Birds of an open vegetation enclave in Southern Brazilian Amazonia.

The bird fauna of the Amazon Basin consists mostly of species associated with tall seasonally flooded and non-flooded humid forests (Haffer 1978, Remsen and Parker 1983). Despite their smaller contribution to the total regional species richness, isolated patches of non-forest vegetation in Amazonia contain a distinct avifauna with obvious closer biogeographic affinities to the avifauna of other non-forest biomes in the Neotropics (Haffer 1985, Silva 1995a). The non-forest vegetation of the Amazonian lowlands is distributed locally throughout the region occurring as isolated patches of different sizes in a matrix of forest habitats (Capobianco et al. 2001, Silva and Bates 2002). The two main non-forest vegetation types occurring in Amazonia are the savannas (cerrado; Eiten 1972), and sandy-soil fields and scrubs (campina; Anderson 1981). The transition between those habitats and the surrounding rain forest is usually smooth with recognition of several intermediate physiognomies such as tall savanna (cerradao) and white sand forest (campinarana; Capobianco et al. 2001).

The comparatively small number of studies focusing on the non-forest avifauna of the Amazon Basin (Henriques and Oren 1997, Silva et al. 1997, Sanaiotti and Cintra 2001), coupled with the widespread conversion of open habitats into crop fields currently occurring at an alarming rate in southern Brazilian Amazonia (Morton et al. 2006), indicate the urgent need for additional biodiversity surveys of areas covered by open and semi-open habitats in this region. These surveys have been recognized by the Brazilian government and scientific community as key to the effort of improving knowledge of the composition of animal and plant communities across Amazonia to update biodiversity data needed to identify conservation priorities in this region (Capobianco et al. 2001).

We report the ornithological results of the first biodiversity survey to occur in one of the largest patches of savanna in southern Brazilian Amazonia: the upper Marmelos River region (included in the BX-044 polygon; Capobianco et al. 2001), which is on the "arc of deforestation" near the borders of the states of Amazonas, Mato Grosso, and Rondonia (Fearnside 2005).

METHODS

We surveyed different localities between 24 October and 17 November 2003 within the BX-044 polygon, one of the largest open vegetation enclaves in Amazonia (Fig. 1). Prior to our study, the BX-044 polygon was officially recognized as a first-order priority site for future biodiversity surveys and conservation in Brazilian Amazonia (Capobianco et al. 2001). The BX-044 polygon is in the territories of four different municipalities in the states of Amazonas and Rondonia. However, all localities sampled were within the municipality of Manicore, State of Amazonas, ~280 km south of Manicore City.

[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]

The habitat in the BX-044 polygon is a complex mosaic including terra-firme (upland) forest, campinarana (sandy-soil low canopy forest), and more open vegetation types such as cerrado (savanna), campina (sandy-soil scrub), and undisturbed grassland (Fig. 2). We designed our survey to maximize the coverage of these major habitats and used a remote sensing analysis to map the location of each major vegetation type (M. P. C. Schneider, unpubl, data).

Birds were observed with binoculars and tape recorded with a Sony TCM 5000 cassette recorder and a Sennheiser ME66 microphone in all localities surveyed. Voucher specimens were collected and deposited in the ornithological collection of the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (hereafter MPEG) in Belem, State of Para, Brazil.

We tried to distribute our sampling effort among the different habitats according to their proportional coverage of the BX-044 polygon. The following sampling effort (number of hours) was expended by AA while observing, tape-recording, and collecting birds in the different vegetation types surveyed: terra-firme forest (63), riparian forest (21), gallery forest (4), campinarana (28), cerrado (40), and grassland (38). Mist nets were operated independently by FP and D. C. P. Neto and resulted in accumulation of additional sampling effort (expressed as the number of nets used multiplied by the number of hours they stayed open): terra-firme forest (500), riparian forest (200), gallery forest (400), and campinarana (200). Attempts to capture birds with mist nets in open cerrado and grassland were not overly successful, probably due to the more open characteristic of these habitats which favors visual detection. Thus, cerrado and grasslands were not systematically sampled with mist nets.

[FIGURE 2 OMITTED]

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Species Richness and Composition.--We recorded 330 bird species in all habitats surveyed (Appendix). More species (58.7% [194]) recorded during the survey were restricted to predominantly forested habitats (terra-firme forest, riparian forest, gallery forest, and campinarana) whereas 31.5% (104) occurred only in open and semi-open habitats (cerrado, grassland, and man-disturbed areas).

It is not surprising that nearly a third of all species recorded in the BX-044 polygon were in association with open vegetation types, especially cerrado. Of the 34 species for which significant range extensions were documented in the BX-044 polygon, 30 (88%) were typical cerrado species (Silva 1995b). Few southern Amazonian open vegetation enclaves have been sampled by ornithologists; published avifaunal surveys are available for several southern Amazonian cerrado enclaves: Llanos de Mojos in Bolivia (Gyldenstolpe 1945), Pampas del Heath in Peru (Graham et al. 1980), and Humaita (Hellmayr 1910), Alter do Chao (Sanaiotti and Cintra 2001), and Serra do Cachimbo (Pinto and Camargo 1957) in Brazil. These surveys and the present study show that many species associated with non-forest habitats in the cerrado region of central South America (Silva 1995b) occur well inside the Amazonian biome. The extent to which avian species richness and composition correlate with cerrado enclave size and distance from the continuous cerrado biome in central South America remains to be assessed.

Noteworthy Records.--We recorded 34 species in the BX-044 polygon for which the southeastern corner of the State of Amazonas represented a major range extension including some locally distributed, poorly known, and rare species.

White-tailed Kite--Elanus leucurus. One individual was observed on 12 November 2003 hovering in search of prey over an open natural grassy field with scattered patches of cerrado at Fazenda Bela Vista (FBV). This species is distributed locally in Amazonia (Haverschmidt and Mees 1994, Henriques and Oren 1997, Sick 1997), mostly in isolated patches of savanna. The timing of our record (mid-Nov) suggests that a resident and possibly breeding population of this species may occur in Brazilian Amazonia.

White-tailed Hawk--Buteo albicaudatus. One but possibly two adults were observed on 9 and 15 November 2003 at FBV. The first observation consisted of a perched individual on the ground in a recently grazed crop field. The second record was of an individual observed soaring over a natural grassy field with scattered patches of cerrado, a few kilometers from the location of the first record. The few available records in Brazilian Amazonia of this locally distributed species are from open areas in the states of Amapa (Novaes 1974), Amazonas (e.g., Manaus eastward; Thiollay 1994, Cohn-Haft et al. 1997), Para (e.g., Marajo Island; Henriques and Oren 1997), and Roraima (Pinto 1966).

Long-tailed Ground-dove--Uropelia campestris. Two males (MPEG 57507 and 57509) and one female (MPEG 57508) of this small dove were observed and collected on 11 November 2003 in an open disturbed grassy field with scattered low bushes at Fazenda Passo Formoso (FPF). Previous records of this species for Amazonia are from wet and upland natural fields in: (1) the southeastern State of Para along the Araguaia River Valley (locality of Santana do Araguaia; 9[degrees] 50' S, 50[degrees] 15' W; specimens MPEG 48503 and 48504 collected by D. C. Oren, D. P. Neto, and M. S. Brigida on 8 Aug 1992); (2) Marajo Island, State of Pardi (Henriques and Oren 1997); and (3) State of Amapa (Silva et al. 1997). Our record represents the first for the Brazilian State of Amazonas and significantly extends the range of this species northwest. The nearest locality where the Long-tailed Ground-dove has been reported is in the State of Mato Grosso, near the cerrado-rainforest ecotone, >750 km south of the BX-044 polygon (Silveira and D'Horta 2002).

Yellow-chevroned Parakeet--Brotogeris chiriri. Several flocks of this parakeet were seen and heard flying over cerrado and grassy fields between 10 and 17 November 2003 at FBV and Fazenda Copeares (FC). A small group of six individuals was tape-recorded on 14 November while perching in the canopy of gallery forest edge at FC. The Yellow-chevroned Parakeet is distributed predominantly in the cerrados of central South America, reaching the savanna--Amazonian forest ecotone in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Para (Collar 1997). One apparently isolated population has been recorded at Serra do Cachimbo (Pinto and Camargo 1957; MPEG 22070), another large Amazonian cerrado enclave east of the BX-044 polygon (Fig. 1). Our record is the second for the Yellow-chevroned Parakeet in Amazonia and the first for the Brazilian State of Amazonas. Amazonian populations of the Yellow-chevroned Parakeet have had an important role in the definition of species limits within the Brotogeris versicolurus (Canary-winged Parakeet)/chiriri species complex, which have alternately been treated as conspecific (Meyer de Schauensee 1970), or separate species (Remsen et al. 2006). Pinto and Camargo (1957) remarked that specimens collected at Serra do Cachimbo showed no signs of phenotypic intergradation with the Canary-winged Parakeet, an exclusive Amazonian species. This comment has been widely misinterpreted as a report of sympatry without interbreeding between B. versicolurus and B. chiriri (e.g., Collar 1997). However, there have been no confirmed reports of sympatry between these two taxa. The Canary-winged Parakeet occurs in seasonally flooded forest (varzea) and disturbed habitats along the entire Amazon/Solimoes River Valley in Peru, Colombia, Brazil, and along the coast of the Brazilian State of Amapa and French Guyana. The Yellow-chevroned Parakeet is associated with cerrado and gallery forest patches in open vegetation enclaves in southern Brazilian Amazonia (Collar 1997; MPEG specimens).

Burrowing Owl--Athene cunicularia. A single pair of this species was continuously observed in a disturbed pasture at FPF between 8 and 17 November 2003. The Burrowing Owl is largely absent from the Amazon Basin despite its widespread distribution throughout the Americas (Marks et al. 1999). This species in Brazilian Amazonia has been recorded in cerrado and extensive cleared forest patches in Amazonas (Cohn-Haft et al. 1997), Mato Grosso (Zimmer et al. 1997), Para (specimen MPEG 48527 collected at Santana do Araguaia by D. C. Oren, D. P. Neto, and M. S. Brigida on 8 Aug 1992), and Roraima (Pinto 1966). Records from the central part of the State of Amazonas (Cohn-Haft et al. 1997) and northern part of the State of Mato Grosso (Zimmer et al. 1997) seem to indicate the Burrowing Owl is expanding its distribution throughout Amazonia following extensive forest conversion into pastures and crop fields.

Least Nighthawk--Chordeiles pusillus. An adult male of this species was collected on 13 November 2003 in slightly disturbed open cerrado with scattered low trees at Fazenda Campo Alegre (FCA) (MPEG 57529). The Least Nighthawk in Amazonia is confined to patches of savanna and shrubby campina in Guyana (Braun et al. 2000), Venezuela (Hilty 2003), and Colombia (Hilty and Brown 1986). In Brazilian Amazonia, it has been recorded in the states of Amapa (Novaes 1974, Silva et al. 1997), Amazonas (at Jail National Park; Borges et al. 2001), Mato Grosso (Novaes and Lima 1991), Para (Pinto and Camargo 1957, Dickerman 1988, Henriques and Oren 1997), and Roraima (Pinto 1966). The specimen collected in the BX-044 polygon fits the description of subspecies saturatus from the south[degrees] western part of the State of Para (Serra do Cachimbo; Pinto and Camargo 1957) and northern Mato Grosso (Novaes and Lima 1991). It is separated from the remaining, mostly northern Amazonian populations (septentrionalis and esmeraldae), by a darker sooty overall color and wider black bars on the lower chest, belly, and undertail coverts. Dickerman (1988), who did not read the original description of saturatus in Portuguese, mistakenly reported saturatus as having white instead of barred undertail coverts. A second specimen of the Least Nighthawk was collected by D. C. P. Neto (MPEG 46462; unknown gender) on 7 November 1991 ~200 km west of the BX-044 polygon near the city of Humaita (on the left bank of the Madeira River at 7[degrees] 31' S, 63[degrees] 02' W; coordinates obtained from Paynter and Traylor 1991) in the Humaita cerrado enclave (Fig. 1). This specimen differs significantly from our specimen collected in the BX-044 polygon and suggests that at least two different taxa of the Least Nighthawk are separated by the upper Madeira River.

Cinnamon-throated Hermit--Phaethornis nattereri. One unknown gender individual and a female of this species were netted and collected on 11 and 12 November 2003 on the edge of gallery forest at FBV (MPEG 57538-57539). No other individuals were recorded in the BX-044 polygon during the entire survey, possibly due to our restricted sampling of the gallery forest habitat. The Cinnamon-throated Hermit, prior to our record, was known to occur in cerrado and dry forest patches in eastern Bolivia, and the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goias, Tocantins, Maranhao, Piaui, and Ceara (Hinkelmann 1988, Bates et al. 1989, Schuchmann et al. 1999); in Maranhao and Mato Grosso, it has been recorded in the cerrado-rainforest and dry forest-rainforest ecotones (Grantsau 1968, Silveira and D'Horta 2002). Historical records of the Cinnamon-throated Hermit for some open vegetation enclaves along the lower Amazon River Valley have been regarded as doubtful, but our record from the BX-044 polygon confirms this species inhabits cerrado enclaves in Amazonia (Hinkelmann 1988, Schuchmann et al. 1999). The nearest record of the Cinnamon-throated Hermit to the BX044 polygon (~350 km to the south) consists of a series of five specimens collected in cerrado by J. C. Roma and M. S. Brigida between 13 and 23 May 2002 near Pimenta Bueno (11[degrees] 44' S, 60043' W and 11[degrees] 45' S, 61[degrees] 02' W), State of Rondrnia, and currently deposited at the bird collection of Universidade de Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil (COMB 2219-2223).

Planalto Hermit--Phaethornis pretrei. A few individuals of the Planalto Hermit were heard and seen in open wet grassland and cerrado between 8 and 16 November 2003 at FBV. The Planalto Hermit is widely distributed south of the Amazon River in open landscapes of central and eastern South America (Schuchmann et al. 1999), and our record seems to be the first for the Amazon Basin apart from four specimens collected by a MPEG ornithological expedition at Amarante do Maranhao (4[degrees]91' S, 47[degrees] 24' W), State of Maranhao in extreme eastern Amazonia (MPEG 37668, 37841, 40823, and 40824) in 1986 and 1987. The nearest locality to the BX-044 polygon where the Planalto Hermit has been recorded is the upper Guapore River Valley on the cerrado--Amazonian forest ecotone, in the State of Mato Grosso (Schuchmann et al. 1999) ~800 km south.

Green-tailed Goldenthroat--Polytmus theresiae. An unknown gender individual of Green-tailed Goldenthroat (MPEG 57546) was tape-recorded and collected on 15 November 2003 in open cerrado at FC. This species is associated with patches of cerrado and shrubby campina throughout Amazonia with most records from sites north of the Amazon/Solimees/Ucayali River (Novaes 1974, Cohn-Haft et al. 1997, Borges et al. 2001, Alvarez 2002). The Green-tailed Goldenthroat south of this river has been recorded mostly east of the Tapaj6s River (Oren and Parker 1997, Novaes and Lima 1998, Sanaiotti and Cintra 2001) in eastern Amazonia with a single record for the Purus River drainage in southwestern Amazonia (Gyldenstolpe 1951). There are four unpublished specimens of the Green-tailed Goldenthroat for the Madeira River drainage in central Amazonia deposited at MPEG in addition to our specimen. Two males (MPEG 35582-35583) and one female (MPEG 35584) were collected on 12 and 13 September 1982 by D. C. Oren and M. S. Brigida in shrubby campina at Campo das Flores, municipality of Borba (4024' S, 59[degrees] 35' W; coordinates obtained from Paynter and Traylor 1991), State of Amazonas. Another male (MPEG 19971) was collected between 13 and 26 July 1962 by Jos6 Hidasi at Guajara-Mirim (10 [degrees] 48' S, 65[degrees] 22' W; coordinates from Paynter and Traylor 1991), State of Rondonia on the eastern bank of the Mamore River on the border with Bolivia. The Green-tailed Goldenthroat has not been recorded for patches of cerrado in the neighboring Bolivian departments of Beni and Santa Cruz (Bates et al. 1992, Brace and Hornbuckle 1998, Pearce-Higgins 2000).

Horned Sungem--Heliactin bilophus. A male Horned Sungem was observed and tape-recorded on 8 November 2003 on the edge of gallery forest surrounded by natural wet grassland and open cerrado at FPE The Horned Sungem is widely distributed in the cerrados of central Brazil and eastern Bolivia, but has a patchy distribution in Amazonia with all records from its southern (Brazilian states of Acre and Rondonia; Sick 1997) and northeastern (Surinam and Brazilian State of Amapa; Haverschmidt and Mees 1994, Silva et al. 1997) fringes. Our record is apparently the first for the Brazilian State of Amazonas.

Toco Toucan--Ramphastos toco. An adult female Toco Toucan was collected (MPEG 57564) on 14 November 2003 in an orchard at FPE The Amazonian (nominate) population of the Toco Toucan occurs in patches of open and semi-open habitats along the Amazon River Valley between Manaus and the Marajo/Mexiana islands in Brazil (Henriques and Oren 1997, Sick 1997), and also in isolated enclaves of cerrado scattered throughout the Guyana shield in the Brazilian states of Amapa, Pardi, and Roraima (Snethlage 1914, Pinto 1966, Novaes 1974) and neighboring countries of French Guyana, Suriname, and Guyana (Short and Home 2002). The specimen collected in the BX-044 polygon has a pure white (instead of light yellow) throat with only a faint trace of red (instead of bold red) along the throat's lower border. This agrees with the diagnostic characters of subspecies albogularis, reported so far only for central South America (Short and Home 2002). The overall size and bill length of MPEG 57564 are similar to those of specimens belonging to the nominate form, which is considerably bigger and heavier than albogularis (Todd 1943). Thus, MPEG 57564 clearly shows intermediate characters between the only two taxa recognized for the Toco Toucan (Short and Home 2002). Further sampling of Toco Toucan populations along the Amazonia/cerrado ecotone in Brazil, Bolivia, and southeastern Peru may resolve the intricate geographic variation in this species (Todd 1943).

Collared Crescentchest--Melanopareia torquata. At least five Collared Crescentchest individuals were tape-recorded at FBV, FC, and FPF between 10 and 16 November 2003 in open and stony cerrado with tall grass. A single specimen was collected on 16 November after intensive tape-recording and play-back at FC (MPEG A8583; preserved in alcohol). This record is the first for the Brazilian State of Amazonas and the third for Amazonia after that of Pinto and Camargo (1957) for Serra do Cachimbo and Novaes (1960) for Gorotire, two other cerrado enclaves in the State of Pardi, ~750 and 1,000 km, respectively, east of the BX-044 polygon (Fig. 1). The other nearest known records to the BX-044 polygon are from several localities in the State of Mato Grosso within the cerrado--Amazonia ecotone (Naumburg 1930, Silva and Oniki 1988, Silveira and D'Horta 2002) ~650 km to the south.

Ferruginous-backed Antbird--Myrmeciza ferruginea. A single adult male Ferruginous-backed Antbird was netted and collected on 31 October 2003 in sandy-soil terra-firme forest at KM 137 (MPEG 57660). No other individuals of this species were recorded during our fieldwork in the BX-044 polygon. The Ferruginous-backed Antbird was known from south of the Amazon River (where subspecies eluta occurs) prior to our record only for the lower portion of the Madeira-Tapaj6s interfluve (Zimmer and Isler 2003) with Flexal (~5[degrees] 97' S, 56[degrees] 75' W along the Transamazonian highway near Jacareacanga in southwestern Para) being the southernmost locality where the species had been recorded (MPEG 47809, a female collected by G. P. Silva on 1 Dec 1973). Our record extends the known range of subspecies eluta ~600 km southwest including the southern-central part of the Madeira-Tapajos interfluve.

Pale-faced Bare-eye--Skutchia borbae. Four females and one male Pale-faced Bare-eye were netted and collected between 26 October and 1 November 2003 in sandy-soil terra-firme forest at KM 126 (MPEG 57691-57695, all adults). This range-restricted species is endemic to Brazil and the Madeira-Tapajos interfluve with its previously known southern record from the eastern bank of the lower Aripuana River, State of Amazonas (Zimmer and Isler 2003). Our record extends the known range of the Pale-faced Bare-eye nearly 400 km southwest across the Aripuana River, and into the south-central part of the Madeira-Tapajos interfluve.

Narrow-billed Woodcreeper--Lepidocolaptes angustirostris. We observed and tape-recorded two pairs of Narrow-billed Woodcreepers on 8 and 10 November 2003 in open cerrado near patches of gallery forest at FBV and FPE respectively. Both pairs responded vigorously to play-back calls. All individuals observed exhibited the same field marks distinguishing the "bivittatus" group in this geographically variable polytypic species. Only two other apparently isolated populations of this cerrado-specialist woodcreeper (all belonging to the "bivittatus" group) are known for Amazonia: (1) Surinam, and (2) Brazilian states of Amapa and Pardi, where it occurs on both banks of the lower Amazon River Valley between Santarrm and Marajo Island (several MPEG specimens; Henriques and Oren 1997, Sanaiotti and Cintra 2001, Marantz et al. 2003). Our record appears to be the first for the Brazilian State of Amazonas indicating the Narrow-billed Woodcreeper has a much wider distribution in Amazonia than previously thought.

Pale-breasted Spinetail--Synallaxis albescens. Several individuals of Pale-breasted Spinetail were heard and seen between 8 and 17 November 2003 in open cerrado and grassland at FBV and FC; nearly all birds recorded were giving the species unmistakable, bisyllabic song. Our record is the second for an isolated population of the Pale-breasted Spinetail in a southern Brazilian Amazonia cerrado enclave after that reported by Pinto and Camargo (1957) for Serra do Cachimbo (Fig. 1) and confirmed since by additional specimens deposited at MPEG.

Pearly-vented Tody-tyrant--Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer. Several pairs of Pearly-vented Tody-tyrant were observed and tape-recorded between 12 and 16 November 2003 at FC and FCA in shrubby cerrado with a dense understory covered by epiphytic bamboo. Calling individuals were difficult to observe in the thick bamboo-dominated understory, but would fly to more open spaces after use of play-back calls. Our record represents the first for a cerrado enclave in southern Amazonia; populations in other Amazonian open and semi-open habitat enclaves occur in eastern Colombia and southern Venezuela (Fitzpatrick et al. 2004). The nearest record of Pearly-vented Tody-tyrant to the BX-044 polygon is from the cerrado-rainforest ecotone, >600 km to the south (Willis and Oniki 1990).

Common Tody-flycatcher--Todirostrum cinereum. A male Common Tody-flycatcher was collected (MPEG 57734) on 14 November 2003 in disturbed cerrado at FCA; during previous and subsequent days, other individuals were seen and heard in cerrado at this same locality and also at FBV and FPE This record represents a major range extension for the Common Tody-flycatcher into central and western Amazonia, two regions where the species was considered to be absent (Ridgely and Tudor 1994, Fitzpatrick et al. 2004). The nearest records to the BX-044 polygon are from cerrado patches in the Cuiaba area, State of Mato Grosso, >900 km to the south (Naumburg 1930, Willis and Oniki 1990).

Plain-crested Elaenia--Elaenia cristata. Three adult males and one adult female Plain-crested Elaenia were collected on 13 and 14 November 2003 at FC and FPF (MPEG 57711-57714). Plain-crested Elaenias were among the most common birds at these localities occurring in cerrado. This open-habitat specialist species in Amazonia is distributed primarily in its eastern and northern portions with few scattered records for the central and western areas (Fitzpatrick et al. 2004). Isolated populations of the Plain-crested Elaenia in south-central and southwestern Amazonia, prior to our records, have been reported only for southeastern Peru, western Bolivia, and Serra do Cachimbo in the State of Pardi (Pinto and Camargo 1957, Fitzpatrick et al. 2004). Unpublished specimens at MPEG indicate a much wider distribution in this sector of Amazonia than previously known in association with enclaves of cerrado and campina: MPEG 15420 collected by Jose Hidasi on 20 November 1955 at Itaituba (4[degrees] 17' S, 55[degrees] 59' W), west bank of the Tapajos River, southwestern Pardi, and five additional specimens (MPEG 35482-35486), collected by D. C. Oren and M. S. Brigida between 12 and 20 September 1982 at Campo das Flores (4[degrees] 24' S, 59[degrees] 35' W), municipality of Borba, State of Amazonas, east bank of the lower Madeira River.

Lesser Elaenia--Elaenia chiriquensis. An adult female Lesser Elaenia (MPEG 57715) was netted and collected on 13 November 2003 in open cerrado at FC. The Lesser Elaenia in Amazonia occurs predominantly in open vegetation patches north of the Amazon and east of the Tapajos rivers with only about a handful of records for the south-central and southwestern parts of the basin, west of the Tapaj6s River (Marini and Cavalcanti 1990, Fitzpatrick et al. 2004). Our record indicates a more extensive distribution in south-central and southwestern Amazonia. This is reinforced by three previously unpublished specimens at the MPEG (49550-49552; two males and one unknown gender individual) collected by D. C. P. Neto on 15 October and 6 November 1991 in open cerrado near Humaita on the left bank of the upper Madeira River (7[degrees] 31' S, 63[degrees] 02' W; Paynter and Traylor 1991) ~200 krn west of the BX-044 polygon (Fig. 1).

Bearded Tachuri--Polystictus pectoralis. Two Bearded Tachuris were collected on 11 November 2003 in tall grassland with scattered low bushes at FPE Both individuals were observed for a long time prior to collection while perched together on the same branch of a low bush ~30 cm above ground level. No additional individuals of Bearded Tachuri were recorded in the study area. A comparison of the specimens collected in the BX-044 polygon with series of the Bearded Tachuri at the MPEG, MNRJ (Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), and MZUSP (Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Silo Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil) revealed they are the subspecies brevipennis (significantly shorter-winged than the nominate form), which was previously known to occur only in the savannas of northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and Brazilian states of Roraima, Patti, and Amapa; Fitzpatrick et al. 2004; Fig. 1). Our records represents a major range extension for the Bearded Tachuri in Amazonia with the nearest previous records from > 1,000 Ion to the south (where the nominate form is found locally in the cerrados of central Brazil and eastern Bolivia) and ~1,200 km to the north from the savannas of the Brazilian State of Roraima (where populations of brevipennis are quite numerous; Fitzpatrick et al. 2004; Fig. 1). Assigning the BX-044 polygon population to subspecies brevipennis suggests that Amazonian populations of Bearded Tachuri are apparently each other's closest relatives to the exclusion of the central South American population. This hypothesis should be further investigated by a detailed multi-character taxonomic study.

Rufous-sided Pygmy-tyrant--Euscarthmus rufomarginatus. A male Rufous-sided Pygmy-tyrant was tape-recorded and observed on 9 November 2003 while singing with its supposed mate and subsequently collected (MPEG 57705) in slightly disturbed shrubby cerrado at FBV. Two days later, another pair was tape-recorded in dense shrubby and tall grassy cerrado at FPF; no other individuals of this rare and patchily distributed flycatcher were located in the BX-044 polygon. Our records represents the most western and fourth published report of the Rufous-sided Pygmy-tyrant for an Amazonian cerrado enclave after those from Serra do Cachimbo in the State of Pardi (Pinto and Camargo 1957) (Fig. 1), Sipaliwini in southern Surinam (Mees 1968), and a site 48 km north of Macapa, State of Amapa, Brazil (Silva et al. 1997). The nearest record of this species to the BX-044 polygon is from the cerrado-rainforest ecotone in the State of Mato Grosso (Serra das Araras) ~600 km to the south (Parker and Willis 1997).

Gray Monjita--Xolmis cinereus. A male collected on 13 November 2003 in a recently grazed crop field near an open cerrado patch at FBV (MPEG 57741) represents one of the few records of this species west of the Tapajos River into western Amazonia. It is apparently the first for the Brazilian State of Amazonas; other records for western Amazonia include those from cerrado enclaves in southeastern Peru and northern Bolivia (Graham et al. 1980). The nearest previous record of Gray Monjita to the BX-044 polygon is from the Guapore River Valley in the cerrado--rainforest ecotone >700 km to the south (Silveira and D'Horta 2002).

White-rumped Monjita--Xolmis velatus. Two individuals observed briefly on 10 and 13 November 2003 in open cerrado near FBV and FPE respectively, represent the first report of this species for south-central Amazonia and the Brazilian State of Amazonas. The nearest confirmed records of White-rumped Monjita to the BX-044 polygon are from the Guapore River Valley (State of Mato Grosso) in the cerrado-rainforest ecotone >700 km to the south (Silveira and D'Horta 2002).

Masked Gnatcatcher--Polioptila dumicola. Two adult male Masked Gnatcatchers were tape-recorded and collected on 10 and 14 November 2003, respectively, in grassland with scattered low bushes at FPF (MPEG 57773) and in disturbed cerrado at FCA (MPEG 57772). This species was also regularly recorded between 9 and 17 November in gallery forest and denser cerrado at FBV. This represents the first record of this species for a cerrado enclave in Amazonia; the nearest previous record of Masked Gnatcatcher to the BX-044 polygon is from the cerrado-rainforest ecotone in the State of Mato Grosso >700 km to the south (Silveira and D'Horta 2002).

Pale-breasted Thrush--Turdus leucomelas. An adult male Pale-breasted Thrush was netted and subsequently collected on 12 November 2003 in gallery forest at FBV. A second individual was continuously observed and eventually tape-recorded between 10 and 17 November 2003 at FPE This represents one of the few records of this species for south-central Amazonia, besides those from other cerrado enclaves at Serra do Cachimbo, southern Pardi (Pinto and Camargo 1957) and Humaita, southern Amazonas (~200 km west of the BX-044 polygon, across the Madeira River) where two previously unpublished specimens (MPEG 49573-49574) were collected by D. C. P. Neto on 20 and 30 October 1991.

Chalk-browed Mockingbird--Mimus saturninus. An adult female Chalk-browed Mockingbird was collected on 10 November 2003 in open grassland with scattered low bushes at FPF; several pairs and small groups of this species were regularly observed between 8 and 17 November 2003 in open cerrado in the BX-044 polygon. This represents the first record of this species for a cerrado enclave in southern Amazonia. The nearest record of Chalk-browed Mockingbird to the BX-044 polygon is from the cerrado--rainforest ecotone in the State of Mato Grosso >700 km to the south (Silveira and D'Horta 2002).

Yellowish Pipit--Anthus lutescens. Several individual Yellowish Pipits were regularly seen and heard between 9 and 17 November 2003 in grassland and recently grazed crop fields at FBV and FPE This record is the first for a cerrado enclave in southern Brazilian Amazonia. The nearest previous records of Yellowish Pipit to the BX-044 polygon is from the cerrado-rainforest ecotone in the State of Mato Grosso >700 km to the south (Silveira and D'Horta 2002).

White-lined Tanager--Tachyphonus rufus. An adult male White-lined Tanager was tape-recorded and collected (MPEG 57786) on 10 November 2003 in disturbed gallery forest at FPF; no other individuals were recorded during our survey in the BX-044 polygon. This record is a major range extension; the nearest published records to the BX-044 polygon are from Tapirapua, Mato Grosso on the cerrado-rainforest ecotone (~800 km to the southeast; Naumburg 1930) and Mirituba, Pardi (~850 km to the northeast; Griscom and Greenway 1941).

Spotted Tanager--Tangara punctata. A lone Spotted Tanager was observed on 25 October 2005 for several minutes while foraging in the canopy of a small tree on the edge of sandy-soil terra-firme forest at KM 126. This represents the southwestern most record of this species whose distribution stronghold is in the Guyana shield and southeastern Amazonia (Ridgely and Tudor 1989, Isler and Isler 1999). The nearest records to the BX-044 polygon include those from Alta Floresta, State of Mato Grosso (~650 km to the southeast; Zimmer et al. 1997), and Serra do Cachimbo, State of Pardi (~750 km to the east; Pinto and Camargo 1957).

Rufous-collared Sparrow--Zonotrichia capensis. An adult male Rufous-collared Sparrow was tape-recorded and collected (MPEG 57803) on 10 November 2003 in an open disturbed field at FPF; several other individuals of this species were regularly recorded in open habitats in the BX-044 polygon during our survey. This record is the third for a southern Amazonian cerrado enclave after those from Serra do Cachimbo and the upper Cururu River area, both in the State of Pardi (Pinto and Camargo 1957; also specimens MPEG 22408-22409, 22412). The nearest records to the BX-044 polygon are those from the upper Cururu River (>400 km to the northeast) and the cerrado-rainforest ecotone in the State of Mato Grosso >700 km to the south (Silveira and D'Horta 2002).

Wedge-tailed Grass-finch--Emberizoides herbicola. Two Wedge-tailed Grass-finch specimens were collected at FPF (MPEG 57803-57804) on 10 and 11 November 2003, respectively. Wedge-tailed Grass-finches were seen or heard on a daily basis in open habitats during our survey in the BX-044 polygon. This new record of Wedge-tailed Grass-finch is the first for a cerrado enclave in southern Brazilian Amazonia. Three other previously unpublished specimens at MPEG (49609-49611) document the species' presence at Campos de Humaita in the State of Amazonas ~200 km west of the BX-044 polygon across the Madeira River (Fig. 1). The nearest previously published reports of Wedge-tailed Grass-finch to the BX-044 polygon are from the cerrado--rainforest ecotone in the State of Mato Grosso >700 km to the south (Silveira and D'Horta 2002).

Plumbeous Seedeater--Sporophila plumbea. Two males, a female, and an unknown gender specimen of Plumbeous Seedeater were collected between 9 and 11 November 2003 in open grassland with scattered low bushes at FBV and FPF (MPEG 57808-57811); MPEG 57810 had its territorial song tape-recorded prior to collection. The Plumbeous Seedeater was common in open grassland in the BX-044 polygon. Previous records of this species for southern Amazonian cerrado enclaves are from Pampas del Heath, Peru (Graham et al. 1980), two localities in the Department of Beni, Bolivia (Gyldenstolpe 1945), and Serra do Cachimbo, State of Pardi (Pinto and Camargo 1957). The nearest records of Plumbeous Seedeater to the BX044 polygon are from Serra do Cachimbo and the cerrado--rainforest ecotone in the State of Mato Grosso, both >750 km to the east and south, respectively (Pinto and Camargo 1957, Silveira and D'Horta 2002).

Capped Seedeater--Sporophila bouvreuil. An adult male Capped Seedeater was observed for several minutes with five females or immature individuals on 16 November 2003 while perching on planted grasses growing by a ranch garden at FPF along the "Estanho" road. Prior to our record, the Capped Seedeater had been reported in Amazonia only for its eastern edge (Marajo Island and the State of Para), and the Sipaliwini cerrado enclave in Surinam (Ridgely and Tudor 1989), all > 1,000 km from the BX-044 polygon.

CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS

Cerrado patches can contribute significantly to local avian species richness in southern Amazonia in addition to supporting species with special relevance for conservation whose ranges are centered in the cerrado biome of central and northern South America (e.g., Bearded Tachuri and Rufous-sided Pygmy-tyrant; IUCN 2006). Amazonian cerrado enclaves such as the BX-044 polygon constitute unique conservation areas as they: (1) usually encompass the wide range of vegetation types covering the complex mosaic of soils associated with the transition between forested and non-forested habitats allowing the conservation of areas with high inter-habitat diversity, and (2) are inhabited by disjunct populations of typical cerrado species whose ranges have been adversely affected by widespread conversion of native habitats to crop fields in central Brazil (Klink and Machado 2005). Conservation of cerrado enclaves offer the rare opportunity to combine preservation of sharp ecotonal zones with high inter-habitat diversity in Amazonia with establishment of a complementary network of conservation units directed at preserving the cerrado biome throughout South America.

Rice fields and logging concessions are continuing to move farther into the BX-044 polygon. Thus, neighboring and only partially overlapping indigenous reservations are becoming the only areas in the polygon with no or low human impact. The sole alternative to widespread and imminent de-characterization of the unique natural landscape and biodiversity of the BX-044 polygon is the urgent establishment of a new conservation unit encompassing all or most of the polygon.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank several people and institutions for making our trip to the BX-044 polygon possible and successful. M. P. C. Schneider and E. C. Goncalves coordinated the project entitled "Diversidade de Vertebrados no alto Rio dos Marmelos (BX 044)", funded by the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment (MMA) through the PROBIO fund (edition 02/2001 grant # 2504-00/02--CNPq) whose main goal was to provide the first biodiversity assessment of the BX-044 polygon cerrado enclave. This project also received significant support in its early stages from L. M. P. Henriques whom we thank for introducing us to its team and, ultimately, for allowing us to lead the ornithological expedition to the BX-044 polygon. D. C. P. Neto helped with mist netting and specimen preparation, and Srs. Leovaldo, Fernao, and Werner generously allowed us to work in their properties. L. C. F. Barbosa and Conservation International--Brazil generously supplied the map (Fig. 1). Curators of MZUSP (L. F. Silveira) and COMB (M. A. Marini) kindly loaned specimens under their care, which allowed us to correctly identify some of the species collected in the BX044 polygon. We also thank K. J. Zimmer for valuable comments on the manuscript during the review process. During field work and manuscript preparation, AA held two "Desenvolvimento Cientifico Regional" Post-doctoral fellowships granted by CNPq (grant #30.5416/02-2), and by a CNPq/SECTAM partnership (grant #35.0415/2004-8), while FP was supported by a CNPq PCI-MPEG research fellowship (grant #38.1992/2004-7).

APPENDIX. Birds recorded at the BX-044 polygon, Brazilian Amazonia,
between 24 October and 17 November 2003. Nomenclature follows the
Brazilian Check-list Committee (CBRO 2006). Key: D (1) = Documentation
obtained for a given species. T =tape recorded. C = collected
(specimens deposited at the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi--MPEG--in
Belem, Para, Brazil). Species without any documentation code were only
seen or heard. Habitats (2): TF = terra-firme forest, RF = riparian
forest, GF = gallery forest, CP = campinarana, C = cerrado,
G = grassland, M = man-made, disturbed habitats. Numbers within
habitats refer to the following localities where the species was
recorded: 1 = "KM 137", 2 = "KM 126", 3 = FPF "Fazenda Passo Formoso",
4 = FCA "Fazenda Campo Alegre", 5 = FBV "Fazenda Bela Vista", and
6 = FC "Fazenda Copeares". sp. (3) undescribed taxon; description
in preparation.

                                              Habitats (2)
      Family (n species)
            Species               D (1)       TF        RF      GF

Tinamidae (9)
  Tinamus major                     T                    2
  T. guttatus                       T         1          2
  Crypturellus cinereus             T         1          2      3
  C. soui                           T         1                 3
  C. undulatus                      T                          3, 5
  C. strigulosus                              1
  C. variegatus                               1          2
  C. parvirostris
  Rhynchotus rufescens

Anatidae (1)
  Dendrocygna viduata

Cracidae (4)
  Ortalis guttata
  Penelopejacquacu                  C         1          2
  Aburria cujubi                                         2
  Mitu tuberosum                              1          2

Odontophoridae (1)
  Odontophorus gujanensis                                2

Ardeidae (5)
  Butorides striatus
  Bubulcus ibis
  Ardea alba
  Pilherodius pileatus
  Egretta thula

Cathartidae (4)
  Cathartes aura
  C. melambrotus                              1          2
  Coragyps atratus
  Sarcoramphus papa

Accipitridae (8)
  Elanoides forficatus                        1          2
  Gampsonyx swainsonii              C
  Elanus leucurus
  Ictinia plumbea                             1          2
  Heterospizias meridionalis
  Rupornis magnirostris
  Buteo albicaudatus
  Spizaetus ornatus                 T         1

Falconidae (8)
  Daptrius ater                     T         1          2
  Ibycter americanus                T         1          2
  Caracara plancus
  Milvago chimachima
  Herpetotheres cachinnans
  Micrastur ruficollis                        1
  M. semitotquatus                  T                    2
  Falco rufigularis                 C

Psophiidae (1)
  Psophia viridis                             1          2

Rallidae (2)
  Laterallus viridis                T
  Porzana albicollis

Charadriidae (1)
  Vanellus chilensis

Scolopacidae (4)
  Gallinago paraguaiae            T, C
  Tringa melanoleuca
  T fiavipes                        C
  T. solitaria                      C

Columbidae (7)
  Columbina passerina
  C. talpacoti
  Uropelia campestris               C
  Patagioenas speciosa                                          3
  P. cayennensis                                                3
  Leptotila rufaxilla                         1          2
  Geotrygon montana                           1          2

Psittacidae (13)
  Ara ararauna
  A. chlotopterus                             1
  Orthopsittaca manilata          T, C                         3, 6
  Diopsittaca nobilis
  Aratinga leucophthalma            T
  A. aurea                          C
  Pyrrhura snethlageae            T, C        1
  Forpus xanthopterygius
  Brotogeris chiriri                T                    2      6
  Touit huetu                       T
  Pionus menstruus                            1          2     2, 3
  Amazona kawalli                   T         1          2
  A. amazonica                      T                           3

Cuculidae (4)
  Piaya cayana                                1          2
  P. melanogaster                   T         1
  Crotophaga ani
  Tapera naevia                     T

Strigidae (3)
  Megascops choliba
  Glaucidium hardyi                                      2
  Athene cunicularia

Nyctibiidae (1)
  Nyctibius griseus                                      2

Caprimulgidae (5)
  Lurocalis semitorquatus                     1
  Chordeiles pusillus               C
  Chordeiles sp.
  Caprimulgus maculicaudus          C
  Hydropsalis torquata              C

Apodidae (3)
  Chaetura cinereiventris           T         1
  C. meridionalis
  Tachornis squamata                                            3

Trochilidae (13)
  Phaethornis nattereri             C                           5
  P. ruber                          C         1          2
  P. pretrei
  P. philippii                      C         1          2
  P. malaris                        C                    2
  Campylopterus largipennis         C         1          2
  Eupetomena macroura               C
  Anthracothorax nigricollis        T
  Thalurania furcata              T, C        1                 6
  Polytmus theresiae                C
  Heliothryx auritus                          1
  Heliactin bilophus                T
  Heliomaster longirostris

Trogonidae (5)
  Trogon viridis                    T         1          2
  T. curucui                        T                          3, 6
  T. violaceus                      T         1          2
  T. melanurus                      T         1          2
  Pharomachrus pavoninus            T         1

Alcedinidae (1)
  Chloroceryle aenea                C                    2

Momotidae (3)
  Electron platyrhynchum            C         1          2
  Baryphthengus martii              C         1
  Momotus momota                    T                    3

Galbulidae (4)
  Galbula cyanicollis               C         1          2
  G. ruficauda                      C                           3
  G. leucogastra                  T, C
  G. dea                            T         1

Bucconidae (5)
  Notharchus hyperrhynchus          T         1
  Nystalus chacuru                  C
  Malacoptila rufa                  C         1
  Monasa morphoeus                  C         1          2
  Chelidoptera tenebrosa                      1

Ramphastidae (7)
  Ramphastos toco                   C
  R. tucanus                        T         1                 3
  R. vitellinus                     T         1          2      3
  Selenidera gouldii                          1
  Pteroglossus bitorquatus          C         1
  P. castanotis
  P. beauharnaesii                  T         1

Picidae (9)
  Picumnus aurifrons                T         1
  Melanerpes cruentatus             C         1          2     3, 6
  Veniliornis passerinus
  V. affinis                                  1          2
  Piculus favigula                            1          2
  P. chrysochloros                  T         1
  Celeus grammicus                  C         1
  Campephilus rubricollis           T         1          2
  C. melanoleucos                                        2

Melanopareiidae (1)
  Melanopareia torquata           T, C

Thamnophilidae (36)
  Cymbilaimus lineatus                        1          2
  Thamnophilus doliatus             T
  T. aethiops                       T         1
  T. schistaceus                  T, C        1
  T. stictocephalus               T, C                          6
  T. amazonicus                     T                    2
  Thamnomanes saturninus            C         1
  T. caesius                      T, C        1          2
  Megastictus margaritatus          C         1
  Pygiptila stellaris               C         1          2
  Myrmotherula haematonota        T, C        1          2
  M. brachyura                                1          2
  M. sclateri                       T         1          2
  M. hauxwelli                    T, C        1          2
  M. axillaris                    T, C        1          2
  M. longipennis                    C         1          2
  M. menetriesii                              1          2
  Herpsilochmus sp. (3)           T, C        1          2
  Formicivora grisea                C
  F. rufa                         T, C
  Terenura humeralis                T         1
  Cercomacra cinerascens                      1          2
  C. nigrescens                   T, C        1                 6
  Myrmoborus myotherinus          T, C        1          2
  Hypocnemis cantator             T, C        1          2
  Sclateria naevia                                       2
  Schistocichla leucostigma       T, C        1          2
  Myrmeciza ferruginea              C         1
  M. hemimelaena                    T         1          2
  M. atrothorax                   T, C        1                3, 5
  Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi          C         1
  Hylophylax naevius              T, C        1          2
  H. punctulatus                  T, C
  H. poecilinotus                   C         1          2
  Phlegopsis nigromaculata          C         1          2
  Skutchia borbae                   C         1

Conopophagidae (1)
  Conopophaga melanogaster          C

Grallariidae (1)
  Myrmothera campanisona            T         1

Rhinocryptidae (1)
  Liosceles thoracicus              T         1

Formicariidae (1)
  Formicarius colma                 C         1          2

Scleruridae (2)
  Sclerurus rufigularis           T, C        1
  S. caudacutus                   T, C        1          2

Dendrocolaptidae (15)
  Dendrocincla fuliginosa                     1
  D. merula                         C         1          2
  Deconychura longicauda                      1
  D. stictolaema                    C         1          2
  Sittasomus griseicapillus       T, C        1          2
  Glyphorynchus spirurus            C         1          2
  Hylexetastes uniformis            C
  Dendrocolaptes certhia            T
  D. hoffmannsi                     C         1
  Xiphorhynchus picus               T         1                 6
  X. elegans                      T, C        1          2
  X. guttatus                       T         1
  Lepidocolaptes angustirostris     T                          3, 5
  L. albolineatus                             1
  Campylorhamphus procurvoides    T, C        1          2

Furnarudae (11)
  Synallaxis albescens
  S. hypospodia                     T
  S. rutilans                       C         1
  Berlepschia rikeri                                           3, 5
  Hyloctistes subulatus           T, C        1          2
  Philydor erythropterum                      1          2
  P. erythropterum                T, C        1          2
  P. pyrrhodes                      C         1
  Automolus ochrolaemus             C         1          2
  A. paraensis                      C         1
  Xenops minutus                    C         1          2

Tyrannidae (50)
  Mionectes oleagineus            T, C        1          2
  Leptopogon amaurocephalus         T
  Corythopis torquatus              T
  Hemitriccus minor               T, C        1          2
  H. striaticollis                  T
  H. margaritaceiventer             T
  H. minimus                        T         1
  Poecilotriccus latirostris        T
  Todirostrum cinereum              C
  Tyrannulus elatus                 T         1
  Myiopagis gaimardii               T         1          2      3
  Elaenia flavogaster             T, C
  E. cristata                       C
  E. chiriquensis                 T, C
  Ornithion inerme                  T         1          2
  Suiriri islerorum               T, C
  Polystictus pectoralis          T, C
  Euscarthmus rufomarginatus      T, C
  Zimmerius gracilipes              T         1
  Sublegatus modestus             T, C
  Myiornis ecaudatus                          1          2
  Rhynchocyclus olivaceus         T, C        1
  Tolmomyias assimilis            T, C        1
  T. fiaviventris                   T
  Platyrinchus saturatus          T, C        1
  P. coronatus                      C                    2
  P. platyrhynchos                            1
  Onychorhynchus coronatus          C                    2
  Myiophobus fasciatus
  Myiobius barbatus                 C         1          2
  M. atricaudus                     C         1          2
  Terenotriccus erythrurus        T, C        1          2
  Lathrotriccus euleri            T, C                          3
  Xolmis cinereus                 T, C
  X. velatus
  Colonia colonus
  Legatus leucophaius
  Myiozetetes cayanensis
  Pitangus sulphuratus
  Conopias parvus                 T, C        1
  Megarynchus pitangua              C
  Tyrannopsis sulphurea           T, C                          6
  Tyrannus albogularis            T, C
  T. melancholicus                  C
  T. savanna
  Rhytipterna simplex               T         1          2
  Myiarchus tuberculifer            T         1          2
  M. swainsoni                      T
  M. ferox                          C
  Ramphotrigon ruficauda          T, C        1

Cotingidae (5)
  Phoenicircus nigricollis        T, C        1
  Cotinga cayana                              1
  Lipaugus vociferans             T, C        1
  Xipholena punicea                 T         1
  Querula purpurata                           1

Pipridae (8)
  Tyranneutes stolzmanni            T         1          2
  Piprites chloris                            1
  Lepidothrix nattereri             C         1          2
  Manacus manacus                   C                           3
  Chiroxiphia pareola             T, C        1          2
  Xenopipo atronitens             T, C
  Heterocercus linteatus          T, C                   2
  Pipra rubrocapilla              T, C        1          2

Tityridae (6)
  Schiffornis turdina               C         1          2
  Laniocera hypopyrra               C         1
  Tityra cayana                               1
  T. semifasciata                             1
  Pachyramphus marginatus                     1
  P. minor                          T         1

Vireonidae (5)
  Vireolanius leucotis              T         1          2
  Vireo olivaceus                   T                           3
  Hylophilus pectoralis             T                           6
  H. hypoxanthus                    T         1          2
  H. ochraceiceps                   T         1

Corvidae (1)
  Cyanocorax chrysops

Hirundinidae (4)
  Progne chalybea                   C
  Atticora fasciata
  Neochelidon tibialis              C
  Stelgidopteryx ruficollis

Troglodytidae (5)
  Microcerculus marginatus        T, C        1
  Troglodytes musculus
  Thryothorus genibarbis          T, C                         5, 6
  T. leucotis
  Cyphorhinus arada                 C         1

Polioptilidae (2)
  Ramphocaenus melanurus          T, C                   2
  Polioptila dumicola             T, C                         5, 6

Turdidae (4)
  Catharus fuscescens               C         1
  Turdus leucomelas                 C
  T. lawrencii                    T, C                   2
  T. albicollis                   T, C        1          2

Mimidae (1)
  Mimus saturninus                  C

Motacillidae (1)
  Anthus lutescens

Coerebidae (1)
  Coereba fiaveola                  T

Thraupidae (20)
  Schistochlamys melanopis          C
  Cissopis leverianus                                    2
  Lamprospiza melanoleuca           T         1          2
  Habia rubica                      T                    2
  Tachyphonus cristatus                       1          2
  T. surinamus                    T, C        1
  T. rufus                        T, C
  Lanio versicolor                T, C        1          2
  Ramphocelus carbo                 C                           5
  Thraupis episcopus
  T. palmarum                       C
  Tangara chilensis                 C         1          2
  T. punctata                                 1
  T. gyrola                         C         1
  T. cayana                         C
  T. cyanicollis
  Tersina viridis
  Dacnis lineata                              1          2
  D. cayana
  Hemithraupis flavicollis                    1          2

Emberizidae (9)
  Zonotrichia capensis            T, C
  Ammodramus humeralis              C
  Emberizoides herbicola          T, C
  Volatinia jacarina                C
  Sporophila plumbea              T, C
  S. lineola                        C
  S. bouvreuil
  S. angolensis                   T, C                          5
  Arremon taciturnus                C

Cardinalidae (2)
  Saltator maximus                  T         1
  Cyanocompsa cyanoides                       1

Parulidae (1)
  Phaeothlypis fulvicauda                                2

Icteridae (3)
  Psarocolius bifasciatus                     1
  Cacicus cela                    T, C        1          2
  Molothrus oryzivorus

Fringillidae (2)
  Euphonia chlorotica               T
  E. rufiventris                    T         1          2

                                              Habitats (2)
      Family (n species)
            Species                CP         C          G      M

Tinamidae (9)
  Tinamus major
  T. guttatus                       2
  Crypturellus cinereus             2
  C. soui                           2
  C. undulatus
  C. strigulosus
  C. variegatus                     2
  C. parvirostris                            3, 5      3, 5
  Rhynchotus rufescens                       5, 6        5

Anatidae (1)
  Dendrocygna viduata                                  3, 5     2

Cracidae (4)
  Ortalis guttata                             3
  Penelopejacquacu                  2
  Aburria cujubi
  Mitu tuberosum

Odontophoridae (1)
  Odontophorus gujanensis           2

Ardeidae (5)
  Butorides striatus                                            1
  Bubulcus ibis                                                 2
  Ardea alba                                           3, 5     2
  Pilherodius pileatus                                   5
  Egretta thula                                        3, 5     2

Cathartidae (4)
  Cathartes aura                          3, 4, 5, 6   3, 5
  C. melambrotus                    2
  Coragyps atratus                                              2
  Sarcoramphus papa                           6

Accipitridae (8)
  Elanoides forficatus              2
  Gampsonyx swainsonii              2                           3
  Elanus leucurus                             5
  Ictinia plumbea                   2                    3
  Heterospizias meridionalis                  3          3
  Rupornis magnirostris                    3, 4, 5       3
  Buteo albicaudatus                         3, 5        5
  Spizaetus ornatus

Falconidae (8)
  Daptrius ater
  Ibycter americanus
  Caracara plancus                                       5
  Milvago chimachima                         3, 5      3, 5
  Herpetotheres cachinnans                    3          3
  Micrastur ruficollis
  M. semitotquatus                  2
  Falco rufigularis               2, 3        3

Psophiidae (1)
  Psophia viridis

Rallidae (2)
  Laterallus viridis                         3, 5      3, 5     2
  Porzana albicollis                                   3, 5

Charadriidae (1)
  Vanellus chilensis                                   3, 5     2

Scolopacidae (4)
  Gallinago paraguaiae                                 3, 5
  Tringa melanoleuca                                   3, 5
  T fiavipes                                           3, 5
  T. solitaria                                         3, 5

Columbidae (7)
  Columbina passerina                      3, 4, 5     3, 5
  C. talpacoti                                         3, 5
  Uropelia campestris                                    3
  Patagioenas speciosa              2        3, 4      3, 5
  P. cayennensis                    2        3, 4
  Leptotila rufaxilla
  Geotrygon montana                 2

Psittacidae (13)
  Ara ararauna                      2         5
  A. chlotopterus
  Orthopsittaca manilata            2     3, 4, 5, 6   3, 5
  Diopsittaca nobilis                         6
  Aratinga leucophthalma            2     3, 4, 5, 6
  A. aurea                                 4, 5, 6
  Pyrrhura snethlageae
  Forpus xanthopterygius                                        3
  Brotogeris chiriri                2        3, 6
  Touit huetu                                 5
  Pionus menstruus                  2
  Amazona kawalli
  A. amazonica

Cuculidae (4)
  Piaya cayana                      2
  P. melanogaster
  Crotophaga ani                                       3, 5
  Tapera naevia                            3, 4, 5       5

Strigidae (3)
  Megascops choliba                 2        3, 5
  Glaucidium hardyi
  Athene cunicularia                                     3

Nyctibiidae (1)
  Nyctibius griseus                           3

Caprimulgidae (5)
  Lurocalis semitorquatus
  Chordeiles pusillus                         4
  Chordeiles sp.                                                2
  Caprimulgus maculicaudus                               5
  Hydropsalis torquata                    3, 4, 5, 6   3, 5

Apodidae (3)
  Chaetura cinereiventris
  C. meridionalis                            3, 5      3, 5
  Tachornis squamata                          3        3, 5

Trochilidae (13)
  Phaethornis nattereri
  P. ruber                          2
  P. pretrei                                             5      3
  P. philippii                      2
  P. malaris
  Campylopterus largipennis         2
  Eupetomena macroura                        5, 6
  Anthracothorax nigricollis                  3          3
  Thalurania furcata                2
  Polytmus theresiae                          6
  Heliothryx auritus
  Heliactin bilophus                          5          3
  Heliomaster longirostris          2

Trogonidae (5)
  Trogon viridis                    2
  T. curucui                        2
  T. violaceus                      2
  T. melanurus                      2
  Pharomachrus pavoninus

Alcedinidae (1)
  Chloroceryle aenea

Momotidae (3)
  Electron platyrhynchum
  Baryphthengus martii
  Momotus momota                    2         3

Galbulidae (4)
  Galbula cyanicollis
  G. ruficauda                                3                 2
  G. leucogastra                    2
  G. dea

Bucconidae (5)
  Notharchus hyperrhynchus          2
  Nystalus chacuru                            3        3, 5
  Malacoptila rufa
  Monasa morphoeus                  2
  Chelidoptera tenebrosa            2      3, 5, 6

Ramphastidae (7)
  Ramphastos toco                             3          3
  R. tucanus                        2
  R. vitellinus                     2
  Selenidera gouldii
  Pteroglossus bitorquatus
  P. castanotis                     2         3                 2
  P. beauharnaesii

Picidae (9)
  Picumnus aurifrons
  Melanerpes cruentatus             2         5                 3
  Veniliornis passerinus                      5
  V. affinis                        2
  Piculus favigula
  P. chrysochloros
  Celeus grammicus
  Campephilus rubricollis           2
  C. melanoleucos

Melanopareiidae (1)
  Melanopareia torquata                    3, 5, 6     3, 5

Thamnophilidae (36)
  Cymbilaimus lineatus              2
  Thamnophilus doliatus                      5, 6               2
  T. aethiops
  T. schistaceus
  T. stictocephalus                 2         6
  T. amazonicus
  Thamnomanes saturninus
  T. caesius                        2
  Megastictus margaritatus          2
  Pygiptila stellaris               2
  Myrmotherula haematonota          2
  M. brachyura                      2
  M. sclateri
  M. hauxwelli                      2
  M. axillaris                      2
  M. longipennis
  M. menetriesii                    2
  Herpsilochmus sp. (3)             2
  Formicivora grisea                          6
  F. rufa                                    5, 6        5
  Terenura humeralis
  Cercomacra cinerascens            2
  C. nigrescens                     2
  Myrmoborus myotherinus            2
  Hypocnemis cantator               2
  Sclateria naevia
  Schistocichla leucostigma         2
  Myrmeciza ferruginea
  M. hemimelaena                    2
  M. atrothorax                     2
  Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi
  Hylophylax naevius                2
  H. punctulatus                    2
  H. poecilinotus                   2
  Phlegopsis nigromaculata          2
  Skutchia borbae

Conopophagidae (1)
  Conopophaga melanogaster          2

Grallariidae (1)
  Myrmothera campanisona

Rhinocryptidae (1)
  Liosceles thoracicus

Formicariidae (1)
  Formicarius colma                 2

Scleruridae (2)
  Sclerurus rufigularis             2
  S. caudacutus                     2

Dendrocolaptidae (15)
  Dendrocincla fuliginosa
  D. merula                         3
  Deconychura longicauda
  D. stictolaema
  Sittasomus griseicapillus         2
  Glyphorynchus spirurus            2
  Hylexetastes uniformis            2
  Dendrocolaptes certhia            2
  D. hoffmannsi
  Xiphorhynchus picus                                           2
  X. elegans                        2
  X. guttatus
  Lepidocolaptes angustirostris              3, 5      3, 5
  L. albolineatus
  Campylorhamphus procurvoides

Furnarudae (11)
  Synallaxis albescens              2         5
  S. hypospodia                                          5
  S. rutilans
  Berlepschia rikeri
  Hyloctistes subulatus
  Philydor erythropterum
  P. erythropterum
  P. pyrrhodes
  Automolus ochrolaemus
  A. paraensis
  Xenops minutus                    2

Tyrannidae (50)
  Mionectes oleagineus              2
  Leptopogon amaurocephalus         2
  Corythopis torquatus              2
  Hemitriccus minor                 2
  H. striaticollis                            3
  H. margaritaceiventer                      4, 6
  H. minimus                        2
  Poecilotriccus latirostris                  5          5
  Todirostrum cinereum                     3, 4, 5
  Tyrannulus elatus                                             2
  Myiopagis gaimardii
  Elaenia flavogaster                        3, 5
  E. cristata                              3, 5, 6
  E. chiriquensis                          3, 5, 6
  Ornithion inerme
  Suiriri islerorum                           3
  Polystictus pectoralis                                 3
  Euscarthmus rufomarginatus                             5
  Zimmerius gracilipes
  Sublegatus modestus                         3
  Myiornis ecaudatus                2
  Rhynchocyclus olivaceus
  Tolmomyias assimilis
  T. fiaviventris                            3, 6               3
  Platyrinchus saturatus
  P. coronatus
  P. platyrhynchos
  Onychorhynchus coronatus          2
  Myiophobus fasciatus                                   5
  Myiobius barbatus
  M. atricaudus
  Terenotriccus erythrurus          2
  Lathrotriccus euleri              2
  Xolmis cinereus                                        5
  X. velatus                                  3
  Colonia colonus                             5          5
  Legatus leucophaius               2                           3
  Myiozetetes cayanensis                                       2, 3
  Pitangus sulphuratus                    3, 4, 5, 6   3, 5    2, 3
  Conopias parvus                   2
  Megarynchus pitangua              2         3          3      3
  Tyrannopsis sulphurea
  Tyrannus albogularis                                 3, 5
  T. melancholicus                        3, 4, 5, 6   3, 5     2
  T. savanna                                                    3
  Rhytipterna simplex               2
  Myiarchus tuberculifer
  M. swainsoni                                5
  M. ferox                                 3, 4, 5     3, 5
  Ramphotrigon ruficauda

Cotingidae (5)
  Phoenicircus nigricollis
  Cotinga cayana
  Lipaugus vociferans
  Xipholena punicea
  Querula purpurata

Pipridae (8)
  Tyranneutes stolzmanni            2
  Piprites chloris
  Lepidothrix nattereri             2
  Manacus manacus
  Chiroxiphia pareola               2
  Xenopipo atronitens               2
  Heterocercus linteatus
  Pipra rubrocapilla                2

Tityridae (6)
  Schiffornis turdina               2
  Laniocera hypopyrra
  Tityra cayana                                                 3
  T. semifasciata
  Pachyramphus marginatus
  P. minor

Vireonidae (5)
  Vireolanius leucotis              2
  Vireo olivaceus
  Hylophilus pectoralis
  H. hypoxanthus                    2
  H. ochraceiceps

Corvidae (1)
  Cyanocorax chrysops                                           2

Hirundinidae (4)
  Progne chalybea                         3, 4, 5, 6   3, 5     2
  Atticora fasciata                                    3, 5     2
  Neochelidon tibialis                                          1
  Stelgidopteryx ruficollis               3, 4, 5, 6   3, 4     2

Troglodytidae (5)
  Microcerculus marginatus
  Troglodytes musculus                                 3, 5     2
  Thryothorus genibarbis            2
  T. leucotis                                 5
  Cyphorhinus arada

Polioptilidae (2)
  Ramphocaenus melanurus            2
  Polioptila dumicola                        4, 5

Turdidae (4)
  Catharus fuscescens
  Turdus leucomelas                           3
  T. lawrencii
  T. albicollis                     2

Mimidae (1)
  Mimus saturninus                            3          3

Motacillidae (1)
  Anthus lutescens                                       3

Coerebidae (1)
  Coereba fiaveola                         3, 4, 5     3, 5     2

Thraupidae (20)
  Schistochlamys melanopis                 3, 4, 5              2
  Cissopis leverianus
  Lamprospiza melanoleuca           2
  Habia rubica
  Tachyphonus cristatus             2
  T. surinamus                      2
  T. rufus                                                      3
  Lanio versicolor
  Ramphocelus carbo                                            2, 3
  Thraupis episcopus                                           2, 3
  T. palmarum                                                   2
  Tangara chilensis                 2
  T. punctata
  T. gyrola
  T. cayana                                  3, 5      3, 5
  T. cyanicollis                    2
  Tersina viridis                                        5      2
  Dacnis lineata                    2
  D. cayana                         2         5
  Hemithraupis flavicollis          2         5

Emberizidae (9)
  Zonotrichia capensis                                   3
  Ammodramus humeralis                                 3, 5
  Emberizoides herbicola                               3, 5
  Volatinia jacarina                                     5
  Sporophila plumbea                                   3, 5
  S. lineola                                  3          3
  S. bouvreuil                                                  3
  S. angolensis                               5        3, 5
  Arremon taciturnus                          6

Cardinalidae (2)
  Saltator maximus                           3, 5
  Cyanocompsa cyanoides

Parulidae (1)
  Phaeothlypis fulvicauda           2

Icteridae (3)
  Psarocolius bifasciatus
  Cacicus cela                      2     3, 4, 5, 6            2
  Molothrus oryzivorus                                          2

Fringillidae (2)
  Euphonia chlorotica                         5                 3
  E. rufiventris                    2

Received 28 October 2006. Accepted 5 March 2007.

LITERATURE CITED

ALVAREZ, J. 2002. Characteristic avifauna of white-sand forests in northern Peruvian Amazonia. Thesis. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA.

ANDERSON, A. 1981. White-sand vegetation of Brasilian Amazonia. Biotropica 13:199-210.

BATES, J. M., M. C. GARVIN, D. C. SCHMITT, AND C. G. SCHMITT. 1989. Notes on bird distribution in northeastern Dpto. Santa Cruz, Bolivia, with 15 species new to Bolivia. Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club 109:236-244.

BATES, J. M., T. A. PARKER III, A. P. CAPPARELLA, AND T. J. DAVIS. 1992. Observations on the campo, cerrado, and forest avifaunas of eastern Dpto. Santa Cruz, Bolivia, including 21 species new to the country. Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club 112:86-98.

BORGES, S. H., M. COHN-HAFT, A. M. P. CARVALHAES, L. M. HENRIQUES, J. F. PACHECO, AND A. WHITAKER. 2001. Birds of Jar National Park, Brazilian Amazon: species check-list, biogeography and conservation. Ornitologia Neotropical 12:109-140.

BRACE, R. C. AND J. HORNBUCKLE. 1998. Distributional records of and identification notes on birds of the Beni Biological Station, Beni, Bolivia. Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club 118:36-47.

BRAUN, M. J., D. W. FINCH, M. B. ROBBINS, AND B. K. SCHMIDT. 2000. A field checklist of the birds of Guyana. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., USA.

CAPOBIANCO, J. P. R., A. VERISSIMO, A. MOREIRA, D. SAWYER, I. SANTOS, AND L. P. PINTO. 2001. Biodiversidade na Amazonia brasileira: avaliacao e acoes prioritarias para a conservacao, uso sustentavel e reparticao de beneficios. Editora ISA. Sao Paulo, Brazil.

COHN-HAFT, M., A. WHITTAKER, AND P. C. STOUFFER. 1997. A new look at the "species-poor" central Amazon: the avifauna north of Manaus, Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48:205-235.

COLLAR, N. 1997. Family Psittacidae (Parrots). Pages 280-477 in Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 4. Sandgrouse to cuckoos (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

COMITIE BRASILEIRO DE REGISTROS ORNITOLOGICOS (CBRO). 2006. Lista das aves do Brasil. www.cbro.org.br (accessed 12 October 2006).

DICKERMAN, R. W. 1988. A review of the Least Nighthawk Chordeiles pusillus. Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club 108:120-125.

EITEN, G. 1972. The cerrado vegetation of Brazil. Botanical Review 38:201-341.

FEARNSIDE, F. 2005. Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: history, rates and consequences. Conservation Biology 19:680-688.

FITZPATRICK, J., J. BATES, K. BOSTWICK, I. CABALLERO, n. CLOCK, A. FARNSWORTH, P. HOSNER, L. JOSEPH, G. LANGHAM, D. LEBBIN, J. MOBLEY, M. ROBBINS, E. SCHOLES, J. TELLO, B. WALTHER, AND K. ZIMMER. 2004. Family Tyrannidae. Pages 170-463 in Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 9. Cotingas to pipits (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

GRAHAM, G. L., G. R. GRAVES, T. S. SCHULENBERG, AND J. P. O'NEILL. 1980. Seventeen bird species new to Peru from the Pampas del Heath. Auk 97:366-370.

GRANTSAU, R. 1968. Uma nova especie de Phaethornis (Ayes: Trochilidae). Papris Avulsos do Departamento Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo 22: 57-59.

GRISCOM, L. AND J. C. GREENWAY JR. 1941. Birds of lower Amazonia. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 81:83-344.

GYLDENSTOLPE, N. 1945. A contribution to the ornithology of northern Bolivia. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 23:1-302.

GYLDENSTOEPE, N. 1951. The ornithology of the Rio Purus region in western Brazil. Arkiv for Zoologi 2:1-320.

HAFFER, J. 1978. Distribution of Amazon birds. Bonner Zoologischen Beitrage 29:38-78.

HAFFER, J. 1985. Avian zoogeography of the neotropical lowlands. Ornithological Monographs 36: 113-146.

HAVERSCHMIDT, F. AND G. F. MEES. 1994. Birds of Suriname. Vaco, Paramaribo, Surinam.

HELLMAYR, C. E. 1910. The birds of the Rio Madeira. Novitates Zoologicae 17:257-482.

HENRIQUES, L. M. P. AND D. C. OREN. 1997. The avifauna of Marajo, Caviana and Mexiana islands, Amazon River estuary, Brazil. Revista Brasileira Biologic 57:357-382.

HILTY, S. L. 2003. Birds of Venezuela. Second Edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.

HILTY, S. L. AND W. L. BROWN. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.

HINKELMANN, C. 1988. On the identity of Phaethornis maranhoensis Grantsau, 1968 (Trochilidae). Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club 108:14-18.

ISEER, M. L. AND P. R. ISLER. 1999. The tanagers: natural history, distribution, and identification. Second Edition. Smithisonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.

IUCN. 2006. IUCN Red List of threatened species. www.redlist.org (accessed 9 July 2006).

KLINK, C. A. AND R. B. MACHADO. 2005. Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conservation Biology 19:707-713.

MARANTZ, C., A. ALEIXO, L. BEVIER, AND M. PATTEN. 2003. Family Dendrocolaptidae (Woodcreepers). Pages 358-447 in Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 8. Broadbills to tapaculos (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

MARINI, M. A. AND R. B. CAVALCANTI. 1990. Migracoes de Elaenia albiceps chilensis e Elaenia chiriquensis albivertex (Aves: Tyrannidae). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Serie Zoologia. 6:59-67.

MARKS, J. S., R. J. CANNINGS, AND H. MIKKOLA. 1999. Family Strigidae (Typical owls). Pages 76-242 in Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 5. Barn-owls to hummingbirds (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

MEES, G. F. 1968. Enige voor der avifauna van Suriname nieuwe vogelsoorten. Giervalk 58:101-107.

MEYER DE SCHAUENSEE, R. 1970. A guide of the birds of South America. Wynnewood, Livingston, New Jersey, USA.

MORTON, D. C., R. S. DEFRIES, Y. E. SHIMABUKURO, L. O. ANDERSON, E. ARAI, F. B. ESPIRITO SANTO, R. FREITAS, AND J. MORISETTE. 2006. Cropland expansion changes deforestation dynamics in the southern Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:14637-14641.

NAUMBURG, E. M. B. 1930. The birds of Mato Grosso, Brazil: a report on the birds secured by the Roosevelt-Rondon expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum Natural History 16:1-431.

NOVAES, F. C. 1960. Sobre uma colecao de aves do sudeste do Estado do Para Arquivos de Zoologia 11:133-146.

NOVAES, F. C. 1974. Ornitologia do territrrio do Amapa. I. Publicacoes Avulsas do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 25:1-121.

NOVAES, F. C. AND M. F. C. LIMA. 1991. AS aves do rio Peixoto de Azevedo, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 7:351-381.

NOVAES, F. C. AND M. F. C. LIMA. 1998. As ayes da grande Belem. Belem: Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado do Pardi, Belem, Brazil.

OREN, D. C. AND T. A. PARKER III. 1997. Avifauna of the Tapajos National Park and vicinity, Amazonian Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48:493-525.

PARKER III, T. A. AND E. O. WILLIS. 1997. Notes on three tiny grassland flycatchers, with comments on the disappearance of South American fire-diversified savannas. Ornithological Monographs 48: 549-556.

PAYNTER, R. A. AND M. A. TRAYLOR. 1991. Ornithological gazetteer of Brazil. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

PEARCE-HIGGINS, J. W. 2000. The avian community structure of a Bolivian savanna on the edge of the Cerrado system. Hornero 15:77-84.

PINTO, O. M. O. 1966. Estudo critico e catalogo remissivo das aves do territorio federal de Roraima. Cadernos da Amazonia 8:1-176.

PINTO, O. M. O. AND E. A. CAMARGO. 1957. Sobre uma colecao de aves da regiao de Cachimbo (sul do Estado do Para). Papeis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo 13:5169.

REMSEN JR., J. V. AND T. A. PARKER III. 1983. Contribution of river-created habitats to bird species richness in Amazonia. Biotropica 15:223-231.

REMSEN JR., J. V., A. JARAMILLO, M. NORES, J. F. PACHECO, M. B. ROBBINS, T. S. SCHULENBERG, F. G. STILES, J. M. C. SILVA, D. F. STOTZ, AND K. J. ZIMMER. 2006. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union. www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html. (accessed 12 October 2006).

RIDGELY, R. S. AND G. TUDOR. 1989. The birds of South America. Volume 1. The oscine passerines. University of Texas Press, Austin, USA.

RIDGELY, R. S. AND G. TUDOR. 1994. The birds of South America. Volume 2. The suboscine passerines. University of Texas Press, Austin, USA.

SANAIOTTI T. M. AND R. CINTRA. 2001. Breeding and migrating birds in an Amazonian savanna. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 36:23-32.

SCHUCHMANN, K. L, D. L. ALSHULER, R. BUNDGEN, W. A. CALDER, P. CHAI, J. FJELDSA, M. HEINDL, I. HEYNEM, C. HINKELMANN, A. T. PETERSON, D. R. POWERS, J. H. RAPPOLE, M. S. ROY, C. SANCHEZ OSES, P. E. SCOTT, F. G. STILES, A. WELLER, AND T. ZUCHNER. 1999. Family Trochilidae (Hummingbirds). Pages 468-535 in Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 5. Barn-owls to hummingbirds (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

SHORT, L. L. AND J. F. M. HORNE. 2002. Family Ramphastidae (Toucans). Pages 220-272 in Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 7. Jacamars to woodpeckers (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

SICK, H. 1997. Ornitologia Brasileira. Revised Edition by J. F. Pacheco. Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

SILVA, J. M. C. 1995a. Biogeographic analysis of the South American cerrado avifauna. Steenstrupia 21:49-67.

SILVA, J. M. C. 1995b. Birds of the cerrado region, South America. Steenstrupia 21:69-92.

SILVA, J. M. C. AND J. M. BATES. 2002. Biogeographic patterns and conservation in the South American cerrado: a tropical savanna hotspot. Bioscience 52:225-233.

SILVA, J. M. C. AND Y. ONIKI. 1988. Lista preliminar da avifauna da estacao ecologica Serra das Araras, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 4:123-143.

SILVA, J. M. C., D. C. OREN, J. C. ROMA, AND L. M. P. HENRIQUES. 1997. Composition and distribution patterns of the avifauna of an Amazonian upland savanna, Amapa, Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48:743-762.

SILVEIRA, L. F. AND F. D'HORTA. 2002. A avifauna da regiao de Vila Bela da Santissima Trindade, Mato Grosso. Papeis Avulsos do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Silo Paulo 10:265-287.

SNETHLAGE, E. 1914. Catalogo das aves amazonicas. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 8:1530.

THIOLLAY, J. M. 1994. Family Acciptridae. Pages 52205 in Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 2. New world vultures to guineafowl (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

TODD, W. E. C. 1943. Critical remarks on the toucans. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 56:153-162.

WILLIS, E. O. AND Y. ONIKI. 1990. Levantamento preliminar das aves de inverno em dez areas do sudeste do Mato grosso, Brasil. Ararajuba-Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 1:19-38.

ZIMMER, K. J. AND M. L. ISLER. 2003. Family Thamnophilidae. Pages 358-447 in Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 8. Broadbills to tapaculos. (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Editors). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

ZIMMER, K. J., T. A. PARKER, M. L. ISLER, AND P. R. ISLER. 1997. Survey of a southern Amazonian avifauna: the Alta Floresta region, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48:887-918.

ALEXANDRE ALEIXO (1,2) AND FABIOLA POLETTO (1)

(1) Ministerio da Ciencia e Tecnologia (MCT)/Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG), Coordenacao de Zoologia, Setor de Ornitologia, Caixa Postal 399, CEP 66040-170, Belem-PA, Brazil.

(2) Corresponding author; e-mail: [e-mail]