to Borneo.

This is a large black bird with a red and yellow head. Pityriasis pityriasis /pit·y·ri·a·sis/ (pit?i-ri´ah-sis) any of various skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales. gymnocephala has been recorded in small numbers in the peatswamp forest (RnD, EM).

TURDIDAE (Thrushes) Borneo: 12 [+10] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 5 [+1].

There is an unconfirmed record of chats Saxicola sp. (HN), two species of which have been recorded from northern Borneo (Common Stone-chat S. torquata and Pied Bushchat The Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher, Muscicapidae. S. caprata.

ORTHONICHIDAE (Rail Babblers) Borneo: 1 sp. Recorded in DSNP: [1].

The record of the Rail Babbler babbler, common name for some members of the large, diversified family Timaliidae, passerine birds found primarily in wooded areas of Asia, Africa, and Australia. Eupetes macrocerus (van Balen 1996) needs confirmation.

TIMALIIDAE Borneo: 34 [+1] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 15 [+2].

The records of Abbott's Babbler The Abbott's Babbler (Malacocincla abbotti) is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Trichastoma abbotti and the Bornean endemic Black-throated Wren-babbler The Black-throated Wren-babbler (Napothera atrigularis) is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Napothera atrigularis (van Balen 1996) need confirmation. The globally near-threatened White-chested Babbler The White-chested Babbler (Trichastoma rostratum) is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Trichastoma rostratum is a widespread inhabitant INHABITANT. One who has his domicil in a place is an inhabitant of that place; one who has an actual fixed residence in a place.
2. A mere intention to remove to a place will not make a man an inhabitant of such place, although as a sign of such intention he of riverine forest; the globally near-threatened Ferruginous Babbler The Ferruginous Babbler (Trichastoma bicolor) is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Trichastoma bicolor bicolor

a coat color of two colors. In dogs, usually black with tan markings but may be other combinations such as ticking on a white background. In cats, more than two spots of color on the body, either white and one basic color, or white with one tabby color. was only found in the higher and dry parts of the area. A scimitar-babbler very similar to chestnut-backed, but with a white crown patch and collar was video-taped on 11 August 1993 by BS, but the recording was unfortunately erased e·rase
tr.v. e·rased, e·ras·ing, e·ras·es
1.
a. To remove (something written, for example) by rubbing, wiping, or scraping.

b. by accident.

SYLVIIDAE (Old World Babblers The Old World babblers or timaliids are a large family of mostly Old World passerine birds. They are rather diverse in size and coloration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage. These are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in southeast Asia. ) Borneo: 15 [+3] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 5 [+1].

The record of Black-Browed Reed-Warbler The Black-browed Reed-warbler (Acrocephalus bistrigiceps) is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found in Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Acrocephalus bistrigiceps (Dennis et al. 1997) would be the first for Borneo but needs confirmation.

MUSCICAPIDAE (Old World Flycatchers) Borneo: 26 [+3] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 5 [+4]. The records of Rufous-tailed Rhinomyias Rhinomyias ruficauda (Dennis et al. 1997), Blue-and-white Flycatcher flycatcher, common name for various members of the Old World family Muscicapidae, insectivorous songbirds including the kingbirds, phoebes, and pewees. Flycatchers vary in color from drab to brilliant, as in the crested monarch and paradise flycatchers of Asia and Cyanoptila cyanomelana, Hill Blue Flycatcher Cyornis banyumas (HN, BS) and Bornean Blue Flycatcher C. superbus (Hood 1993) need confirmation and proper documentation, considering the aberrant aberrant /ab·er·rant/ (ah-ber´ant) (ab´ur-ant) wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course.

ab·er·rant
adj.
1. habitat they were found in and/or their rareness on Borneo.

MONARCHIDAE (Monarchs/Fantails) Borneo: 7 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 6.

PACHYCEPHALIDAE (Whistlers) Borneo: 2 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 1.

PARIDAE (Tits) Borneo: 1 sp. Recorded in DSNP: [1]

The records of the Great Tit The Great Tit, Parus major, is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread and common species throughout Europe and Asia in any sort of woodland. It is resident, and most Great Tits do not migrate. Parus major (HN, BS) needs confirmation as this mystery bird is only locally known from the mangroves and man-made habitats in C and S Kalimantan (Holmes and Burton 1987), north of Kuching and in Sabah (Smythies 1981)

SITTIDAE (Nuthatches) Borneo: 1 sp. Recorded in DSNP: 1.

DICAEIDAE (Flowerpeckers) Borneo: 11 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 8 [+1].

The record of Brown-backed Flowerpecker The Brown-backed Flowerpecker (Dicaeum everetti) is a species of bird in the Dicaeidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests. Dicaeum everetti (HN, BS) needs confirmation. There are several records of the elsewhere widespread Bornean endemic Yellow-rumped Flowerpecker The Yellow-rumped Flowerpecker (Prionochilus xanthopygius) is a species of bird in the Dicaeidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. Prionochilus xanthopygius (e.g., Dennis et al. 1997), suggesting sympatry sym·pat·ry
n. pl. sym·pat·ries
The occurrence of sympatric species or forms.

Noun 1. sympatry - the occurrence of organisms in overlapping geographical areas, but without interbreeding with the in DSNP far more commonly occurring Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker The Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker (Prionochilus percussus) is a species of bird in the Dicaeidae family. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand. P. percussus.

NECTARINIIDAE (Sunbirds) Borneo: 17 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 13 [+3].

The records of Copper-throated Sunbird The Copper-throated Sunbird (Nectarinia calcostetha) is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family. It is found in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Nectarinia calcostetha and Red-throated Sunbird The Red-throated Sunbird (Anthreptes rhodolaemus) is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Anthreptes rhodolaema (Dennis 1994), both isolated records from atypical atypical /atyp·i·cal/ (-i-k'l) irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type.

a·typ·i·cal
adj. habitat, and those of Yellow-eared Spiderhunter The Yellow-eared Spiderhunter (Arachnothera chrysogenys) is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Arachnothera chrysogenys need confirmation.

ESTRILDIDAE (Finches) Borneo: 6 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 3.

The endemic Dusky Munia The Dusky Munia Lonchura fuscans is a species of estrildid finch found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines. It is found in subtropical/ tropical lowland shrubland, forest and grassland habitat. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Lonchura fuscans occurs in small numbers on the foothills of Menyukung and Semujan.

PLOCEIDAE (Weavers) Borneo: 1 sp. Recorded in DSNP: 1.

STURNIDAE (Starlings) Borneo: 3 [+4] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 2.

ORIOLIDAE (Orioles) Borneo: 4 [+1] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 1.

DICRURIDAE (Drongos) Borneo: 5 spp. Recorded in DSNP: 1 [+2]

The Bronzed Drongo The Bronzed Drongo , Dicrurus aeneus, is a small Asian bird. The drongos are passerines restricted to the Old World tropics. They were previously classed as the family Dicruridae, but that has been much enlarged to include a number of largely Australasian groups, such as Dicrurus aeneus (WG, BS) and Crow-billed Drongo The Crow-billed Drongo (Dicrurus annectans) is a species of bird in the Dicruridae family. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. D. annectans (BS) need confirmation.

CORVIDAE (Crows Crow¹
n. pl. Crow or Crows In both senses also called Absaroke.
1.
a. A Native American people formerly inhabiting an area of the northern Great Plains between the Platte and Yellowstone ) Borneo: 7 [+1] spp. Recorded in DSNP: 4.

Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos is a mystery bird on Borneo, with only four specimens collected in the past (Smythies 1981); a more rowing flight, larger bill, more open habitat and calls differing from Slender-billed Crow The Slender-billed Crow (Corvus enca) is a species of bird in the Corvidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests. have been found in a fair number birds throughout DSNP (Sebastian 1993; Dennis et al. 1997; SvB pers. obs.); about its presence appears to be little doubt. Of the globally near-threatened Black Magpie The Black Magpie (Platysmurus leucopterus) is a species of bird in the Corvidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Platysmurus. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Platysmurus leucopterus three were seen near the Tekenang field station (Dennis 1994).

DISCUSSION

The minimal sample sizes fell short of covering even a near-complete spectrum of DSNP species: together they contained only 130 species. The cumulative curves confirm that the sample counts conducted are far from adequate to calculate species diversity, and only give a preliminary judgement. However, the counts suggest a trend of increasing higher diversity and expected total species number with habitat complexity. The three swamp forest plots appear extremely similar, and differences in diversity are only determined by slight differences in evenness. Despite its taller forest habitat, Empaik has lower diversity and evenness values, but has a similar extrapolated total number of species. The higher species richness of its swamp/dry hill forest ecotone e·co·tone
n.
A transitional zone between two communities containing the characteristic species of each.

[eco- + Greek tonos, tension, tone; see tone. apparently compensates for a lower evenness value. The cumulative curves in Figure 2ab do not tell us much about the biodiversity biodiversity: see biological diversity.

biodiversity

Quantity of plant and animal species found in a given environment. Sometimes habitat diversity (the variety of places where organisms live) and genetic diversity (the variety of traits expressed of entire DSNP, but the number thus far found, 237 [to 282] is likely to be close the actual number of bird species present in DSNP.

Bird families especially well represented are the herons, and a number of families which members may increase in numbers in numbered parts; as, a book published in numbers.

See also: Number only seasonally (see van Balen 1996), dependent on fruiting resources (pigeons, hornbills), nectar resources (sunbirds), seasonal presence and breeding seasons Breeding season is the most suitable season usually with favorable conditions and abundant food and water when wild animals and birds (wildlife) have naturally evolved to breed to achieve the best reproductive success. of host species (cuckoos). The abundance and relative intactness completeness of the woodpecker woodpecker, common name for members of the Picidae, a large family of climbing birds found in most parts of the world. Woodpeckers typically have sharp, chisellike bills for pecking holes in tree trunks, and long, barbed, extensible tongues with which they impale guild, which are believed to be indicators of good forest (cf Lambert 1992), is rather surprising considering the disturbances that take place in the area. The (temporary) abundance of decaying wood after slashing slash·ing
adj.
1. Bitingly critical or satiric: slashing wit.

2. Dashing; pelting: a slashing hailstorm.

3. and logging (see van Balen 1996) can only be one explanation.

Excessive trapping trapping, most broadly, the use of mechanical or deceptive devices to capture, kill, or injure animals. It may be applied to the practice of using birdlime to capture birds, lobster pots to trap lobsters, and seines to catch fish. has almost certainly already extirpated the Straw-headed Bulbul in DSNP, as it has in most areas in the Greater Sundas (van Balen 1997). The Brahminy Kites and Purple Herons are other species under possibly excessive hunting pressure. Old reports (Enthoven 1903), topographic topographic

describing or pertaining to special regions. names referring to former bird colonies A bird colony is used to refer to large aggregations of individuals of one or more species of bird that roost or nest in close proximity at a particular location.

The habit of nesting in groups is believed to provide better survival against predators due to the larger number (Danau Peranak Burung; Danau Sarang Burung, Danau Pulau Burung), and the widespread water quality and prolific fish populations suggest that the flood plains might be of major importance to waterbirds such as herons and storks (Dennis et al. 1997). Especially the sudden "arrival" of a breeding colony of the globally threatened Lesser Adjutant, and apparently regular (though yet to be documented) breeding of Storm's Stork, make the area one of the last refuges of these species.

Another important category of birds in DSNP are the extreme lowland specialists (Wells 1985), many of which are globally (near)threatened, and 33 species (67% of Borneo's total; excludes 7 unconfirmed species) occur in the DNSP DNSP Distribution Network Service Provider
DNSP Direction Nationale de la Sante Publique (French)
DNSP Directeur National de Sante Publique (French)
DNSP Distributed Networked Services Platform . These species generally do not occur at altitudes above the hill-foot boundary and are especially vulnerable to the proceeding destruction of lowland forest in Borneo.

It is not always clear what the impact is of the seasonal inundation INUNDATION. The overflow of waters by coming out of their bed.
2. Inundations may arise from three causes; from public necessity, as in defence of a place it may be necessary to dam the current of a stream, which will cause an inundation to the upper lands; and human disturbance. Jeanes and Meijaard (2000b, this volume) suggest that the high incidence of human activity during the dry season (= peak fishing season) has an impact on the presence of wildlife in the lake basin. Also disturbances through swidden swid·den
n.
An area cleared for temporary cultivation by cutting and burning the vegetation.

[Dialectal alteration of obsolete swithen, from Old Norse svidhna, to be burned.] cultivation cultivation, tilling or manipulation of the soil, done primarily to eliminate weeds that compete with crops for water and nutrients. Cultivation may be used in crusted soils to increase soil aeration and infiltration of water; it may also be used to move soil to or , burning and logging (Giesen, 1987; Giesen and Aglionby, 2000, this volume), have clearly impact on bird diversity. Especially birds of the lower forest levels appear to have very low representation (pittas, most flycatchers, ground-babblers), which can be explained by the regular flooding events, but remains enigmatic en·ig·mat·ic or en·ig·mat·i·cal
adj.
Of or resembling an enigma; puzzling: a professor's enigmatic grading system. See Synonyms at ambiguous. as this is also the case in the dry forest. It may indicate disturbance as a decrease in species richness of these bird groups has been found in disturbed (e.g., selectively logged) forests elsewhere (cf. Lambert, 1992). A good to excellent representation is found in monarchs List of monarchs may refer to:

List of current monarchs
List of deposed monarchs

, sunbirds and flowerpeckers, most of which are higher canopy species, and apparently less sensitive to both logging and inundation.

The DSNP swamps and lakes are a unique ecosystem, and with 237+ bird species it is richer than any other comparable (and intensively surveyed) wetland conservation area in Kalimantan: the Middle Mahakam Area with 207 spp. (Gonner in press), but which is very much disturbed (Giesen, 2000, this volume); Tanjung Puting with 218 spp. (Nash and Nash 1988; Negara and Barito river Barito is a river in South Kalimantan, Indonesia which passes through the city of Banjarmasin. basins with 140+ spp, which, however, lost most of their conservation value (van Balen and Prentice 1997); Gunung Palung NP with 203 spp (Laman et al. 1996).

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Research

1. The DSNP area is important for a number of globally threatened, notably Storm's Stork, Lesser Adjutant, Wallace's Hawk-eagle, Crested Fireback and Wrinkled Hornbill, Straw-headed Bulbul (if still surviving), and offers unique opportunities for in-depth studies of their ecology ecology, study of the relationships of organisms to their physical environment and to one another. The study of an individual organism or a single species is termed autecology; the study of groups of organisms is called synecology. and biology.

2. The number of yet to be confirmed species indicates the urgency to do more surveys, in which mist-netting and trapping in the hill and swamp forests, as well as scrub and reed marshes would be productive, especially for the more secretive se·cre·tive
adj.
Having or marked by an inclination to secrecy; not open, forthright, or frank. See Synonyms at silent.

se species.

3. Storks, herons and darters appeared to have been far more common in the past, and are now occurring scattered Scattered

Used for listed equity securities. Unconcentrated buy or sell interest. in small numbers across the area. Aerial surveys aerial surveys

an epidemiological technique for surveying animal populations and their habitat, especially the latter, over a very wide area. Requires special techniques adapted to sensing of electronically marked animals from a distance, and infrared scanning of vegetation. are needed to locate breeding colonies of waterbirds and census numbers of these, especially on the least accessible, and thus relatively secure, lakes and marshes.

4. The detailed study of the impact of the seasonal inundation on tree phenology and breeding activity in DSNP will give insight into the ecological ecological

emanating from or pertaining to ecology.

ecological biome
see biome.

ecological climax
the state of balance in an ecosystem when its inhabitants have established their permanent relationships with each processes that take place and determine the shifts in distribution of birds.

Management

1. The high potential of the swamp and hill forests in the peripheries of DSNP have great ornithological importance and should be included into DSNP as far as they have not been.

2. Law enforcement should be improved to allow the recovery of the populations of both globally and locally threatened birds, the Birds, The

Hitchcock film in which birds turn on the human race and terrorize a town. [Am. Cinema: Halliwell, 51]

See : Birds majority of which is protected by Indonesian law (cf Abdullah et al. 1978). Special sanctuary sanctuary, sacred place, especially the most sacred part of a sacred place. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, a sanctuary served as asylum, a place of refuge for persons fleeing from violence or from the penalties of the law. zones should be established.

3. Awareness programmes should be designed to encourage to the local people to protect the waterbirds and other birds presently under high hunting pressure.

APPENDIX 1. LIST OF BIRD SPECIES IN DSNP AND THEIR NUMBERS IN SIX CENSUS LOCALITIES. RECORDS (X, S, V) HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED IN VAN BALEN (1996) AND DENNIS ET AL. (1997) UNLESS INDICATED OTHERWISE.

Nomenclature nomenclature /no·men·cla·ture/ (no´men-kla?cher) a classified system of names, as of anatomical structures, organisms, etc.

binomial nomenclature : 1) Egretta alba; 2) =Dupetor flavicollis; 3) =Tringa hypoleucos; 4) The genera genera, in taxonomy: see classification. Rhopodytes, Rhinortha and Rhamphococcyx are often combined in Phaenicophaeus; 5) Aerodramus is often lumped with Collocalia; 6) Berenicornis and Rhyticeros are often combined in Aceros; 7) =Buceros vigil; 8) Criniger = Alophoixus; 9) =Iole charlottae; 10) =Tricholextes criniger; 11) Ixos malaccensis; 12) =Malacocincla malaccense; 13) =Malacocincla abbotti

Status: m: migrant from the palearctic; m/r: migrant and resident populations on Borneo; v: vagrant VAGRANT. Generally by the word vagrant is understood a person who lives idly without any settled home; but this definition is much enlarged by some statutes, and it includes those who refuse to work, or go about begging. See 1 Wils. R. 331; 5 East, R. 339: 8 T. R. 26. ; f: feral.

Habitats: I: forest interior; II: forest-edge species; III: woodlands/cultivated areas; W: wetlands; * extreme lowland specialist.

Localities: T: Tekenang; P: Pemera; E: Empaik; G: Gernis; S: Semujan; M: Menyukung.

Documentation: s: sighting; v: only voice record; t: tape recording; vt: videotape recording; m: mist-netted and ringed; text: see "Systematic List"; unpublished records by em: E. Meijaard (in litt.); rj: R Jensen (unpublished data); wg: Giesen (1987); ih: Hood (1993); rd: Dennis et al. (1997); rw: R. Wadley (unpublished data); rdd: R. (Roddy) Dennis.

Appendix 1



  Oriental Darter                  Anhinga melanogaster
  Great-billed Heron               Ardea sumatrana
  Purple Heron                     Ardea purpurea
  Great Egret                      Casmeroditus albus(1)
  Intermediate Egret               Egretta intermedia
  Little Egret                     Egrena garzetta
  Chinese Egret                    Egretta eulophotes
  Cattle Egret                     Bubuculus ibis
? Chinese Pond-heron               Ardeala bacchus
  Striated Heron                   Butorides striarus
  Black-crowned Night-heron        Nycticarax nycacorax
? Rufous Night-heron               Nycticorax caledonicus
  Yellow Bittern                   Ixobrychus sinensis
  Cinnamon Bittern                 Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
  Black Bittern                    Ixobrychus flavicollzs(2)
  Storm's Stork                    Ciconia storing
  Lesser Adjutant                  Leproptilos javanicus
  Osprey                           Pandion haliactus
  Jerdon's Baza                    Aviceda jerdon:
  Oriental Honey-buzzard           Pernis ptilorhyncus
? Bat Hawk                         Macheiramphus alcinus
  Brahminy Kite                    Haliastur indus
  White-bellied Sea-eagle          Haliaaetus leucogaster
  Lesser Fish-eagle                Ichthyophaga humilis
  Grey-headed Fish-eagle           Ichthyophoga ichthyaetus
  Crested Serpent-eagle            Spilornis cheela
? Buzzard                          Buteo spp.
? Grey-faced Buzzard               Butastur indicus
  Crested Goshawk                  Accipiter trivirgatus
? Japanese Sparrow-hawk            Accipiter gularis
? Besra                            Accipiter virgatus
  Black Eagle                      Ictinaetus malayensis
  Changeable Hawk-eagle            Spizaetus cirrhatus
? Blyth's Hawk-eagle               Spizaetus alboniger
  Wallace's Hawk-eagle             Spizactus nanus
  Black-thighed Falconet           Mrcrohierax fringillarius
? Peregrine Falcon                 Falco peregrinus
  Wandering Whistling Duck         Dendrocygna arcuata
? Black Partridge                  Melanoperdix nigra
  Blue-breasted Quail              Coturnix chinensis
  Crested Partridge                Rollulus rouloul
? Crestless Fireback               Lophura erythrophthalma
  Crested Fireback                 Lophura ignita
? Bulwer's Pheasant                Lophura bulweri
  Great Argus                      Argusianus argus
  Slaty-breated Rail               Gallirallus striatus
? Red-Legged Crake                 Rallina fasciata
  White-breasted Waterhen          Amaurornis phoenicurus
? Watercock                        Gallicrex cinerea
  Little Ringed Plowr              Charadrius dubius
  Wood Sandpiper                   Tringa glareola
  Common Sandpiper                 Actitis hypoleucos(3)
  Little Tern                      Sterna albifrans
? Large Green Pigeon               Treron capellei
  Thick-billed Green Pigeon        Treron curvirostra
  Cinnamon-headed Green Pigeon     Treron fulvicollis
  Little Green Pigeon              Treron olax
  Pink-necked Green Pigeon         Treron vernans
? Jambu Fruit-dove                 Ptilinopus jambu
  Green Imperial Pigeon            Ducula aenea
? Mountain Imperial Pigeon         Ducula badia
  Ruddy Cuckoo-dove                Macropygia emiliana
  Spotted Dove                     Streptopelia chinensis
? Zebra Dove                       Geopelia striata
  Emerald Dove                     Chalcophaps indica
  Long-tailed Parakeet             Psittacula longicauda
  Blue-rumped Parrot               Psittinus cyanurus
  Blue-crowned Hanging-parrot      Loriculus galgulus
  Chestnut-winged Cuckoo           Clamator coromandus
  Moustached Hawk-cuckoo           Cuculus vagans
  Hodgson's Hawk-cuckoo            Cuculus fugax
  Indian Cuckoo                    Cuculus micropterus
  Banded Bay Cuckoo                Cacomantis sonneratii
  Plaintive Cuckoo                 Cacomantis merulinus
  Rusty-breasted Cuckoo            Cacomantis sepulcralis
  Violet Cuckoo                    Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus
  Little Bronze Cuckoo             Chrysococcyx minutillus
  Drongo Cuckoo                    Surniculus lugubris
  Asian Koel                       Eudynamys scolopacea
  Black-bellied Malkoha            Rhopodytes diardi (4)
  Chestnut-bellied Malkoha         Rhopodytes sumatranus (4)
  Raffles's Malkoha                Rhinortha chlorophaea (4)
  Chestnut-breasted Malkoha        Rhamphococcyx curvirostris (4)
? Sunda Ground-Cuckoo              Carpococcyx radiceus
? Short-toed Coucal                Centropus rectunguis
  Greater Coucal                   Centropus sinensis
  Lesser Coucal                    Centropus bengalensis
  Oriental Bay Owl                 Phodilus badius
  Reddish Scops-owl                Otus rufescens
  Collared Scops-owl               Otus lempiji
  Barred Eagle-owl                 Bubo sumatranus
  Buffy Fish-owl                   Ketupa ketupu
  Brown Boobook                    Ninox scutulata
  Brown Wood-owl                   Strix leptogrammica
  Frogmouth                        Batrachostomus spec.
  Malaysian Eared Nightjar         Eurostopodus temminckii
  Grey Nightjar                    Caprimulgus indicus
  Bonaparte's Nightjar             Caprimulgus concretus
? Edible-nest Swiftlet             Aerodramus fuciphagus
  Black-nest Swiftlet              Aerodramus maximus
  Glossy Swiftlet                  Collocalia esculenta
? White-throated Needletail        Hirundapus caudacutus
? Silver-backed Needletail         Hirundapus cochinchinensis
  Brown-backed Needletail          Hirundapus giganteus
  Silver-rumped Swift              Rhaphidura leucopygialis
  Little Swift                     Apus affinis
  Grey-rumped Tree-swift           Hemiprocne longipennis
  WhiskeredTree-swift              Hemiprocne comata
  Red-naped Trogon                 Harpactes kasumba
  Diard's Trogon                   Harpactes diardii
  Scarlet-rumped Trogon            Harpactes duvaucelii
  Common Kingfisher                Alcedo atthis
  Blue-eared Kingfisher            Alcedo meninting
  Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher        Ceyx erithacus
  Stork-billed Kingfisher          Pelargopsis capensis
  Banded Kingfisher                Lacedo pulchella
  Black-capped Kingfisher          Halcyon pileata
  Blue-throated Bee-eater          Merops viridis
  Red-bearded Bee-eater            Nyctyornis amictus
  Common Dollarbird                Eurystomus orientalis
  White-crowned Hornbill           Berenicornis comatus (6)
  Bushy-crested Hornbill           Anorrhinus galeritus
  Wrinkled Hornbill                Rhtyiceros corrugatus (6)
  Wreathed Hornbill                Rhyhiceros undulatus (6)
  Black Hornbill                   Anthracoceros malayanus
  Asian Pied Hornbill              Anthracoceros albirostris
  Rhinoceros Hornbill              Buceros rhinoceros
  Helmeted Hornbill                Rhinoplax vigil (7)
  Gold-whiskered Barbet            Megalaima chrysopogan
  Red-crowned Barbet               Megalaima rafflesii
  Red-throated Barbet              Megalaima mystacophanos
  Yellow-crowned Barbet            Megalaima henricii
  Blue-eared Barbet                Megalaima australis
  Brown Barbet                     Calorhamphus fuliginosus
  Malaysian Honeyguide             Indicator archipelagicus
  Rufous Piculet                   Sasia abnormis
  Rufous Woodpecker                Celeus brachyurus
  Crimson-winged Woodpecker        Picus puniceus
  Banded Woodpecker                Picus miniaceus
  Common Goldenback                Dinopium javanense
  Buff-rumped Woodpecker           Meiglyptes tristis
  Buff-necked Woodpecker           Meiglyptes tukki
  Great Slaty Woodpecker           Mulleripicus pulverulentus
  White-bellied Woodpecker         Dryocopus javensis
  Grey-capped Woodpecker           Dendrocopos canicapillus
  Brown-capped Woodpecker          Dendrocopos moluccensis
  Grey-and-buff Woodpecker         Hemicircus concretus
  Maroon Woodpecker                Blythipicus rubiginosus
  Orange-backed Woodpecker         Reinwardtipicus validus
  Greater Goldenback               Chrysocolaptes lucidus
  Dusky Broadbill                  Corydon sumatranus
  Black-and-red Broadbill          Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos
  Banded Broadbill                 Eurylaimus javanicus
  Black-and-yellow Broadbill       Eurylaimus ochromalus
  Green Broadbill                  Calyptomena viridis
  Hooded Pitta                     Pitta sordida
  Blue-winged Pitta                Pitta moluccensis
  Barn Swallow                     Hirundo rustica
  Pacific Swallow                  Hirundo tahitica
? Red-rumped Swallow               Hirundo daurica
? Asian House-martin               Delichon dasypus
? Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike        Coracina striata
  Lesser Cuckoo-shrike             Coracina fimbriata
  Fiery Minivet                    Pericrocotus igneus
  Scarlet Minivet                  Pericrocofus flammeus
? Bar-winged Hemipus               Hemipus picatus
  Black-winged Hemipus]            Hemipus hirundinaceus
  Large Wood-shrike                Tephrodornis gularis
  Straw-headed Bulbul              Pycnonotus eylanicus
  Black-and-white Bulbul           Pycnonotus melanoleucos
  Black-headed Bulbul              Pycnonotus atriceps
? Black-crested Bulbul             Pycnonwus melanicterus
  Grey-bellied Bulbul              Pycnonotus cyaniventris
  Puff-backed Bulbul               Pycnonoeus eutilotus
  Yellow-vented Bulbul             Pycnonotus goiavier
  Olive-winged Bulbul              Pycnonotus plumosus
  Cream-vented Bulbul              Pycnonotus simplex
  Red-eyed Bulbul                  Pycnonotus brunneus
  Spectacled Bulbul                Pycnonotus erythropthalmos
  Finsch's Bulbul                  Criniger finschii (8)
? Ochraceous Bulbul                Criniger ochraceous (8)
? Grey-cheeked Bulbul              Criniger bres (8)
  Yellow-bellied Bulbul            Criniger phacacephalus (8)
? Hook-billed Bulbul               Setornis criniger
  Buff-vented Bulbul               Hypsipetes charlottae ((9)
  Hairy-backed Bulbul              Hypsipetes criniger (10)
  Common Streaked Bulbul           Hypsipetes malaccensis (11)
  Common Iora                      Aeglihina tiphia
  Green Iora                       Aegithina viridissima
  Greater Green Leatbird           Chloropsis sonnerati
  Lesser Green Leafbird            Chloropsis cyanopogon
  Asian Fairy Bluebird             Irena puella
  Tiger Shrike                     Lanius tigrinus
  Brown Shrike                     Lanius cristatus
  Bornean Btistlehead              Pityriasis gymnocephala
  Oriental Magpie-robin            Copsychus saularis
  White-rumped Shama               Copsychus malabaricus
  Rufous-tailed Shama              Copsychus pyrropygus
  Cheatnut-naped Forktail          Enicurus ruficapillus
  White-crowned Forktail           Enicurus leschenaulti
  Chats                            Saxicola spp.
  Rail Babbler                     Eupetes macrocerus
  Short-tailed Babbler             Trichastoma malaccense (12)
  White-cheated Babbler            Trichastoma rostratum
  Ferruginous Babbler              Trichastoma bicolor
? Abbott's Babbler                 Trichastoma abbotti (13)
  Moustached Babbler               Malacopteron magnirostre
  Sooty-capped Babbler             Malacopteron affine
  Scaly-crowned Babbler            Malacopteron cinereum
  Rufous-crowned Babbler           Malacopteran magnum
  Chestnut-backed Scimitar-babble  Pomatorhinus montanus
  Striped wren-babbler             Kenopia striata
? Black-throated Wren-babbler      Napothera atrigularis
  Chestnut-rumped Babbler          Stachyris maculata
  Black-throated Babbler           Stachyris nigricollis
  Chestnut-winged Babbler          Stachyris erythroptera
  Striped Tit-babbler              Macronous gularis
  Fluffy-backed Tit-babbler        Macronous ptilosus
  Brown Fulvetta                   Alcippe brunneicauda
? Black-Browed Reed-Warbler        Acrocephalus bistrigiceps
  Yellow-bellied Prinia            Prinia flaviventris
  Dark-necked Tailorbird           Orthotomus atrogularis
  Rufous-tailed Tailorbird         Orthotomus sericeus
  Ashy Tailorbird                  Orthotomus ruficeps
  Arctic Leaf-warbler              Phylloscopus borealis
  Grey-chested Rhinomyias          Rhinomyias umbratilis
? Rufous-tailed Rhinomyias         Rhinomyias ruficauda
  Asian Brown Flycatcher           Muscicapa dauurica
  Mugimaki Flycatcher              Ficedula mugimaki
? Blue-and-white Flycatcher        Cyanoptila cyanomelana
  Pale Blue Flycatcher             Cyornis unicolor
? Hill Blue Flycatcher             Cyornis banyumas
? Bornean Blue Flycatcher          Cyornis superbus
  Malaysian Blue Flycatcher        Cyornis turcosus
  Rufous-winged Philentoma         Philentoma pyrhopterum
  Maroon-breasted Flycatcher       Philentoma velatum
  Black-naped Monarch              Hypothymis azurea
  Asian Paradise-flycatcher        Terpsiphone paradisi
  Pied Fantail                     Rhipidura javanica
  Spotted Fantail                  Rhipidura perlata
  Mangrove Whistler                Pachycephala grisola
? Great Tit                        Parus major
  Velvet-fronted Nuthatch          Sitta frontalis
  Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker     Prionochilus maculatus
  Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker    Prionochilus percussus
  Yellow-rumped Flowerpecker       Prionochilus xanthopygius
  Scarlet-breasted Flowerpecker    Prionichilus thoracicus
? Brown-backed Flowerpecker        Dicaeum everetti
  Yellow-vented Flowerpecker       Dicaeum chrysorrheum
  Orange-bellied Flowerpecker      Dicaeum trigonostigma
  Plain Flowerpecker               Dicaeum concolor
  Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker      Dicaeum cruentatum
  Plain Sunbird                    Anthreptes simplex
  Plain-throated Sunbird           Anthreptes malacensis
? Red-throated Sunbird             Anthreptes rhodolaema
  Ruby-checked Sunbird             Anthreptes singalensis
  Purple-naped Sunbird             Hypagramma hypogrammicum
  Purple-throated Sunbird          Nectarinia sperata
? Copper-throated Sunbird          Nectarinia calcostetha
  Olive-backed Sunbird             Nectarinia jugularis
  Crimson Sunbird                  Aethopyga siparaja
  Scarlet Sunbird                  Aethopyga temminckii
  Little Spiderhunter              Arachnothera longirostra
  Thick-billed Spiderhunter        Arachnothera crassirostris
  Long-billed Spiderhunter         Arachnothera robusta
  Spectacled Spiderhunter          Arachnothera flavigaster
? Yellow-eared Spiderhunter        Arachnothera chrysogenys
  Grey-breasted Spiderhunter       Arachnothera affinis
  Dusky Munia                      Lonchurafuscans
  White-bellied Munia              Lonchura leucogastra
  Chestnut Munia                   Lonchura malacca
  Tree Sparrow                     Passer montanus
  Asian Glossy Starling            Aplonis panayensis
  Hill Myna                        Gracula religiosa
  Dark-throated Oriole             Oriolus xanthonotus
? Crow-billed Drongo               Dicrurus annectans
? Bronzed Drongo                   Dicrurus aeneus
  Greater Racquet-tailed Drongo    Dicrurus paradiseus
  Crested Jay                      Platylophus galericulatus
  Black Magpie                     Platysmurus leucopterus
  Slender-billed Crow              Covus enca
  Large-billed Crow                Covus macrorhynchus

                                   Status  Habitat  T   P   E   G   S

  Oriental Darter                             W     -   -   -   -   -
  Great-billed Heron                          W     -   -   -   -   -
  Purple Heron                                W     -   -   -   -   -
  Great Egret                        m        W     x   -   -   -   -
  Intermediate Egret                 m        W     -   -   -   -   -
  Little Egret                      iii       W     -   -   -   -   -
  Chinese Egret                      m        W     -   -   -   -   -
  Cattle Egret                       m        W     -   -   -   -   -
? Chinese Pond-heron                 m        W     -   -   -   -   -
  Striated Heron                    m/r       W     x   -   -   -   -
  Black-crowned Night-heron                   W     rd  -   -   -   -
? Rufous Night-heron                 v        W     -   -   -   -   -
  Yellow Bittern                     m        W     -   -   -   -   -
  Cinnamon Bittern                  m/r       W     -   -   -   -   -
  Black Bittern                      m        W     -   -   x   -   -
  Storm's Stork                              * W    -   -   -   -   -
  Lesser Adjutant                             W     -   -   -   -   -
  Osprey                                      W     -   -   -   -   -
  Jerdon's Baza                               I     -   x   -   -   -
  Oriental Honey-buzzard                      I     rd  -   -   -   -
? Bat Hawk                                    I     -   -   -   -   -
  Brahminy Kite                              III    x   x   x   -   -
  White-bellied Sea-eagle                    * W    -   -   -   -   -
  Lesser Fish-eagle                           W     -   x   x   -   -
  Grey-headed Fish-eagle                     * W    -   -   -   -   x
  Crested Serpent-eagle                      II     x   x   -   -   x
? Buzzard                            m       Ill    -   -   -   -   -
? Grey-faced Buzzard                 m       Ill    -   -   -   -   -
  Crested Goshawk                             I     x   x   -   -   x
? Japanese Sparrow-hawk              m       II     -   -   -   -   -
? Besra                                             -   -   -   -   -
  Black Eagle                                II     -   -   -   -   -
  Changeable Hawk-eagle                      Ill    -   -   -   -   rd
? Blyth's Hawk-eagle                          I     -   -   -   -   -
  Wallace's Hawk-eagle                        I     x   -   -   -   -
  Black-thighed Falconet                     II     -   x   x   -   -
? Peregrine Falcon                   m       III    -   -   -   -   -
  Wandering Whistling Duck                    W     -   -   -   -   -
? Black Partridge                            * I    -   -   -   -   -
  Blue-breasted Quail                        III    -   -   -   -   -
  Crested Partridge                          II     -   -   -   -   -
? Crestless Fireback                         * I    -   -   -   -   -
  Crested Fireback                           * I    -   -   -   -   x
? Bulwer's Pheasant                           I     -   -   -   -   -
  Great Argus                                 I     -   -   -   -   x
  Slaty-breated Rail                          W     -   -   -   -   -
? Red-Legged Crake                            W     -   -   -   -   -
  White-breasted Waterhen                     W     ts  -   -   -   -
? Watercock                          m        W     -   -   -   -   -
  Little Ringed Plowr                m        W     -   -   -   -   -
  Wood Sandpiper                     m        W     -   -   -   -   -
  Common Sandpiper                   m        W     -   -   -   -   x
  Little Tern                                 W     -   -   -   -   -
? Large Green Pigeon                         * I    -   -   -   -   -
  Thick-billed Green Pigeon                   I     -   -   -   x   -
  Cinnamon-headed Green Pigeon               * I    -   -   1   3   -
  Little Green Pigeon                       * II    -   -   -   -   -
  Pink-necked Green Pigeon                   II     -   -   -   x   -
? Jambu Fruit-dove                            I     -   -   -   -   -
  Green Imperial Pigeon                     * II    1   -   -   1   x
? Mountain Imperial Pigeon                    I     -   -   -   -   -
  Ruddy Cuckoo-dove                          II     -   x   x   x   -
  Spotted Dove                               III    -   -   -   -   -
? Zebra Dove                         f       III    -   -   -   -   -
  Emerald Dove                                I     -   x   -   x   x
  Long-tailed Parakeet                      * II    -   x   1   12  -
  Blue-rumped Parrot                         * I    -   -   -   3   -
  Blue-crowned Hanging-parrot                II     x   2   3   5   -
  Chestnut-winged Cuckoo             m       III    -   -   -   -   -
  Moustached Hawk-cuckoo                      I     -   -   -   -   -
  Hodgson's Hawk-cuckoo             m/r       I     -   -   -   -   x
  Indian Cuckoo                     m/r       I     -   1   -   2   x
  Banded Bay Cuckoo                          II     -   -   -   x   x
  Plaintive Cuckoo                           III    4   x   x   x   x
  Rusty-breasted Cuckoo                      II     -   -   -   -   -
  Violet Cuckoo                              II     3   -   x   x   x
  Little Bronze Cuckoo                       II     x   -   -   -   -
  Drongo Cuckoo                              II     7   x   -   -   -
  Asian Koel                         m        I     -   -   -   -   -
  Black-bellied Malkoha                      II     -   -   -   1   -
  Chestnut-bellied Malkoha                    I     3   -   -   -   -
  Raffles's Malkoha                          II     2   4   -   -   x
  Chestnut-breasted Malkoha                  II     -   -   -   -   -
? Sunda Ground-Cuckoo                        * I    -   -   -   -   -
? Short-toed Coucal                          * I    -   -   -   -   -
  Greater Coucal                             II     8   4   3   4   x
  Lesser Coucal                              III    rd  -   -   -   -
  Oriental Bay Owl                          * II    -   -   -   -   -
  Reddish Scops-owl                           I     -   -   -   -   -
  Collared Scops-owl                         III    -   -   -   -   -
  Barred Eagle-owl                            I     -   -   -   -   -
  Buffy Fish-owl                             * W    ts  -   -   -   -
  Brown Boobook                     m/r      II     -   -   -   -   -
  Brown Wood-owl                              I     -   -   -   -   x
  Frogmouth                                   I     -   -   -   -   -
  Malaysian Eared Nightjar                   II     -   -   -   -   -
  Grey Nightjar                      m       III    -   -   -   -   -
  Bonaparte's Nightjar                      * II    -   -   -   -   -
? Edible-nest Swiftlet                       III    -   -   -   -   -
  Black-nest Swiftlet                        III    x   -   -   -   x
  Glossy Swiftlet                            III    -   -   -   -   -
? White-throated Needletail          m       III    rj  -   -   -   -
? Silver-backed Needletail           m       III    rd  -   -   -   -
  Brown-backed Needletail           m/r      II     x   -   -   -   -
  Silver-rumped Swift                         I     x   10  4   1   -
  Little Swift                               III    x   -   -   -   -
  Grey-rumped Tree-swift                    * II    -   -   -   -   -
  WhiskeredTree-swift                        II     rd  4   -   -   -
  Red-naped Trogon                            I     -   -   -   -   x
  Diard's Trogon                              I                     x
  Scarlet-rumped Trogon                       I     -   -   -   -   x
  Common Kingfisher                  m        W     -   -   -   -   -
  Blue-eared Kingfisher                       I     rd  3   3   --  x
  Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher                   I     -   -   1   -   x
  Stork-billed Kingfisher                     W     1   4   2   2   x
  Banded Kingfisher                           I     -   -   -   -   x
  Black-capped Kingfisher            m        W     -   -   -   -   -
  Blue-throated Bee-eater                    III    -   -   -   -   -
  Red-bearded Bee-eater                       I     -   -   -   -   -
  Common Dollarbird                 m/r      II     -   -   -   -   -
  White-crowned Hornbill                      I     -   -   -   -   x
  Bushy-crested Hornbill                      I     -   -   -   -   x
  Wrinkled Hornbill                          * I    -   -   -   -   rd
  Wreathed Hornbill                           I     x   -   x   -   x
  Black Hornbill                            * II    -   -   2   -   x
  Asian Pied Hornbill                       * II    1   2   -   -   x
  Rhinoceros Hornbill                         I     -   -   -   -   x
  Helmeted Hornbill                           I     -   -   -   -   -
  Gold-whiskered Barbet                       I     -   -   -   -   x
  Red-crowned Barbet                         * I    -   3   x   1   x
  Red-throated Barbet                         I     -   -   -   1   x
  Yellow-crowned Barbet                       I     -   -   -   -
  Blue-eared Barbet                          II     x   3   4   -   -
  Brown Barbet                               II     -   -   -   -   rd
  Malaysian Honeyguide                        I     rd  -   -   -   -
  Rufous Piculet                             II     -   -   1   -   x
  Rufous Woodpecker                          II     -   -   -   -   x
  Crimson-winged Woodpecker                   I     1   1   x   1   -
  Banded Woodpecker                          II     3   1   x   1   rd
  Common Goldenback                          II     -   -   -   -   -
  Buff-rumped Woodpecker                      I     -   -   -   -   x
  Buff-necked Woodpecker                      I     -   -   -   1
  Great Slaty Woodpecker                     * I    -   1   -   -   x
  White-bellied Woodpecker                   * I    -   -   1   -   x
  Grey-capped Woodpecker                     II     -   x   x   -   x
  Brown-capped Woodpecker                    III    -   -   -   -   -
  Grey-and-buff Woodpecker                   II     -   -   1   1   -
  Maroon Woodpecker                           I     -       1   -   x
  Orange-backed Woodpecker                    I     x   -   x   -   -
  Greater Goldenback                         II     -   -   -   -   -
  Dusky Broadbill                             I     -   -   -   -   -
  Black-and-red Broadbill                     I     x   -   -   x   -
  Banded Broadbill                            I     -   -   2   -   x
  Black-and-yellow Broadbill                 II     -   2   4   1   x
  Green Broadbill                             I     -   1   -   -   x
  Hooded Pitta                      m/r     * II    -   -   -   -   -
  Blue-winged Pitta                  m       II     -   -   -   -   -
  Barn Swallow                       m       III    z   -   -   -   -
  Pacific Swallow                            III    -   -   -   -   -
? Red-rumped Swallow                 m       III    -   -   -   -   -
? Asian House-martin                 m       III    -   -   -   -   -
? Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike                 * II    -   -   -   -   -
  Lesser Cuckoo-shrike                        I     -   I   -   -   -
  Fiery Minivet                             * II    -   3   -   4   -
  Scarlet Minivet                             I     -   -   -   -   x
? Bar-winged Hemipus                          I     -   -   -   -   -
  Black-winged Hemipus]                      II     x   5   -   2   x
  Large Wood-shrike                           I     -   -   -   -   -
  Straw-headed Bulbul                        II     -   -   -   -   -
  Black-and-white Bulbul                      I     -   -   -   -   rd
  Black-headed Bulbul                        II     x   6   x   -   x
? Black-crested Bulbul                        I     -   -   -   -   -
  Grey-bellied Bulbul                         I     -   -   -   -   x
  Puff-backed Bulbul                          I     -   -   x   -   -
  Yellow-vented Bulbul                       III    -   -   -   -   -
  Olive-winged Bulbul                        Ill    rd  -   -   -   x
  Cream-vented Bulbul                        II     6   4   5   74  rd
  Red-eyed Bulbul                             I     rd  2   I   ?1  x
  Spectacled Bulbul                          II     -   -   -   -   x
  Finsch's Bulbul                             I     -   -   -   -   x
? Ochraceous Bulbul                           I     -   -   -   -   -
? Grey-cheeked Bulbul                         I     -   -   -   -   -
  Yellow-bellied Bulbul                       I     -   -   -   -   -
? Hook-billed Bulbul                         * I    -   -   -   -   -
  Buff-vented Bulbul                          I     -   -   -   -   -
  Hairy-backed Bulbul                         I     -   -   -   -   x
  Common Streaked Bulbul                      I     -   -   -   -   x
  Common Iora                                III    20  7   x   7   x
  Green Iora                                  I     x   3   2   5   x
  Greater Green Leatbird                      I     -   2   2   1   -
  Lesser Green Leafbird                      II     -   -   ?x  ?x  -
  Asian Fairy Bluebird                        I     -   -   -   -   x
  Tiger Shrike                       m       II     -   -   -   -   -
  Brown Shrike                       m       III    rd  -   -   -   -
  Bornean Btistlehead                        * I    -   -   -   -   -
  Oriental Magpie-robin                      III    20  3   2   3   x
  White-rumped Shama                          I     -   4   1   x   x
  Rufous-tailed Shama                         I     -   -   -   -   -
  Cheatnut-naped Forktail                     I     -   -   -   -   -
  White-crowned Forktail                     II     -   -   -   -   -
  Chats                              v       III    -   -   -   -   -
  Rail Babbler                                I     -   -   -   -   -
  Short-tailed Babbler                        I     -   -   I   -   -
  White-cheated Babbler                     * II    7   10  21  13  x
  Ferruginous Babbler                        * I    -   -   -   -   x
? Abbott's Babbler                           II     -   -   -   -   -
  Moustached Babbler                          I     -   -   -   -   x
  Sooty-capped Babbler                       II     5   1   2   2   x
  Scaly-crowned Babbler                       I     -   -   4   -   -
  Rufous-crowned Babbler                      I     -   -   -   -   x
  Chestnut-backed Scimitar-babble             I     -   -   -   -   x
  Striped wren-babbler                        I     -   -   -   -   -
? Black-throated Wren-babbler                 I     -   -   -   -   -
  Chestnut-rumped Babbler                     I     -   -   3   -   x
  Black-throated Babbler                     * I    -   -   -   -   x
  Chestnut-winged Babbler                     I     x   8   20  11  x
  Striped Tit-babbler                        III    38  12  7   21  x
  Fluffy-backed Tit-babbler                  II     -   2   -   -   x
  Brown Fulvetta                              I     -   -   -   -   x
? Black-Browed Reed-Warbler          m       III    -   -   -   -   -
  Yellow-bellied Prinia                      III    -   -   x   -   x
  Dark-necked Tailorbird                     III    x   -   -   -   x
  Rufous-tailed Tailorbird                   III    x   -   x   4   x
  Ashy Tailorbird                            II     12  4   10  8   x
  Arctic Leaf-warbler                m       II     4   3   1   3   x
  Grey-chested Rhinomyias                     I     -   -   -   -   x
? Rufous-tailed Rhinomyias                    I     -   -   -   -   -
  Asian Brown Flycatcher             m       II     x   -   -   -   rd
  Mugimaki Flycatcher                m       II     -   -   -   -   -
? Blue-and-white Flycatcher          m       II     -   -   -   -   -
  Pale Blue Flycatcher                        I     -   -   -   -   -
? Hill Blue Flycatcher                       II     -   -   -   -   -
? Bornean Blue Flycatcher                     I     -   -   -   -   -
  Malaysian Blue Flycatcher                 * II    x   -   6   4   -
  Rufous-winged Philentoma                    I     -   -   -   -   x
  Maroon-breasted Flycatcher                  I     -   -   -   -   x
  Black-naped Monarch                         I     3   5   7   6   x
  Asian Paradise-flycatcher                   I     -   3   -   3   x
  Pied Fantail                               III    -   -   x   x   x
  Spotted Fantail                             I     -   -   -   -   x
  Mangrove Whistler                          II     -   5   7   6   -
? Great Tit                                  II     -   -   -   -   -
  Velvet-fronted Nuthatch                     I     -   4   2   2   x
  Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker                I     -   -   -   -   x
  Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker              II     1   -   -   1   x
  Yellow-rumped Flowerpecker                  I     -   -   -   -   -
  Scarlet-breasted Flowerpecker              II     -   -   -   -   -
? Brown-backed Flowerpecker                   I     -   -   -   -   -
  Yellow-vented Flowerpecker                 II     -   -   -   -   -
  Orange-bellied Flowerpecker                II     8   17  20  13  x
  Plain Flowerpecker                         II     -   -   -   -   x
  Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker                III    8   3   3   3   x
  Plain Sunbird                               I     -   -   -   -   x
  Plain-throated Sunbird                     III    15  6   x   3   x
? Red-throated Sunbird                        I     -   -   -   -   -
  Ruby-checked Sunbird                       II     x   -   1   ?1  -
  Purple-naped Sunbird                        I     -   -   -   -   -
  Purple-throated Sunbird                   * II    rd  5   7   3   -
? Copper-throated Sunbird                    II     -   -   -   -   -
  Olive-backed Sunbird                       III    12  6   x   3   -
  Crimson Sunbird                           * II    2   3   2   x   -
  Scarlet Sunbird                             I     -   -   -   -   x
  Little Spiderhunter                         I     -   2   3   -   x
  Thick-billed Spiderhunter                   I     x   -   -   -   -
  Long-billed Spiderhunter                    I     -   -   1   -   x
  Spectacled Spiderhunter                     I     -   ?1  -   -   ?x
? Yellow-eared Spiderhunter                   I     -   -   -   -   ?x
  Grey-breasted Spiderhunter                 II     -   -   -   -   -
  Dusky Munia                                III    ts  -   -   -   x
  White-bellied Munia                       * II    -   -   -   -   -
  Chestnut Munia                             III    -   -   -   -   -
  Tree Sparrow                               III    -   -   -   -   -
  Asian Glossy Starling                      III    -   -   -   -   -
  Hill Myna                                 * II    x   x   2   3   x
  Dark-throated Oriole                        I     -   -   -   -   -
? Crow-billed Drongo                 m       II     -   -   -   -   -
? Bronzed Drongo                              I     -   -   -   -   -
  Greater Racquet-tailed Drongo             * II    -   4   5   -   x
  Crested Jay                                 I     -   -   -   -   -
  Black Magpie                              * II    -   -   -   -   -
  Slender-billed Crow                       * II    x   -   3   5   -
  Large-billed Crow                          III    -   -   -   -   -

                                   M     Doc

  Oriental Darter                  -      s
  Great-billed Heron               -      s
  Purple Heron                     -      s
  Great Egret                      -      s
  Intermediate Egret               -      s
  Little Egret                     -      S
  Chinese Egret                    -     text
  Cattle Egret                     -      S
? Chinese Pond-heron               -     text
  Striated Heron                   -      s
  Black-crowned Night-heron        -      s
? Rufous Night-heron               -     text
  Yellow Bittern                   -      s
  Cinnamon Bittern                 -      s
  Black Bittern                    -      s
  Storm's Stork                    -      s
  Lesser Adjutant                  -      s
  Osprey                           -      s
  Jerdon's Baza                    -      s
  Oriental Honey-buzzard           -      s
? Bat Hawk                         -     text
  Brahminy Kite                    x      s
  White-bellied Sea-eagle          -      s
  Lesser Fish-eagle                -     s,t
  Grey-headed Fish-eagle           -      s
  Crested Serpent-eagle            -     s,t
? Buzzard                          -     text
? Grey-faced Buzzard               -     text
  Crested Goshawk                  -     s,t
? Japanese Sparrow-hawk            lx    text
? Besra                            -     text
  Black Eagle                      -      s
  Changeable Hawk-eagle            x      s
? Blyth's Hawk-eagle               -     text
  Wallace's Hawk-eagle             -      s
  Black-thighed Falconet           x      s
? Peregrine Falcon                 -     text
  Wandering Whistling Duck         -      s
? Black Partridge                  -     text
  Blue-breasted Quail              -      s
  Crested Partridge                -      s
? Crestless Fireback               -     text
  Crested Fireback                 -     text
? Bulwer's Pheasant                -     text
  Great Argus                      4      v
  Slaty-breated Rail               -      s
? Red-Legged Crake                 -     text
  White-breasted Waterhen          -      s
? Watercock                        -     text
  Little Ringed Plowr              -      s
  Wood Sandpiper                   -      s
  Common Sandpiper                 -      s
  Little Tern                      -     t,vt
? Large Green Pigeon               -     text
  Thick-billed Green Pigeon        -      s
  Cinnamon-headed Green Pigeon     -      s
  Little Green Pigeon              x      s
  Pink-necked Green Pigeon         -      S
? Jambu Fruit-dove                 -     text
  Green Imperial Pigeon            -      s
? Mountain Imperial Pigeon         -     text
  Ruddy Cuckoo-dove                1      v
  Spotted Dove                     -      s
? Zebra Dove                       -     text
  Emerald Dove                     1     s,v
  Long-tailed Parakeet             -     s,t
  Blue-rumped Parrot               -     s,v
  Blue-crowned Hanging-parrot      -     s,v
  Chestnut-winged Cuckoo           -      s
  Moustached Hawk-cuckoo           -      v
  Hodgson's Hawk-cuckoo            1      v
  Indian Cuckoo                    -      t
  Banded Bay Cuckoo                -      v
  Plaintive Cuckoo                 x     v,t
  Rusty-breasted Cuckoo            -      ts
  Violet Cuckoo                    1     s,v
  Little Bronze Cuckoo             -     s,t
  Drongo Cuckoo                    x     s,t
  Asian Koel                       -      rd
  Black-bellied Malkoha            -      s
  Chestnut-bellied Malkoha         -      vt
  Raffles's Malkoha                -     t,vt
  Chestnut-breasted Malkoha        2      s
? Sunda Ground-Cuckoo              -     text
? Short-toed Coucal                -     text
  Greater Coucal                   x     s,t
  Lesser Coucal                           s
  Oriental Bay Owl                 -      v
  Reddish Scops-owl                -      t
  Collared Scops-owl               -      v
  Barred Eagle-owl                 x      t
  Buffy Fish-owl                   -     s,v
  Brown Boobook                    -      v
  Brown Wood-owl                   rd     s
  Frogmouth                        -     text
  Malaysian Eared Nightjar         -      v
  Grey Nightjar                    -     text
  Bonaparte's Nightjar             -      t
? Edible-nest Swiftlet             -     text
  Black-nest Swiftlet              -      s
  Glossy Swiftlet                  x      s
? White-throated Needletail        -     text
? Silver-backed Needletail         -     text
  Brown-backed Needletail          -     text
  Silver-rumped Swift              -      s
  Little Swift                     -      s
  Grey-rumped Tree-swift           -      s
  WhiskeredTree-swift              -      s
  Red-naped Trogon                 2     s,t
  Diard's Trogon                   1     s,t
  Scarlet-rumped Trogon            1     s,t
  Common Kingfisher                -    rj,rd
  Blue-eared Kingfisher            x    s,t,m
  Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher        1     s,v
  Stork-billed Kingfisher          x    s,v,t
  Banded Kingfisher                -     s,v
  Black-capped Kingfisher          -    rd,ih
  Blue-throated Bee-eater          -      rw
  Red-bearded Bee-eater            1      t
  Common Dollarbird                x      s
  White-crowned Hornbill           1      v
  Bushy-crested Hornbill           x      s
  Wrinkled Hornbill                rd     s
  Wreathed Hornbill                2      s
  Black Hornbill                   x      t
  Asian Pied Hornbill              2     s,m
  Rhinoceros Hornbill              4     s,t
  Helmeted Hornbill                1      v
  Gold-whiskered Barbet            -     s,v
  Red-crowned Barbet               3      v
  Red-throated Barbet              4      v
  Yellow-crowned Barbet            -      bs
  Blue-eared Barbet                9     s,v
  Brown Barbet                     6     s,v
  Malaysian Honeyguide             -      m
  Rufous Piculet                   -    s,t,tv
  Rufous Woodpecker                1      s
  Crimson-winged Woodpecker        -     s,t
  Banded Woodpecker                -     s,v
  Common Goldenback                -   wg,ts,bs
  Buff-rumped Woodpecker           -      s
  Buff-necked Woodpecker           -     s,t
  Great Slaty Woodpecker           1     s,t
  White-bellied Woodpecker         x     s,t
  Grey-capped Woodpecker           -      s
  Brown-capped Woodpecker          -      em
  Grey-and-buff Woodpecker         -     s,t
  Maroon Woodpecker                x      s
  Orange-backed Woodpecker         1      s
  Greater Goldenback               -      vt
  Dusky Broadbill                  -      bs
  Black-and-red Broadbill          x    s,v,t
  Banded Broadbill                 x     s,v
  Black-and-yellow Broadbill       5     s,v
  Green Broadbill                  1     s,v
  Hooded Pitta                     x      s,
  Blue-winged Pitta                -      rj
  Barn Swallow                     -      s
  Pacific Swallow                  -      s
? Red-rumped Swallow               -     text
? Asian House-martin               -     text
? Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike        -     text
  Lesser Cuckoo-shrike             x     s,t
  Fiery Minivet                    -      s
  Scarlet Minivet                  2      s
? Bar-winged Hemipus               -     text
  Black-winged Hemipus]            2     s,v
  Large Wood-shrike                2     s,v
  Straw-headed Bulbul              -     text
  Black-and-white Bulbul           -      rj
  Black-headed Bulbul              x     s,v
? Black-crested Bulbul             -     text
  Grey-bellied Bulbul              x      s
  Puff-backed Bulbul               x      t
  Yellow-vented Bulbul             rd     S
  Olive-winged Bulbul              rd     m
  Cream-vented Bulbul              5     s,v
  Red-eyed Bulbul                  2    s,t,m
  Spectacled Bulbul                x     s,t
  Finsch's Bulbul                  x      s
? Ochraceous Bulbul                -     text
? Grey-cheeked Bulbul              -     text
  Yellow-bellied Bulbul            2     s,t
? Hook-billed Bulbul               3     text
  Buff-vented Bulbul               x     s,t
  Hairy-backed Bulbul              x     s,t
  Common Streaked Bulbul           2      t
  Common Iora                      -     s,v
  Green Iora                       4     s,t
  Greater Green Leatbird           3     s,v
  Lesser Green Leafbird            ?x     rd
  Asian Fairy Bluebird             I     s,t
  Tiger Shrike                     -      rj
  Brown Shrike                     -      rj
  Bornean Btistlehead              -     text
  Oriental Magpie-robin            x    s,t,m
  White-rumped Shama               6    s,t,m
  Rufous-tailed Shama              -      rj
  Cheatnut-naped Forktail          I      s
  White-crowned Forktail           -      ih
  Chats                            -     text
  Rail Babbler                     ?x    text
  Short-tailed Babbler             8     s,t
  White-cheated Babbler                  s,t
  Ferruginous Babbler              -     s,v
? Abbott's Babbler                 ?x    text
  Moustached Babbler               -     v,t
  Sooty-capped Babbler             5     s,t
  Scaly-crowned Babbler            8     s,t
  Rufous-crowned Babbler           -     s,v
  Chestnut-backed Scimitar-babble  4     s,t
  Striped wren-babbler             x      s
? Black-throated Wren-babbler      ?x    text
  Chestnut-rumped Babbler          -     s,t
  Black-throated Babbler           I    s,t,m
  Chestnut-winged Babbler          10    s,t
  Striped Tit-babbler              2     t,m
  Fluffy-backed Tit-babbler        x     s,t
  Brown Fulvetta                   21    s,v
? Black-Browed Reed-Warbler        -     text
  Yellow-bellied Prinia            x     s,v
  Dark-necked Tailorbird           -     s,t
  Rufous-tailed Tailorbird         x      m
  Ashy Tailorbird                  x     s,t
  Arctic Leaf-warbler              2     s,t
  Grey-chested Rhinomyias          1     s,v
? Rufous-tailed Rhinomyias         -     text
  Asian Brown Flycatcher           -      s
  Mugimaki Flycatcher              -    em,rdd
? Blue-and-white Flycatcher        -     text
  Pale Blue Flycatcher             -    hn,bs
? Hill Blue Flycatcher             -     text
? Bornean Blue Flycatcher          -     text
  Malaysian Blue Flycatcher        x     s,v
  Rufous-winged Philentoma         rd    t,m
  Maroon-breasted Flycatcher       -      s
  Black-naped Monarch              7     s,t
  Asian Paradise-flycatcher        I     s,t
  Pied Fantail                     -     s,v
  Spotted Fantail                  5     s,t
  Mangrove Whistler                -     v,t
? Great Tit                        -     text
  Velvet-fronted Nuthatch          -      s
  Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker     -     s,t
  Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker    2     m,vt
  Yellow-rumped Flowerpecker       rd   s,text
  Scarlet-breasted Flowerpecker    3      s
? Brown-backed Flowerpecker        -     text
  Yellow-vented Flowerpecker       -    bs,rw
  Orange-bellied Flowerpecker      2    s,t,m
  Plain Flowerpecker               1     s,t
  Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker      rd    s,t
  Plain Sunbird                    2      s
  Plain-throated Sunbird           rd   s,v,t
? Red-throated Sunbird             -     text
  Ruby-checked Sunbird             rd     s
  Purple-naped Sunbird             2     s,v
  Purple-throated Sunbird          rd   s,t,m
? Copper-throated Sunbird          -     text
  Olive-backed Sunbird             -     s,t
  Crimson Sunbird                  -     s,t
  Scarlet Sunbird                  1     s,t
  Little Spiderhunter              x     t,m
  Thick-billed Spiderhunter        -      s
  Long-billed Spiderhunter         3      s
  Spectacled Spiderhunter          ?x     rd
? Yellow-eared Spiderhunter        -     text
  Grey-breasted Spiderhunter       x     s,v
  Dusky Munia                      1      s
  White-bellied Munia              -      wg
  Chestnut Munia                   -    wg, rd
  Tree Sparrow                     -    ih,rd
  Asian Glossy Starling            -    rj,bs
  Hill Myna                        x     s,v
  Dark-throated Oriole             l     s,v
? Crow-billed Drongo               -    s,v,t
? Bronzed Drongo                   -    wg,bs
  Greater Racquet-tailed Drongo    1     s,t
  Crested Jay                      -      rj
  Black Magpie                     -      rd
  Slender-billed Crow              -     s,v
  Large-billed Crow                -     text

[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]

[FIGURE 2 OMITTED]

Table 1

Similarity Indices for bird communities in five census sites DSNP. A
gradual shift in species composition is found from the dwarf swamp
forest Tekenang through the swamp forest cluster (Gernis, Pemera, and
Empaik) to Menyukank.

           T   E    P    G    M

 Tekenang  x  .24  .38  .38  .11
   Empaik      x   .44  .47  .22
   Pemera           x   .54  .23
   Gernis                x   .19
Menyukung                     x
Table 2

Bird Species Diversity Values for five census localities in DSNP. BSD:
Bird Species Diversity index (Shannon-Weaver formula; MacArthur and
MacArthur 1961); Species Richness (number of species for four
50-individual samples); Evenness (or Equitability; Pielou 1966).

                 Species             sample
           BSD   Richness  Evenness   size

 Tekenang  2.82     27       .86      195
   Empaik  3.36     46       .88      186
   Pemera  3.58     46       .93      190
   Gernis  3.45     46       .90      186
Menyukung  3.73     61       .91      186

(1.) This depends on taxonomic tax·o·nom·ic also tax·o·nom·i·cal
adj.
Of or relating to taxonomy: a taxonomic designation.

tax views.

(2.) Two recently caught birds tethered Attached to a data or power source by wire or fiber. Contrast with untethered. on raft at Meliau, 2 Feb 1996.

(3.) One in tree near Lake Bekuwan on 29 Nov 1994; not perfect views but considered this species.

(4.) This species has recently been split into Sumatran Carpococcyx viridis and Bornean Ground-cuckoo C. radiceus (Collar and Long 1996)

(5.) Four flying high over the Entipau River on 1 Dec 1993: smaller than H. giganteus, pale back, white vent and no white throat.

(6.) Four very pale birds seen above Tekenang bill on 26 November 1994

(7.) Seen in the north of DSNP in 1996.

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