Biology teaching at Hanover college, 1832-1984.ABSTRACT. Instruction in the biological sciences at Hanover College Hanover College is a coeducational liberal arts college, located in Hanover, Indiana, near the banks of the Ohio River. is traced over a century and one half. Teaching methods and innovations, buildings and rooms, curricular changes in biological subjects, and individual teachers are described. The impact of biology teaching is measured (imperfectly im·per·fect adj. 1. Not perfect. 2. Grammar Of or being the tense of a verb that shows, usually in the past, an action or a condition as incomplete, continuous, or coincident with another action. 3. ) by the number of alumni who earned advanced degrees in biology (89) and medicine (276). Keywords: History, Hanover College, biology, teaching methods Classes began at Hanover in 1827, but instruction in the earliest years was at the high school level. College level instruction probably began in 1831. The first baccalaureate degrees were conferred con·fer v. con·ferred, con·fer·ring, con·fers v.tr. 1. To bestow (an honor, for example): conferred a medal on the hero; conferred an honorary degree on her. in 1834 (Baker 1978; Hanover College catalog catalog, descriptive list, on cards or in a book, of the contents of a library. Assurbanipal's library at Nineveh was cataloged on shelves of slate. The first known subject catalog was compiled by Callimachus at the Alexandrian Library in the 3d cent. B.C. 1834). Biological science first appeared in the curriculum in 1836, when one term of botany botany, science devoted to the study of plants. Botany, microbiology, and zoology together compose the science of biology. Humanity's earliest concern with plants was with their practical uses, i.e., for fuel, clothing, shelter, and, particularly, food and drugs. became part of the natural philosophy course. By 1857 there were three terms of biology: botany, zoology zoology, branch of biology concerned with the study of animal life. From earliest times animals have been vitally important to man; cave art demonstrates the practical and mystical significance animals held for prehistoric man. , and anatomy-physiology. The entire curriculum was prescribed pre·scribe v. pre·scribed, pre·scrib·ing, pre·scribes v.tr. 1. To set down as a rule or guide; enjoin. See Synonyms at dictate. 2. To order the use of (a medicine or other treatment). until 1906, so that each student had to take each course, with very few exceptions. The biology curriculum expanded with adoption of the elective elective non-urgent; at an elected time, e.g. of surgery. elective adjective Referring to that which is planned or undertaken by choice and without urgency, as in elective surgery, see there noun Graduate education noun system in 1906 and later with expansion of the faculty (catalogs; Martin 1954). The first Hanover professor with a real graduate school knowledge of biology was Frank Bradley, who came in 1868. He revolutionized the courses, using field trips and lectures rather than textbook-recitations. Regular laboratories in all biological subjects began in 1881, under Harvey Young (catalogs; Millis 1928). The first full-time biology professor was Leonhard Huber in 1926. Before then, the biologist had to teach some other subject also-- usually Latin, geology, or chemistry (catalogs; faculty minutes). A second professor position began in 1947, a third in 1949, a fourth in 1966, and a fifth in 1968 (catalogs; Baker 1988). In the following lists and details, dates for faculty tenure are given by academic year, but other dates refer to the date of catalog publication. The college catalogs, faculty minutes, and most of the other manuscripts cited are housed in the archives of the Duggan Library of Hanover College. The first person plural PLURAL. A term used in grammar, which signifies more than one. 2. Sometimes, however, it may be so expressed that it means only one, as, if a man were to devise to another all he was worth, if he, the testator, died without children, and he died leaving one is used during my own tenure (1949-84) for departmental actions in which I participated. Teaching methods.--Prior to 1868 all biology teaching was by recitation rec·i·ta·tion n. 1. a. The act of reciting memorized materials in a public performance. b. The material so presented. 2. a. Oral delivery of prepared lessons by a pupil. b. from assigned textbooks, with occasional lectures (S. Coulter in Millis 1928; Wiley 1917). There must have been a few demonstrations; for instance in 1859 Augustus King exhibited his collection of live "frogs, lizards, snakes, etc." in the basement of Classic Hall to students and faculty (Garritt 1907). Textbooks have always been chosen by the professors. Until 1888 they were listed in the catalog: in botany--1840--49 Olmstead, Vol. 2; 1850-56, 1858-59, and 1862-68 Wood; 1857, 1860-61 and 1869-87 Gray. In zoology--185 1-56 Cutter cutter, small, one-masted sailing vessel, with a rig similar to that of a sloop except that it usually has a sliding bowsprit and a topmast. From 1800 to 1830 cutters were in service between England and France. ; 1857-80 Agassiz or Agassiz & Gould; 188 1-87 Orton. In anatomyphysiology--1849 Jarvis; 1850-63 Cutter; 1864-69 Dalton Dalton, city (1990 pop. 21,761), seat of Whitfield co., extreme NW Ga., in the Appalachian valley; inc. 1847. It is a highly industrialized city in a farm area. ; 1870-87 Huxley. In general biology--1882-87 Huxley & Martin. Since 1887 local book lists and (since 1949) personal knowledge indicate typical textbook choices for American colleges American College is the name of:
In 1868 Bradley joined the faculty, fresh from the graduate school of Yale University Yale University, at New Haven, Conn.; coeducational. Chartered as a collegiate school for men in 1701 largely as a result of the efforts of James Pierpont, it opened at Killingworth (now Clinton) in 1702, moved (1707) to Saybrook (now Old Saybrook), and in 1716 was . He instituted field trips (called "excursions") in botany (and geology) with collection and identification of specimens. Thompson Nelson, who followed Bradley and taught for two years (1869-71) continued the field trips and lectured very well (S. Coulter in Millis 1928; J. G. Coulter 1940). I have found no record of the teaching methods used by John Hussey and Manuel Drennan (187 1-74). John Coulter This article refers to the Australian politician. For other references, see John Coulter (disambiguation). Dr John Richard Coulter (born 3 December 1930) is an Australian medical researcher and former politician. (1874-79) extended the botany field trips and study of plant specimens with the use of his extensive personal herbarium herbarium, collection of dried and mounted plant specimens used in systematic botany. To preserve their form and color, plants collected in the field are spread flat in sheets of newsprint and dried, usually in a plant press, between blotters or absorbent paper. (faculty minutes). Young (1879-1926) instituted the preparation and study of microscope slides by students in 1881 in botany and in anatomy-physiology and the laboratory study of specimens in zoology in 1889. (These are catalog dates; regular laboratory exercises for students in Young's biology courses probably began earlier.) By 1905 weekly two-hour laboratory periods in all biology courses were listed in the catalog. In 1925 the catalog description of a mammalian mammalian emanating from or pertaining to mammals. anatomy course was given as one hour of lecture and six hours of laboratory dissection dissection /dis·sec·tion/ (di-sek´shun) 1. the act of dissecting. 2. a part or whole of an organism prepared by dissecting. per week (probably it was taught by Leonhard Huber). In 1875, while he was on the Hanover faculty, Coulter started the Botantical Gazette, a respected scientific journal which continued through 1992. During the four years it was published at Hanover it included numerous short notes on the plants of Indiana by Coulter and several each by Hanover alumni Stanley Coulter Stanley Coulter (June 2, 1853–June 26, 1943) was an American biologist, brother of J. M. Coulter, born at Ningpo, China, and educated at Hanover College. In 1887 he was appointed professor of biology at Purdue. (John's brother), Young, and Charles Barnes (J.M. Coulter, Botanical bo·tan·i·cal also bo·tan·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to plants or plant life. 2. Of or relating to the science of botany. n. Gazette 1875-88). Joseph Hyatt (1929-53) included thorough laboratory work or field trips in all his courses except human anatomy Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.[1] It is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.[1] , physiology physiology (fĭzēŏl`əjē), study of the normal functioning of animals and plants during life and of the activities by which life is maintained and transmitted. It is based fundamentally on the activities of protoplasm. , hygiene, and teaching of biology. In 1952 we added experimental laboratories in animal physiology and in bacteriology bacteriology Study of bacteria. Modern understanding of bacterial forms dates from Ferdinand Cohn's classifications. Other researchers, such as Louis Pasteur, established the connection between bacteria and fermentation and disease. . From 1952-84, all biology courses included at least one weekly laboratory or field trip except small-credit courses in cell biology Cell biology The study of the activities, functions, properties, and structures of cells. Cells were discovered in the middle of the seventeenth century after the microscope was invented. (for the first three years it was taught) and human nutrition (taught only 1953-60) and seminar (1979-84). Classes were primarily lectures, with some recitations and student reports from 1949-84. In 1962 the entire college curriculum was revised --"The Hanover Plan." It included a requirement for a full course, 4.5 semester hours Noun 1. semester hour - a unit of academic credit; one hour a week for an academic semester credit hour course credit, credit - recognition by a college or university that a course of studies has been successfully completed; typically measured in semester hours , of independent study for all seniors. For biology majors, this meant an individual research project (in laboratory or field) under a professor's direction with library reading and a written report, as well as an oral report in the senior seminar. Many of these were of high quality, both as learning experiences for the students and scientific contributions (personal recollection). At least nine of the reports (1962-84) were published in scientific journals. However, this was not the first instance of senior research projects in biology. As early as 1898 the catalog allowed for an "advanced biology" course in the senior year, taken as an overload See information overload and overloading. . In practice, under Young this usually meant that a capable student worked on a plant taxonomy Plant taxonomy The area of study focusing on the development of a classification system, or taxonomy, for plants based on their evolutionary relationships (phylogeny). project in field and herbarium (faculty minutes; Banta 1950). Even earlier, in 1871, as a senior student Young published a 52-page report o n the plants of Jefferson County Jefferson County is the name of 25 counties and one parish in the United States. The following are named for Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States:
tr.v. for·mal·ized, for·mal·iz·ing, for·mal·iz·es 1. To give a definite form or shape to. 2. a. To make formal. b. undergraduate research from 1926-1951, but a catalog listing of courses in botanical problems began in 1949 and zoological problems in 1951. Under this program (1951-1962), one to three senior students per year worked on individual research projects under faculty direction (personal recollection). At least two of these were published, and some were later expanded into graduate research projects (as were others before and since). Public examinations in all subjects were held by a committee of the Board of Trustees board of trustees Politics The posse of thugs who oversee an institution's administration. See Board of directors. from 1850 through 1878 at the close of each college year. These were sometimes oral and sometimes written, or partly written, and were for all students. Beginning in 1858, these public examinations were for freshmen and juniors only for studies of the year just being completed, but for sophomores and seniors for the entire preceding two years of study (catalogs). "Private" examinations by the professor in the course were given monthly in 1850, but irregularly "at the pleasure of the professor" beginning in 1858. Beginning in 1865 (faculty minutes) students were graded daily on their recitations. By 1879 (faculty minutes and catalog) students were graded not only daily on their recitations, but sometimes on in-course examinations, and always on a two-hour written examination at the end of the term-course, the last counted as 20% of the course grade. Sometime in the early twentieth century the requirements of 20% for the final exam Noun 1. final exam - an examination administered at the end of an academic term final examination, final exam, examination, test - a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge; "when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of and the daily recitation grade were dropped. We began laboratory examinations ("practicals") in 1949 in most courses. Professors.--The professors who taught biology at Hanover College are listed in Table 1 (Baker 1988; catalogs). The long tenure of several biology professors, Young, 47 years; Webster, 35 years; Maysilles, 33 years; MacMillan, 32 years; Pray, 29 years; and Hyatt, 25 years, certainly made the biology program stable. Probably it also made for steady, incremental Additional or increased growth, bulk, quantity, number, or value; enlarged. Incremental cost is additional or increased cost of an item or service apart from its actual cost. improvement in teaching. Buildings and equipment.--From 1857-1897 a basement room in Old Classic Hall served as a laboratory and museum for biology. (The building burned in 1941.) Science Hall, with a museum and classroom-laboratory on the third floor, served for biology from 1897-1919, but it burned in 1919. It was rebuilt that same year, but with only two floors; biology occupied a second floor room for classes and laboratories from 1919-1947, when the building was razed raze also rase tr.v. razed also rased, raz·ing also ras·ing, raz·es also ras·es 1. To level to the ground; demolish. See Synonyms at ruin. 2. To scrape or shave off. 3. (catalogs; bulletins; Young 1899). Goodrich Hall served from 1947-2000; the second floor, only, was devoted to biology until 1975; a renovation in 1975 expanded space for biology laboratories, classrooms; and offices to the second floor and half of the first floor (personal recollections). The burning of Science Hall in 1919 must have been a severe blow to Harvey Young. Not only were the college herbarium and collection of mounted animals destroyed, but also Young's personal herbarium, collected and amassed over 50 years (bulletins; Banta 1950). Science Hall was soon rebuilt, but with less space for teaching, and without the museum and herbarium. How many microscopes, and of what types, there were before 1925 is unrecorded. A photograph of the biology laboratory in 1925 shows eight microscopes, with several more apparently out of the picture (bulletin 1927). My memory indicates 27 serviceable ser·vice·a·ble adj. 1. Ready for service; usable: serviceable equipment. 2. Able to give long service; durable: a heavy, serviceable fabric. compound microscopes compound microscope n. A microscope consisting of an objective and an eyepiece at opposite ends of an adjustable tube. in 1949, and one binocular binocular, small optical instrument consisting of two similar telescopes mounted on a single frame so that separate images enter each of the viewer's eyes. As with a single telescope, distant objects appear magnified, but the binocular has the additional advantage stereoscopic microscope stereoscopic microscope n. A microscope having double eyepieces and objectives and independent light paths, producing a three-dimensional image. . Also, there were three rotary Rotary can refer to:
Vessel, usually of steel, able to withstand high temperatures and pressures. The chemical industry uses various types of autoclaves in manufacturing dyes and in other chemical reactions requiring high pressures. , constant-temperature rooms, animal physiology equipment, centrifuges, specialized spe·cial·ize v. spe·cial·ized, spe·cial·iz·ing, spe·cial·iz·es v.intr. 1. To pursue a special activity, occupation, or field of study. 2. storage cabinets, Warburg apparatus, binoculars binoculars Optical instrument for providing a magnified view of distant objects, consisting of two similar telescopes, one for each eye, mounted on a single frame. In most binoculars, each telescope has two prisms, which reinvert the inverted image provided by the eyepiece , telescope telescope, traditionally, a system of lenses, mirrors, or both, used to gather light from a distant object and form an image of it. Traditional optical telescopes, which are the subject of this article, also are used to magnify objects on earth and in astronomy; , respirometers, etc. Curriculum.--Until 1906, the entire "classical" curriculum, which was taken by most students, was prescribed. The "scientific" curriculum, also, was prescribed; it differed from the "classical" in the language courses taken, but not in the science courses taken, with a few temporary exceptions. All biology courses offered are listed here. Credit (in the modern sense) was not stated until 1902; all credit hours are given here in semester hour equivalents. The term was a quarter-year from 1840-1926; a semester se·mes·ter n. One of two divisions of 15 to 18 weeks each of an academic year. [German, from Latin (cursus) s before 1840 and 1926-62; two long terms and a short spring term 1962-84. (All information is from catalogs, except minor modifications after 1949 from personal knowledge.) 1821-57: Variation from no biology in the curriculum up to two terms--botany and anatomy-physiology. 1858-1880: Three or four terms of biology--botany, zoology, and anatomy-physiology. 1881-1905: Five to seven terms of biology--botany, zoology, general biology, hygiene, and anatomy-physiology in various combinations. 1906-1914: Elective system began: these courses were offered-botany 4-8 hours, zoology 2.7-3.7 hours, anatomy-physiology 2.3-2.7 hours. 1915-28: Departmental majors began; 2 majors required. These courses offered--botany 6-8 hours, general biology 8-10 hours, zoology 6-8 hours, anatomy-physiology 2.7-3 hours, human embryology embryology Study of the formation and development of an embryo and fetus. Before widespread use of the microscope and the advent of cellular biology in the 19th century, embryology was based on descriptive and comparative studies. 2.7-3 hours, bacteriology 0-2.7 hours, mammalian anatomy 0-2.7 hours, teaching of biology 0-2 hours. 1929--46: Only one departmental major (and one minor) required from 1929 on. These courses offered--general biology 10 hours, advanced zoology 8 hours, advanced botany 0-6 hours, human anatomy 0-3 hours, hygiene 0-3 hours, embryology 3-4 hours, physiology 0-5 hours, teaching of biology 2 hours, vertebrate vertebrate, any animal having a backbone or spinal column. Verbrates can be traced back to the Silurian period. In the adults of nearly all forms the backbone consists of a series of vertebrae. All vertebrates belong to the subphylum Vertebrata of the phylum Chordata. comparative anatomy comparative anatomy: see anatomy. 0-4 hours, histology histology (hĭstŏl`əjē), study of the groups of specialized cells called tissues that are found in most multicellular plants and animals. 0-4 hours. 1947-60: Separate departments of botany and zoology created. In botany-general 10 hours, ecology 3 hours, taxonomy taxonomy: see classification. taxonomy In biology, the classification of organisms into a hierarchy of groupings, from the general to the particular, that reflect evolutionary and usually morphological relationships: kingdom, phylum, class, order, 3 hours, heredity heredity, transmission from generation to generation through the process of reproduction in plants and animals of factors which cause the offspring to resemble their parents. That like begets like has been a maxim since ancient times. 0-3 hours, anatomy 0-3 hours, physiology 0-3 hours, botanical problems 0-3 hours, bacteriology 0-4 hours, pathogenic path·o·gen·ic or path·o·ge·net·ic adj. 1. Having the capability to cause disease. 2. Producing disease. 3. Relating to pathogenesis. bacteriology 0-4 hours. In zoology--general 10 hours, entomology entomology, study of insects, an arthropod class that comprises about 900,000 known species, representing about three fourths of all the classified animal species. 4 hours, human anatomy 0-3 hours, physiology 3 hours, hygiene 0-3 hours, embryology 4 hours, histology 0-4 hours, nutrition 0-2 hours, vertebrate comparative anatomy 4 hours, teaching of biology 2 hours, ornithology ornithology Branch of zoology dealing with the study of birds. Early writings on birds were largely anecdotal (including folklore) or practical (e.g., treatises on falconry and game-bird management). 0-3 hours, parasitology Parasitology The scientific study of parasites and of parasitism. Parasitism is a subdivision of symbiosis and is defined as an intimate association between an organism (parasite) and another, larger species of organism (host) upon which the parasite is 0-4 hours, vertebrate field zoology 0-3 hours, zoological problems 0-3 hours, cell biology 0-2 hours. 1961: Botany and zoology recombined as single biology department. Courses little changed from previous year. 1961-78: Curriculum completely revised in 1962 ("The Hanover Plan"). The overall intent of the curricular revision was to require the student to concentrate more on fewer courses, with each course worth the same as each other course--4.5 semester hours--and taken in a logical sequence during his or her four years. There was also an increase in the natural science requirement. Each student took three courses during each of two 14-weeks terms and one course during a 4-weeks spring term. Biology courses offered were: general biology I, general biology II, geneticscell biology, vertebrate embryology, vertebrate field zoology, plant morphology Plant morphology (or phytomorphology) is the general term for the study of the morphology (physical form and external structure) of plants.[1] This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, which is the study of the internal structure of plants, , animal physiology, vertebrate comparative anatomy, genetics-evolution, bacteriology, animal parasitology, ecology, plant taxonomy, plant physiology Plant physiology That branch of plant sciences that aims to understand how plants live and function. Its ultimate objective is to explain all life processes of plants by a minimal number of comprehensive principles founded in chemistry, physics, and , special senior general biology, independent study-seminar. For parts of this period these courses were added-radiation biology, biogeography Biogeography A synthetic discipline that describes the distributions of living and fossil species of plants and animals across the Earth's surface as consequences of ecological and evolutionary processes. of plants, non-flowering plants Noun 1. non-flowering plant - a plant that does not bear flowers plant life, flora, plant - (botany) a living organism lacking the power of locomotion , animal behavior, human biology Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology, biological anthropology, and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields. , genetics (as a full course, with genetics-cell biology dropped), cell biology (as a full course). 1979-84: Curriculum completely revised ("Revised Hanover Plan"). The overall intent of the curricular revision was to decrease the concentration on particular courses, with more courses taken and the natural science requirement lessened less·en v. less·ened, less·en·ing, less·ens v.tr. 1. To make less; reduce. 2. Archaic To make little of; belittle. v.intr. To become less; decrease. . Each student took four courses during each of two 131/2 weeks terms and one course during a 4-weeks spring term. Each course was worth 3.4 semester hours credit. Biology courses were: elementary biology, general biology I, general biology II, general biology Ill , biological conservation, ornithology, ecology, human anatomy-physiology, animal physiology I, animal physiology II, mammalogy mam·mal·o·gy n. The branch of zoology that deals with mammals. [mamma(l) + -logy.] mam , vertebrate embryology, genetics, microbiology microbiology: see biology. microbiology Scientific study of microorganisms, a diverse group of simple life-forms including protozoans, algae, molds, bacteria, and viruses. , animal parasitology, cell biology, plant taxonomy, plant morphology, plant physiology, non-flowering plants, vertebrate comparative anatomy, independent study, seminar (1/4 credit). For parts of this period these courses were added--internship, histology, animal behavior, immunology immunology, branch of medicine that studies the response of organisms to foreign substances, e.g., viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins (see immunity). Immunologists study the tissues and organs of the immune system (bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, thymus, lymphatic , special topics. 1906-84: The general graduation Graduation is the action of receiving or conferring an academic degree or the associated ceremony. The date of event is often called degree day. The event itself is also called commencement, convocation or invocation. natural science requirements for all B.A. or B.Sc. candidates under the elective system were changed several times. From 1906-26 they were 4-8 hours of botany and 4-8 hours of physical science. From 1927-61 they were 10-12 hours of natural science, in some years including mathematics. From 1962-78 they were 13.5 hours in two or three natural science departments. From 1979-84 they were 6.8 hours in two natural science departments. Hanover alumni; classes through 1984.-- One measure of the effectiveness of college teaching is the list of alumni who have earned advanced (= graduate) degrees in the subject. Using this yardstick, 43 Hanover alumni have earned a Ph.D. in biology (Table 2) and 46 additional alumni a master's degree master's degree n. An academic degree conferred by a college or university upon those who complete at least one year of prescribed study beyond the bachelor's degree. Noun 1. in biology (Table 3). Another 21 who were, or are, high school teachers of biology earned a master's degree in education (Table 5). Four others who did not earn an advanced degree in biology (but did in medicine or chemistry; Table 4) published numerous scientific papers in physiology (Guthrie 1962). It would be misleading to imply that only biology, of a premedical pre·med·i·cal adj. Preparing for or relating to the studies that prepare one for the study of medicine. student's courses, prepared him or her for medical school. Nonetheless, it is relevant that 228 Hanover alumni earned an M.D. degree (Table 6), 10 a doctorate in veterinary medicine veterinary medicine, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of animals. An early interest in animal diseases is found in ancient Greek writings on medicine. Veterinary medicine began to achieve the stature of a science with the organization of the first school in the , 32 a doctorate in dentistry dentistry, treatment and care of the teeth and associated oral structures. Dentistry is mainly concerned with tooth decay, disease of the supporting structures, such as the gums, and faulty positioning of the teeth. , and 6 a doctorate in osteopathic medicine osteopathic medicine n. See osteopathy. (Table 7). Tables 3-7 were compiled from various sources: alumni directories, Guthrie 1953, 1958, 1962 manuscripts, my personal records, and returns from a questionnaire sent out by the alumni office in 1999 to biology major alumni. Probably the figures are incomplete, despite these efforts. Four alumni were included in the Ph.D. list although they had only earned an M.A. in biology, and four were included in the master's degree list although they had no earned graduate degree. These step-ups were mostly from Visher's (1951) accounts of important Indiana scientists. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Frank Baker, Jeffrey Hughes, Paul MacMillan and John Ricketts were helpful critics of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Baker, F.S. 1978. Glimpses Of Hanover's Past, 1827-1977. Published by author, Hanover. 319 pp. Baker, F.S. 1988. More Glimpses Of Hanover's Past. Published by author, Hanover. 319 pp. Banta, E. 1950. Personal recollections of Edna Banta, alumna of 1924, as told to the author. Coulter, J.G. 1940. The Dean. Purdue University Purdue University (pərdy  `, -d`), main campus at West Lafayette, Ind. Alumni Office,
Lafayette. 273 pp.
Coulter, J.M. 1875-1888. Botanical Gazette, Vols. 1-14. Garritt, J.B. 1907. Materials for a history of Hanover College from 1849-1879. Unpublished manuscript. 182 pp. Guthrie, N. 1953. History of science at Hanover College. Unpublished manuscript. 57 pp. Guthrie, N. 1958. Handwritten hand·write tr.v. hand·wrote , hand·writ·ten , hand·writ·ing, hand·writes To write by hand. [Back-formation from handwritten.] Adj. 1. card file of Hanover alumni who earned graduate degrees. Guthrie, N. 1962. Bibliography bibliography. The listing of books is of ancient origin. Lists of clay tablets have been found at Nineveh and elsewhere; the library at Alexandria had subject lists of its books. of chemical publications of alumni of Hanover College. Unpublished manuscript. 110 pp. Hanover College Bulletin. 1905-1996. Published usually quarterly, but sometimes irregularly. Mostly promotional material. Includes alumni directories of 1912, 1928, 1976, 1985, and 1996. Hanover College Catalog. 1833-1984. Published annually except 1867. Hanover College, Hanover. Hanover College faculty minutes. Handwritten, 1833-1931. Martin, B. 1954. History of science work at Hanover College. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 53:243-247. Millis, W.A. 1928. A History Of Hanover College From 1827 To 1927. Hanover College, Hanover. 294 pp. Visher, F.F. 1951. Indiana Scientists. Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis. 286 pp. Wiley, H.W. 1917. The early history of chemistry in Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 1916:178-185. Young, A.H. 1871. Manual Of The Botany Of Jefferson County. Pp. 241-292, In Second Report Of The Geological Survey The term geological survey can be used to describe both the conduct of a survey for geological purposes and an institution holding geological information. A geological survey Of Indiana. (E.T. Cox, ed.). State printer, Indianapolis. 304 pp. Young, A.H. 1899. Biology department. In The Crow (student annual of Hanover College):62-63.
Table 1
Hanover College biology professors, 1835-present. (There were none from
1833-1835.)
Dunn, William McKee 1835-36
(None 1836-40)
Hynes, Thomas 1840-45
(None 1846-49)
Stone, Jared 1849-56
King, Augustus 1857-59
Scott, J. W. 1860-68
Bradley, Frank 1868-69
Nelson, Thompson 1869-71
Hussey, John 1871-72
Drennan, Manuel 1872-74
Coulter, John 1874-79
Young, Harvey 1879-1926
Huber, Leonhard 1915-29
Hyatt, Joseph 1929-53
Dailey, Willard 1933-34
Kent, George 1947-48
Fuller, Thomas 1948-49
Maysilles, James 1949-82
Webster, Dan 1949-84 and 1995
Pray, Enos 1953-81
Lengel, Patricia 1954-55 (I semester)
Edwards, Ernest 1955-56 (I semester)
Skacklette, Hansford 1956-57
Webster, Juanita 1960-62 and 1965-66
(part time)
Sheen, Shuh-Ji 1962-66
Cory, Walter 1966-69
Weatherwax, Paul 1966 (1 term)
Guerin, Terry 1963-64 and 1968-73
MacMillan, Paul 1969-2001
Hafner, Gary 1972-73 (1 term)
Sherwin, Richard 1973-79
Smith, Bonnie 1976-77
Schaible, Robert 1979-80 (part-time)
Hazel, Wade 1980-81 (1 term)
Auth, David 1981-83
Hixson, Marilyn 1981-83 (part-time)
Chamberlain, Dwight 1982-83 and 1986-87
and 1995 (part-time
Middleton, Pamela 1983-92
McDonald, Dennis 1983-
Karns, Daryl 1984-
Binger, Lynetta 1991-94
Bruyninckx, Walter 1992-
Hughes, Jeffrey 1994-
Faszewski, Ellen 1998-2000
Stemke, Douglas 2000-
Dunn, William McKee Also physics, chemistry, geology
(None 1836-40)
Hynes, Thomas Also physics, chemistry, geology
(None 1846-49)
Stone, Jared Also geology and chemistry
King, Augustus Also geology and chemistry
Scott, J. W. Also geology and chemistry
Bradley, Frank Also geology
Nelson, Thompson Also geology and chemistry
Hussey, John Also geology and chemistry
Drennan, Manuel Also geology and chemistry
Coulter, John Also geology, chemistry, Latin
Young, Harvey Also chemistry and (until 1893) geology
Huber, Leonhard Also chemistry until fall 1926
Hyatt, Joseph
Dailey, Willard
Kent, George
Fuller, Thomas
Maysilles, James
Webster, Dan
Pray, Enos
Lengel, Patricia
Edwards, Ernest
Skacklette, Hansford
Webster, Juanita
Sheen, Shuh-Ji
Cory, Walter
Weatherwax, Paul
Guerin, Terry
MacMillan, Paul
Hafner, Gary
Sherwin, Richard
Smith, Bonnie
Schaible, Robert
Hazel, Wade
Auth, David
Hixson, Marilyn
Chamberlain, Dwight
Middleton, Pamela
McDonald, Dennis
Karns, Daryl
Binger, Lynetta
Bruyninckx, Walter
Hughes, Jeffrey
Faszewski, Ellen
Stemke, Douglas
Table 2
Hanover College alumni who earned a Ph.D. in Biology. Classes through
1984. A few outstanding scientists who lacked a Ph.D. are included. (d =
deceased)
John Merle Coulter (d) 1870
Moses Stanley Coulter (d) 1871
Andrew Harvey Young (d) 1871 (A.M. only)
Orlando C. Charleton (d) 1872 (A.M. only)
Charles Reid Barnes (d) 1877
Amos Butler, (d) fellow 1877-78
student 1 year (A.M. only)
Samuel E. Monds Coulter (d) 1880
Richard E. Schuh (d) 1882
Leonard W. Williams (d) 1895
Rae E. Hoffstadt (d) 1908
Gayle H. Hufford (d) 1914
Harold C. Voris (d) 1923
Clifford E. Murphy (d) 1936
Dwight M. Lindsay (d) 1947
Leland Chandler (d) 1949
Harold E. McReynolds 1950 (M.A. Only)
Frank M. Fisher 1953
James R. Zimmerman 1953
Patricia L. Walne 1954
Robert H. Brewer 1955
Charles H. George 1955
Richard B. Parker 1958
Kurt E. Blum 1961
Donald Gordon 1962
Terry L. Guerin 1962
Harold K. Voris 1962
Philip C. Bibb 1963
Gwilyn S. Jones 1964
Philip H. Hedrick 1964
Gary L. Hafner 1965
R. Eric Lombard 1965
William A. Falls 1970
John H. Wilkins 1971
John L. Edel (d) 1972
Kristine Rector Gleason 1973
R. William Mannan 1974
Stephen H. Klemann 1975
Kemuel S. Badger 1979
John K. Davis 1979
Toni L. Poole 1979
W. Robert Revelette 1979
Mark G. Bolyard 1984
Table 3
Hanover College alumni who earned a Master's degree in Biology, but not
a Ph.D. Classes through 1984. A few accomplished scientists with no
earned graduate degree are included. (d = deceased)
Frederick C. Coons (d) 1887
James Canton Nelson (d) 1890
(no earned graduate degree)
Theophilus A. Tyler (d) 1893
Albert Edward Wiggam (d) 1893
(no earned graduate degree)
Leonhard Louis Huber (d) 1915
(no earned graduate degree)
Allen Montgomery (d) 1919
W. Howard Clashman (d) 1923
Edna Banta (d) 1924
William C. Covert (d) 1925
Charles Thayer (d) 1933
Woodrow Fleming 1936
Cecil Poe 1936
David M. Greist 1942
Beverly Maxwell Poynter 1951
John Vernon Davis 1953
Jeremy Felland 1954
Margaret Hiatt 1954
Betty Jane Gough Meadows 1962
(also Ph.D. in science education)
John R. Ackland 1963
William R. Brummet 1963
Jerry L. Fishel 1963
Gerald R. Sintz 1963
Claire Kelsch Jolie 1964
Laura Gale Culbert 1967
Susan Collins Schell 1968
Charles C. Harper 1969
James Maschmeyer 1970
Marsha Sickel 1971
Diana L. Adams 1972
Rebecca Consaul Barker 1972
Nancy Gloman 1974
John B. Bailey 1975
Greg R. Bright 1975
William K. Davee 1975
Jeffrey L. Kingdon 1975
(no graduate degree)
Lynn Coburn Klemann 1975
Timothy Miller 1975
Thomas A. Pray 1976
Richard Wright 1976
Sally Stoehr 1977
Mark McReynolds 1978
Beth Armstrong Amstad 1980
Christian J. Martin 1981
Andrew Murray 1981
Wendy E. Wagner 1982
Table 4
Hanover College alumni who did not earn a graduate degree in biology
(through did in chemistry or medicine), but published numerous
scientific papers in physiology (Guthrie 1962). All are deceased.
James Lucien Morris 1907 (Ph.D. in
chemistry)
Carl Paxson Sherwin 1909 (M.D.)
Nelse F Ockerblad 1914 (M.D.)
Jesse Willam Cavett 1921 (Ph.D) in
chemistry)
Table 5
Hanover College alumni who earned a Master's degree in education, whose
undergraduate major was biology, and who taught high school. (d =
deceased)
1941 James Taflinger
1942 Laurel Hyatt Williams
1947 Edwards Billingsley
Wilfred Jenkins
1948 Clyde Cook
1949 Edwin Steinkamp
1950 Merrill Scott (d)
Richard Sturm
1953 Paul Chastain
Ben Wernz
1954 Robert Taylor
1955 Paul Diller
1956 Pamela Patterson Morford
1957 Donal Goerlitz
1961 Robert Maudlin
1964 Julia Spencer
1965 John Bird
1966 Dennis Anderson
1967 Myra Jones Morgan
1976 Ronald Cadle
1977 Keith Gehring
Table 6
Hanover College alumni who earned an M.D. degree. The date indicates the
class year. (d = deceased)
1835 Middleton Goldsmith (d)
1836 Andrew Fulton (d)
1841 George Lyen (d)
1842 Alexander Johnston (d)
1843 John Trenchard (d)
1848 Addison Bare (d)
Robert Shannon (d)
Samuel Taggart (d)
1849 Jesse Higbee (d)
1950 Joshua Brengle (d)
1855 Alfred Snoddy (d)
Thomas Tucker (d)
1860 William Collins (d)
James Wilson (d)
1861 John Richardson (d)
Solon Tilford (d)
1863 Amos Patterson (d)
Benjamin Tucker (d)
1866 Thomas Heady (d)
1867 Marion Amick (d)
James Matthews (d)
Harvey Wiley (d)
1868 William Brandt (d)
1870 Thomas Cravens (d)
1871 W. R. Amick (d)
Joseph Stillson (d)
1872 Henry Pettibone (d)
1873 John Shadday (d)
1874 Robert Henning (d)
Robert Jones (d)
Joel Wilson (d)
1875 Joseph Eastman (d)
George Evans (d)
Joseph Thomson (d)
1876 Allen Moore (d)
Horace Smith (d)
1878 John Hays (d)
1879 Galen Cline (d)
Ben Strader (d)
Hamilton Stillson (d)
1880 John Sturgus (d)
1881 Harry Gaylad (d)
1881 John Hunt (d)
1882 John Ramsay (d)
1884 Elmer Cravens (d)
1886 Charles Bottorff (d)
Howard Fisher (d)
1891 Alois Graham (d)
William McKee (d)
1892 Lewis Drayer (d)
1893 Gertrude Morse (d)
1894 William Jenkins (d)
William Richmond (d)
Vincent Shepherd (d)
1895 Leander Riely (d)
William Shelby (d)
1896 Guy Hamilton (d)
1897 Earl Burger (d)
James Lewis (d)
1898 Cameron Chamberlain (d)
Henry Thompson (d)
1902 Carl Henning (d)
Robert Shanklin (d)
1904 Frederick Greene (d)
Sylvia Greene (d)
Oscar Turner (d)
1905 William Wallace (d)
1907 Arthur Whallon (d)
1909 Carl Sherwin (d)
1913 Carey MacDonnell (d)
1914 Nelse Ockerblad (d)
1915 Theodore Petranoff (d)
1916 Cleon Colgate (d)
Robert Millis (d)
1917 Francis Prenatt (d)
1918 Wayne Harmon (d)
Hursell Manaugh (d)
1921 Clifford Keidel (d)
Richard Schmitt (d)
1922 Harold Wilber (d)
1923 Harold Voris (Also Ph.D.
anatomy) (d)
1924 Harry Hensler (d)
1927 James Lewis (d)
1928 Frank Bard (d)
1929 Charles Allison (d)
Roger Whitcomb (d)
1935 Burgess Boone
James Shanklin (d)
1935 William Warn (d)
1936 Edward Boone
John Lee
1937 Jack Hannah
Jules Heritier
1939 Robert Zink
1940 Max Willis
1941 Donald Smith (d)
1942 Steven Sheppard
1943 David Baumann
Roy Behnke
1944 Thomas Hamilton
Morris Shenk (d)
1948 Thomas Roberts
1949 Richard Carr
Edward Morris
1950 Bernard Cooper
William Howard (d)
Ronald Moore (d)
Ezra Shaya
John Moore
1951 Jack Riner
Alfred Hauersperger
1952 John MacDonnell
1953 Marian Hsueh Doering
1955 Carl Bogardus
James Massman
1956 Tony Solazzo
1958 Carl Moore
Gary Lowe
Gary Babcoke
1959 Larry Allen
1960 James Peterson
John Williams
1961 Matthew Neal
Robert Weetman
Ron Myers
1962 James Jackson
Lewis Thomas
1963 Robert Heasty
Frederick Kuemmerle
1965 Vincent Couden
Charles Montgomery
Stephen Olvey
Frank Cummins
Robert Larson
1966 Beverley Carpenter (d)
Karl Klein
Steven Lenn
Thomas Moretto
James Hunt
1967 Rex Parent
Paul Rider
Brenda Igo Townes
1968 Andrew Burgess
Annette Gralia Burst
Thomas Jamison
John Stene
Gregory Weber
1969 Rick Banta
David Henderson
Richard Kimbler
William Loop
Talmage Porter
Timothy Costich
David Rasmussen
George Schwemlein
John Swarmer
Douglas Tuttle
Barry Wright
1970 William Culp
Rex Gentry
Robert Clements
Judith Nation Koehler
1971 Curtis Stine
Donna Alford Wilkins
1972 Joseph Beardsley
Marvin Bowers
Wylie McGlothlin
1973 William Baker
Deborah Givan
Thom Mayer
Galen Poole
Itzhak Shasha
1974 Robert Alonso
Craig Elliott
Brian Haag
Carol Schobert
Robert Thornberry
1975 Kathy Schilling Coletta
Horace Hambrick
Douglas Moeller
Mark Wessling
Steven Goff
Wesley Ratliff
1977 Ricky Adams
Wade Clapp
Jeffrey Christie
Jon Bevers
Ricky Kime
1978 Craig Banta
Michael Bush
Michael Chitwood
Terry Fenwick
James Hussey
Thomas Eccles
Howard Schafer
Peter Wells
1979 Stephen Ash
Michael Hollifield
Steven Norris
Kathleen Miller
Robert Revellette (also
Ph.D., physiology)
Anthony Perkins
Betty Roberts Raney
1981 Jill Abrams
Michael Butt
Stephen Grohmann
Timothy Kosfeld
Gerald Lucus
Donna Metz Metz-Dunn
Curtis Shinabarger
Glen Hastings
James Knopp
1982 Avneet Bawa
David Heimburger
Julie Phillips Mark
1983 Eric Beier
Scott Clark
Lori Davidson
Anna Fisher
Christine Tremper Later
Michael Miller
James Rice
John Ramsey
Brian Ward
1984 Wendell Bailey
Carol Cardonna
Kara Wools
Table 7
Hanover College alumni, classes through 1984, who earned a doctorate in
a medically-related field (other than MD). (d = deceased)
1937 Robert Davis DDS
George Gingles DMD (d)
1941 Herbert Alton DMD
Robert Ward D Ost
1944 Charles Vincent DDS
William Stucker DDS
1945 Robert Hallowell DMD
1946 Charles Denton DDS (d)
1950 Frank Barnes D Ost
Elbert Combs DDS
Emery Alling DDS
Richard Newton DDS
Richard Thomas Newton DDS
1951 John Walker DMD
1952 Joseph Clark DDS
Donnell Marlin DDS
1953 Richard Henderson DDS
Jim Hennegan DVM
1957 Robert Gillespie DVM
Donald Merryman DVM
1958 Philip Richardson DDS
1960 Jack Gillespie DVM
1963 Deborah Turner DDS
Ned Underwood D Ost
1964 Richard Waltz DVM
1965 Michael Farkas DDS
1966 Charles Broughton DMD
1967 Alan Kolb DMD
William Priddy DDS
Alvars Vitols DDS
1968 Ronald Bowman DVM
Susan Collins Schell DDS
Cy Young D Ost
1969 Woodrow Oakes DDS
Robert Scott D Ost
1971 Peter Claussen DDS
Lawrence Watts DVM
1972 Alan Scheidt DVM
1973 Gary Ball DDS
Laura VanWinkle Chapman DMD
1974 Mark Thompson DDS
1975 William Davee DDS
1976 Richard Sievers D Ost
1978 Kathleen Hennegan DVM
Stephen Stiller DDS
1983 Suzanne Cooper Lee DVM
James McConnell DDS
William Princell DDS
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